The document discusses the anatomy of the axial skeleton, specifically the vertebral column and cervical vertebrae. It notes that the vertebral column is made up of 26 vertebrae and provides details on the typical parts of a vertebra including the body, vertebral arch, and processes. It also summarizes the key features and functions of the cervical vertebrae, intervertebral discs, and muscles that control neck movement.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Human Dentition
a. Primary Dentition
b. Secondary dentition
Normal Anatomy Of Tooth
Histology of Tooth
(Enamel, Dentin, DEJ, pulp, Periodontal ligament, alveolar Bone)
this presentation describes the detail anatomy of Temporo-mandibular joint with respect to its articulating surfaces, ligaments, muscles and blood and nerve supply.
The presentation include general definition of bone and it's functions. Also, describe the chemical composition of bone and then specifically describe alveolar process.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Human Dentition
a. Primary Dentition
b. Secondary dentition
Normal Anatomy Of Tooth
Histology of Tooth
(Enamel, Dentin, DEJ, pulp, Periodontal ligament, alveolar Bone)
this presentation describes the detail anatomy of Temporo-mandibular joint with respect to its articulating surfaces, ligaments, muscles and blood and nerve supply.
The presentation include general definition of bone and it's functions. Also, describe the chemical composition of bone and then specifically describe alveolar process.
MUSCLES OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN- The system of ligaments in the vertebral column, combined with the tendons and muscles, provides a natural brace to help protect the spine from injury. For More Online Medical Resource, Visit at http://gisurgery.info
Anattomy of back with Dr. Ameera A. Al-Humidi .pptxAmeera Al-Humidi
this lecture describes the anatomy of bach and details of anatomical variations of vertebrae with related disorders.
the vertebral column consists of seven cervical vertebrae, tweleve thoracic vertebrae, five lumbar vertebrae, sacral vertebrae, and five fused coccygeal vertebrae.
The larynx houses the vocal cords, and manipulates pitch and volume, which is essential for phonation. It is situated just below where the tract of the pharynx splits into the trachea and the esophagus.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
2. Hermizan Halihanafiah 2
Vertebra Column
• Spine @ backbone
• Composed of a series of
bones called vertebrae.
• Vertebral column,
sternum and ribs form the
skeleton of the trunk of
the body.
4. Hermizan Halihanafiah 4
Function of Vertebral Column
• Functions as a strong, flexible rod with elements
that can be move forward, backward and
sideways, and rotate.
• Enclosing and protecting the spinal cord
• Supports the head
• Serves as a point attachment for the ribs, pelvic
girdle and muscles of the back.
6. Hermizan Halihanafiah 6
Vertebral Column
• Early development is 33 bones.
• Grows up – several vertebrae in the sacral and
coccygeal regions fuse.
• Normal adults, typically contains 26 vertebrae.
• Consists: cervical , thoracic, lumbar, sacral and
coccyx vertebrae.
• cervical , thoracic, lumbar – movable
• sacral and coccyx vertebrae - immovable
7. Hermizan Halihanafiah 7
Vertebra Column
• Distributed as follows:
1. 7 cervical vertebrae – neck region
2. 12 thoracic vertebrae – posterior to the
thoracic cavity
3. 5 lumbar vertebrae – support the lower back.
4. 1 sacrum – consists of 5 fused sacral
vertebrae.
5. 1 coccyx – consists of 4 fused coccygeal
vertebrae.
9. Hermizan Halihanafiah 9
Parts of a Typical Vertebra
• Vertebrae in different regions of the spinal
column vary in size, shape, and details.
• Vertebrae typically consist:
1. Body
2. Vertebral arch
3. Processes
11. Hermizan Halihanafiah 11
Body
• Thick
• Disc shape anterior portion
• Weight bearing part of the vertebrae.
• Superior & inferior surface are roughened – attachment
of cartilaginous intervertebral disc.
• Anterior and lateral surface contain nutrien foramina,
opening for blood vessels deliver nutrient and O2 and
remove CO2 and wastes from bone tissues.
12. Hermizan Halihanafiah 12
Vertebral Arch
• 2 short, thick processes called the pedicles, project
posteriorly from the vertebrae body to unite with the
flat laminae, to form the vertebrae arch.
• Vertebral arch extend posteriorly from the body of
the vertebra, together with the body and vertebral
arch surround the spinal cord by forming the
vertebral foramen.
• Vertebral foramen contain spinal cord, adipose
tissue and areolar connective tissue and blood
vessels.
13. Hermizan Halihanafiah 13
Cont…
• Collectively, the vertebral foramina of all vertebrae
form the vertebral (spinal) cavity.
• The pedicles exhibit superior and inferior indentation
called vertebral notches.
• Superior and inferior vertebral notch are stacked on
top of ones another to form intervertebral foramen.
• Intervertebral foramen permits the passage of single
spinal nerve that passes to a spesific region of the
body.
15. Hermizan Halihanafiah 15
Processes
• 7 processes arise from the vertebral arch.
• At the point where lamina and pedicle join, a
transverse process extends laterally on each
side.
• A single spinous process projects posteriorly
from the junction of the laminae.
• These 3 processes serve as points of
attachments for muscles.
16. Hermizan Halihanafiah 16
Cont..
• The remaining 4 processes forms joints with other
vertebrae above and below.
• 2 superior articular processes articulate with the
2 inferior articular processes of vertebrae above
them.
• The articulating surfaces of articular processes
called facets.
• Articulation between the bodies and articular facets
of successive vertebrae are called intervertebral
joint.
17. Hermizan Halihanafiah 17
• Neural foramen
• Notches between adjacent
vertebrae.
• Allows for the passage of
the spinal nerve roots,
spinal artery, veins, nerve
plexus, and ligaments
Intervertebral Foramen
18. Hermizan Halihanafiah 18
Intervertebral Discs
• Intervertebral
fibrocartilage.
• Lie between adjacent
vertebrae in the spine.
• Each disc forms a
cartilaginous joint to allow
slight movement of the
vertebrae
• Acts as a ligaments to hold
the vertebrae together.
19. Hermizan Halihanafiah 19
Intervertebral Disc
• Absorb shock
• Discs consist of an outer annulus fibrosus, which surrounds
the inner nucleus pulposus.
• As people age, the nucleus pulposus begins to dehydrate,
which limits its ability to absorb shock. The annulus fibrosus
gets weaker with age and begins to tear.
20. Hermizan Halihanafiah 20
Cervical Vertebrae
• C1-C7
• C1, C2, C7 = Atypical , C2 – C6 = Typical
• The bodies are smaller than thoracic vertebrae.
• Vertebral arches are larger.
• Have one vertebral foramina, and two transverse
foramina.
• Vertebral foramina of cervical vertebrae are the largest in the
spinal column because they house the cervical enlargement
of the spinal cord.
21. Hermizan Halihanafiah 21
Cont…
• Each cervical transverse processes contain a
transverse foramen through which the vertebral
artery, vein and nerve pass.
• Spinous processes of C2-C6 are often bifid – split
into two parts.
• The first two cervical vertebra considerably from
others.
• First cervical vertebrae (C1) called atlas, and
second cervical vertebrae (C2) called axis.
23. Hermizan Halihanafiah 23
Cervical 1 (Atlas)
• The atlas is a ring of bone with anterior and posterior arches
and large lateral masses.
• Lacks a body and a spinous process.
• Large vertebral foramen (triangular)
• The superior surface of the lateral masses called superior
articular facets are concave.
• Superior articular facets articulate with occipital condyle of
occipital bone to form atlanto – occipital joint.
25. Hermizan Halihanafiah 25
Cont…
• These articulation permits the movement for “yes”.
• Inferior surface of the lateral masses called inferior articular
facets, articulate with axis vertebrae to form atlanto-axial joint.
• Transverse process and transverse foramina of the atlas are
quiet large.
• The large vertebral foramina divide into 2 foramina by the
transverse ligament; larger posterior foramina (spinal cord)
and smaller anterior foramina (dens)
28. Hermizan Halihanafiah 28
Cervical 2 (Axis)
• Atypical cervical vertebra
• Have a body
• Peglike process called dens or odontoid process projects
up through anterior portion of the vertebral foramen of the
atlas.
• The dens makes a pivot on which the atlas and head
rotate, as in moving the head to signify “ NO”.
31. Hermizan Halihanafiah 31
Cont…
• This arrangement allow side to side rotation of the head.
• The articulation formed between the anterior arch (facet) of
the atlas and dens of the axis, and between their
articulation facets (inferior and superior articular facets)
called the atlanto-axial joint.
33. Hermizan Halihanafiah 33
Cervical 7 (C7)
• Called the vertebra prominents.
• Has single large spinous process that can be felt at the
base of the neck.
• Spinous process is not bifid.
• Body is larger.
• Pedicles are directed more posteriorly than laterally.
• Inferior articular facets face more anteriorly than
downwards.
• Vertebral foramen, generally smaller than other cervical
vertebrae.
36. Hermizan Halihanafiah 36
MUSCLES OF THE NECK THAT
MOVE THE HEAD
Balance and movement of the head on the
vertebral column involves several neck muscles.
• Sternocleidomastoid
• Semispinalis capitis
• Splenius capitis
• Longissimus capitis
37. Hermizan Halihanafiah 37
Sternocleidomastoid
• Origin : sternal head from superior and anterior
surface of manubrium of sternum; clavicular
head from medial half of clavicle
• Insertion : mastoid process of temporal bone
• Action : bilaterally – flex cervical portion of
vertebral column, flex head and elevate ribs
during force inhalation
: unilaterally – laterally rotate and flex
head to side opposite contracting
muscles.
39. Hermizan Halihanafiah 39
Semispinalis Capitis
• Origin : transverse process of C7 and T1 – T7
vertebra.
• Insertion : occipital bone between superior and
inferior nuchal line.
• Action : bilaterally extend head , unilaterally
lateral rotate head to same side as contracting
muscle.
• Nerve innervations : cervical and thoracic
spinal nerves
41. Hermizan Halihanafiah 41
Splenius Capitis
• Origin : ligamentum nuchae and spinous
process of C7 and T1 – T4
• Insertion : occipital bones and mastoid process
of temporal bone.
• Action : Bilaterally extend head, unilaterally
lateral rotate head to same side as contracting
muscle.
• Nerve innervations : cervical spinal nerves
43. Hermizan Halihanafiah 43
Longissimus Capitis
• Origin : transverse process of T1 – T4 and
articular process of C4 – C7
• Insertion : posterior margin of mastoid process
of temporal bone.
• Action : Bilaterally extend head, unilaterally
lateral rotate head to same side as contracting
muscle.
• Nerve innervations : middle and inferior
cervical spinal nerves