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The document discusses three major bone diseases: osteomalacia/rickets caused by vitamin D deficiency which results in soft, weak bones; osteoporosis where bone resorption exceeds formation leading to loss of bone mass and increased fracture risk, particularly in postmenopausal women; and Paget's disease where bone formation and resorption are excessive and disorganized. It also covers age-related changes to bone such as increased formation in childhood balancing resorption in adulthood, and declining bone density with age beginning in the fourth decade of life.
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Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by porous and fragile bones due to loss of bone density and mass. It is defined as having a bone mineral density 2.5 standard deviations or more below the mean bone density of a young adult. Risk factors include advanced age, female sex, menopause, family history of fractures, vitamin D deficiency, physical inactivity, and certain medical conditions. Osteoporosis occurs when bone resorption exceeds bone formation due to factors like low estrogen levels, high parathyroid hormone levels, and inadequate vitamin D and calcium. Treatment focuses on lifestyle modifications, supplements like calcium and vitamin D, and medications that reduce bone resorption or promote bone formation.
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a disease where bones become fragile and more likely to break, affecting over 28 million Americans, mostly women. It is caused by bone loss increasing faster than bone formation as people age. Risk factors include family history, small frame, smoking, excessive alcohol, lack of exercise, and low calcium/vitamin D intake. While there is no cure, lifestyle changes like weight-bearing exercise, adequate calcium and vitamin D, not smoking, and medications can help prevent osteoporosis and fractures.
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a condition where bones become weak and brittle and break easily. It most commonly affects post-menopausal women. Bones reach their maximum strength in one's 20s and 30s, but then begin losing density after age 35 as more bone is lost than replaced. Risk factors include age, sex, menopause, diet, family history, smoking, alcohol, and lack of exercise. Weight-bearing exercises are important for building strong bones and reducing osteoporosis risk by maximizing peak bone density when young.
Osteoporosis.ppt
Osteoporosis is a disease where bones become brittle and weak, increasing the risk of fractures. It is caused by low bone density due to lack of calcium and other minerals in bones. Symptoms include back pain and loss of height. Risk factors include age, gender, family history, and medications like corticosteroids. It is diagnosed through tests like DXA scans and treated through lifestyle changes, medications, and hormone therapy.
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a bone disease where bones become weak and fragile from loss of tissue, increasing risk of fractures. It is caused by an imbalance where the body makes too little bone or absorbs too much. Symptoms include back pain and fractures of the spine or other bones. Treatment focuses on medications and lifestyle changes to slow bone loss and reduce fracture risk, including bisphosphonates, calcium, vitamin D, exercise, and limiting alcohol. Preventing osteoporosis involves building strong bones in youth and maintaining bone health with diet and exercise as an adult.
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a silent epidemic that causes bones to become weak and brittle, increasing the risk of fractures. It is caused by a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors that lead to a loss of bone mass as people age. While osteoporosis has no symptoms, it can be diagnosed through bone mineral density tests and is a major public health problem due to its link to fractures, especially of the hip, back, and wrist, which can reduce mobility and quality of life. Prevention focuses on adequate calcium, vitamin D, exercise and avoiding risk factors like smoking to build strong bones early in life and maintain bone mass with age.
Osteoporosis and osteomalacia
Osteoporosis is a condition where bones become brittle and fragile due to loss of tissue, often as a result of hormonal changes or deficiencies in calcium or vitamin D. It is caused by lower bone density and loss of the internal supporting structure of bones. Risk factors include being female, older age, small frame size, family history, and low calcium intake. Symptoms may include back pain, loss of height, and fractures from minor injuries. Diagnosis involves bone density scans and lab tests. Treatment focuses on hormone therapy, medications, calcium/vitamin supplements, exercise, and nutrition.
Osteomalacia
This document discusses metabolic bone diseases including osteomalacia and rickets. It provides details on bone histology, calcium homeostasis, vitamin D metabolism, and the roles of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin in regulating calcium levels. It describes the causes, clinical features, investigations and treatments of osteomalacia and rickets. Osteomalacia is characterized by softening of bones from defective mineralization in adults, while rickets causes softening of bones and growth plate abnormalities in children, often due to vitamin D or calcium deficiencies.
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Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by porous and fragile bones due to loss of bone density and mass. It is defined as having a bone mineral density 2.5 standard deviations or more below the mean bone density of a young adult. Risk factors include advanced age, female sex, menopause, family history of fractures, vitamin D deficiency, physical inactivity, and certain medical conditions. Osteoporosis occurs when bone resorption exceeds bone formation due to factors like low estrogen levels, high parathyroid hormone levels, and inadequate vitamin D and calcium. Treatment focuses on lifestyle modifications, supplements like calcium and vitamin D, and medications that reduce bone resorption or promote bone formation.
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a disease where bones become fragile and more likely to break, affecting over 28 million Americans, mostly women. It is caused by bone loss increasing faster than bone formation as people age. Risk factors include family history, small frame, smoking, excessive alcohol, lack of exercise, and low calcium/vitamin D intake. While there is no cure, lifestyle changes like weight-bearing exercise, adequate calcium and vitamin D, not smoking, and medications can help prevent osteoporosis and fractures.
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a condition where bones become weak and brittle and break easily. It most commonly affects post-menopausal women. Bones reach their maximum strength in one's 20s and 30s, but then begin losing density after age 35 as more bone is lost than replaced. Risk factors include age, sex, menopause, diet, family history, smoking, alcohol, and lack of exercise. Weight-bearing exercises are important for building strong bones and reducing osteoporosis risk by maximizing peak bone density when young.
Osteoporosis.ppt
Osteoporosis is a disease where bones become brittle and weak, increasing the risk of fractures. It is caused by low bone density due to lack of calcium and other minerals in bones. Symptoms include back pain and loss of height. Risk factors include age, gender, family history, and medications like corticosteroids. It is diagnosed through tests like DXA scans and treated through lifestyle changes, medications, and hormone therapy.
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a bone disease where bones become weak and fragile from loss of tissue, increasing risk of fractures. It is caused by an imbalance where the body makes too little bone or absorbs too much. Symptoms include back pain and fractures of the spine or other bones. Treatment focuses on medications and lifestyle changes to slow bone loss and reduce fracture risk, including bisphosphonates, calcium, vitamin D, exercise, and limiting alcohol. Preventing osteoporosis involves building strong bones in youth and maintaining bone health with diet and exercise as an adult.
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a silent epidemic that causes bones to become weak and brittle, increasing the risk of fractures. It is caused by a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors that lead to a loss of bone mass as people age. While osteoporosis has no symptoms, it can be diagnosed through bone mineral density tests and is a major public health problem due to its link to fractures, especially of the hip, back, and wrist, which can reduce mobility and quality of life. Prevention focuses on adequate calcium, vitamin D, exercise and avoiding risk factors like smoking to build strong bones early in life and maintain bone mass with age.
Osteoporosis and osteomalacia
Osteoporosis is a condition where bones become brittle and fragile due to loss of tissue, often as a result of hormonal changes or deficiencies in calcium or vitamin D. It is caused by lower bone density and loss of the internal supporting structure of bones. Risk factors include being female, older age, small frame size, family history, and low calcium intake. Symptoms may include back pain, loss of height, and fractures from minor injuries. Diagnosis involves bone density scans and lab tests. Treatment focuses on hormone therapy, medications, calcium/vitamin supplements, exercise, and nutrition.
Osteomalacia
This document discusses metabolic bone diseases including osteomalacia and rickets. It provides details on bone histology, calcium homeostasis, vitamin D metabolism, and the roles of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin in regulating calcium levels. It describes the causes, clinical features, investigations and treatments of osteomalacia and rickets. Osteomalacia is characterized by softening of bones from defective mineralization in adults, while rickets causes softening of bones and growth plate abnormalities in children, often due to vitamin D or calcium deficiencies.
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a condition where bones become less dense and more prone to fractures over time. It occurs when bone resorption exceeds bone formation, removing more calcium than can be replaced. Risk factors include older age, female gender, family history, smoking, excessive alcohol, medications, and lack of exercise. Symptoms may include fractures from minor falls or injuries, loss of height, back pain, and stooped posture. It is diagnosed using DEXA scans to measure bone mineral density. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like exercise, calcium/vitamin D supplements, and medications like bisphosphonates, denosumab, or raloxifene to slow bone loss and increase bone strength.
Dont bend to Osteoporosis
This presentation was Shown on a community gathering in Gulshan Club Dhaka on the eve of the World Osteoporosis Day, 2010.
Prof. Shahiduzzaman was the key note speaker.
New zeland Dairy Milk was the organiser of this Seminar.
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a major health problem in India, affecting over 43 million women. Some key facts are that over 61 million Indians have osteoporosis, with 80% being women. Indians also have the highest rates of osteopenia globally. Osteoporotic fractures occur earlier in Indians compared to other populations and are more common in Indian men. Poor calcium intake, lack of exercise, vitamin D deficiency, and low bone mineral density contribute to higher osteoporosis rates in India. Osteoporosis poses a serious burden through increased fracture risk and reduced quality of life.
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a common disease where loss of bone mineral density increases fracture risk, especially in older women and men. It results from an imbalance where bone resorption outpaces bone formation, usually due to aging or menopause. Many factors increase risk, including female sex, family history, low calcium intake, smoking, and medications. Treatment aims to prevent fractures by supplementing calcium and vitamin D and using drugs like bisphosphonates, as bone mineral density alone does not dictate fracture risk.
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Osteoporosis
This document discusses osteoporosis, providing definitions, prevalence statistics, risk factors, signs and symptoms, prevention strategies, and recommendations for incorporating dairy. Specifically, it defines osteoporosis as a disease where bones become weak and brittle, notes that 1 in 5 women over 50 have osteoporosis and half of women over 50 will experience fractures, and recommends consuming 3 daily servings of calcium-rich dairy and doing weight-bearing exercise to help prevent osteoporosis.
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a disease where bone density and quality decreases, increasing the risk of fractures. It affects over 200 million people worldwide and is a major cause of disability. Risk factors include age, family history, smoking, excessive alcohol, low body weight, and lack of exercise. To protect bones, one should ensure adequate calcium, vitamin D, and protein intake through diet, get regular weight-bearing exercise, avoid risk factors like smoking, limit alcohol, and see a doctor to assess risk and consider treatment if high-risk. Adhering to lifestyle changes and any medical treatment is important to reduce fracture risk.
Webinar on Osteoporosis by Hinduja Hospital
Hinduja hospital conducts regular webinars and tweetinars for online users where they can seek advice from expert doctors of hinduja hospital for free. Above is the webinar conducted by hinduja hospital on Osteoporosis where issues like osteoporosis symptoms, osteoporosis prevention, osteoporosis treatment were discussed successfully by Spine Consultant, Dr. Uday Pawar.
To know more about such upcoming webinars and tweetinars from hinduja hospital, visit http://www.hindujahospital.com/communityportal/
Facts and figures about osteoporosis in rural india11
Dr. Prakash Sigedar is a consulting orthopedic surgeon who has received several awards and holds leadership positions in orthopedic associations. He summarizes that bone fragility is a major public health problem characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to fractures. Key points are that it is most common in the elderly and post-menopausal women, and causes pain, disability, and loss of independence from fractures. Prevention through diet, exercise, and medications can help reduce fracture risk and improve bone strength.
Osteoporosis practical management 2011
current practical management summary of Osteoporosis as summarised by CKS and recommended by NICE and NOGG
Osteoporosis dr. mmp
This document provides information about osteoporosis. It begins by defining osteoporosis as a disease where bone density and quality are reduced, making bones more porous and fragile and greatly increasing the risk of fractures. It notes that bone loss occurs silently and progressively, with no symptoms until the first fracture. The document then discusses bone structure, the cells involved in bone formation and resorption, risk factors for osteoporosis, its prevalence in India, and common fracture sites. It outlines the assessment and diagnosis of osteoporosis as well as lifestyle and medical treatments to prevent fractures.
Health of bones
Osteoporosis is a disease where bone density decreases and bones become more fragile and prone to fractures. It affects over 10 million Americans, especially post-menopausal women. To prevent and slow bone loss, one should get enough calcium and vitamin D through foods or supplements, do weight-bearing exercise, and protect themselves from falls. Bone density tests can detect osteoporosis early before fractures occur. Medications may be needed if bone loss has progressed to osteopenia or osteoporosis.
Osteomalacia and osteoporosis
This document provides information on osteomalacia and osteoporosis. It defines osteomalacia as the softening of bones due to defective bone mineralization, often caused by vitamin D deficiency. Symptoms include bone pain and muscle weakness. Osteoporosis is defined as a decrease in bone density and strength, leading to fragile bones that break easily. It discusses causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, and treatments for both conditions.
Calsi soya ppt
This document discusses bone health and osteoporosis. It defines osteoporosis as a disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to bone fragility and increased fracture risk. Key factors discussed include bone composition, homeostasis and remodeling, risk factors for osteoporosis like age and hormones, methods of diagnosis like DXA scans, complications of fractures, and principles of management including lifestyle modifications and medications to prevent bone loss.
Osteoporosis
Bones are living tissue that are constantly being remodeled, with old bone being broken down and new bone being formed. However, in osteoporosis, bone loss outpaces bone growth causing bones to become porous, brittle and prone to fracture. Osteoporosis develops when too much bone is removed during remodeling and not enough new bone is replaced. It has multiple causes including low estrogen and testosterone levels, alcohol use, smoking, low calcium intake, and sedentary lifestyle. Regular exercise, adequate calcium and vitamin D intake can help prevent osteoporosis.
Prevent Osteoporosis
Our bones are constantly being remodeled through bone building and loss. During younger years, bone building exceeds loss but later in life loss increases. Osteoporosis occurs when bone loss causes bones to weaken and fracture more easily, especially in the hip, wrist and spine. Risk factors include being female, older age, family history, low body weight, smoking, excessive alcohol, eating disorders and some medications. Preventing osteoporosis involves regular weight-bearing exercise, sufficient calcium and vitamin D, medication if needed, and not smoking. Bone density tests can identify osteoporosis before fractures occur.
Osteoprosis
Osteoporosis is a disease where bone density decreases, making bones more brittle and prone to fracture. It is most common in older women after menopause when estrogen levels drop. Calcium and vitamin D deficiencies can contribute to osteoporosis. A DEXA scan is used to diagnose based on bone mineral density T-scores. Treatment focuses on preventing further bone loss through medications, lifestyle changes like exercise, and maintaining calcium and vitamin D levels through diet.
Bone Status and Navy Stress Fractures
This document discusses a preliminary study conducted on US Navy recruits with multiple stress fractures who underwent CT bone densitometry scans. The study found that 58% of recruits with multiple stress fractures had osteopenia, and osteopenia was more common in Asian/Pacific Islander recruits and male recruits. The study concludes that CT bone densitometry may be a useful tool to identify insufficiency as a contributing factor to stress fractures in military recruits, as many cases of osteopenia were identified that otherwise would have been overlooked. However, more research is still needed to fully understand risk factors and how to treat recruits identified as osteopenic.
Exican life sciences womens health osteoporosis prevention measures
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Osteoporosis
This document provides information on osteoporosis from Dr. Ashutosh. It defines osteoporosis as a reduction in bone strength that increases fracture risk. The WHO defines it as a bone density 2.5 standard deviations below young adults of the same sex. Postmenopausal women with bone density between -1 and -2.5 SD also have increased fracture risk. Non-pharmacological prevention includes nutrition, lifestyle modifications, fall prevention, and hip protectors. Pharmacological management includes calcium and vitamin D supplementation, hormonal therapy, antiresorptive drugs, anabolic drugs, and drugs with dual actions.
9.4 to 9.6 bb.ppt
Translation begins with a small ribosomal subunit binding to mRNA. An initiator tRNA then base-pairs with the first start codon, after which a large ribosomal subunit joins to form an intact ribosome. The ribosome then catalyzes peptide bond formation between sequential tRNAs, releasing the first tRNA after moving to the next codon. Mutations can occur through base substitutions, deletions or insertions, and may alter protein function or result in a truncated protein. Sickle cell anemia is caused by a single base substitution changing a codon and resulting in misshapen red blood cells.
11.3
Eukaryotic cell division involves both nuclear division and cytoplasmic division. Cytoplasmic division, or cytokinesis, occurs differently in plant and animal cells. In animal cells, cytokinesis involves the formation of a contractile ring that pinches the cell in two by forming a cleavage furrow after nuclear division. In plant cells, cytokinesis involves the formation of a cell plate from a disk-shaped structure that grows out and partitions the cytoplasm, eventually forming two new cell walls.
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Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a condition where bones become less dense and more prone to fractures over time. It occurs when bone resorption exceeds bone formation, removing more calcium than can be replaced. Risk factors include older age, female gender, family history, smoking, excessive alcohol, medications, and lack of exercise. Symptoms may include fractures from minor falls or injuries, loss of height, back pain, and stooped posture. It is diagnosed using DEXA scans to measure bone mineral density. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like exercise, calcium/vitamin D supplements, and medications like bisphosphonates, denosumab, or raloxifene to slow bone loss and increase bone strength.
Dont bend to Osteoporosis
This presentation was Shown on a community gathering in Gulshan Club Dhaka on the eve of the World Osteoporosis Day, 2010.
Prof. Shahiduzzaman was the key note speaker.
New zeland Dairy Milk was the organiser of this Seminar.
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a major health problem in India, affecting over 43 million women. Some key facts are that over 61 million Indians have osteoporosis, with 80% being women. Indians also have the highest rates of osteopenia globally. Osteoporotic fractures occur earlier in Indians compared to other populations and are more common in Indian men. Poor calcium intake, lack of exercise, vitamin D deficiency, and low bone mineral density contribute to higher osteoporosis rates in India. Osteoporosis poses a serious burden through increased fracture risk and reduced quality of life.
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a common disease where loss of bone mineral density increases fracture risk, especially in older women and men. It results from an imbalance where bone resorption outpaces bone formation, usually due to aging or menopause. Many factors increase risk, including female sex, family history, low calcium intake, smoking, and medications. Treatment aims to prevent fractures by supplementing calcium and vitamin D and using drugs like bisphosphonates, as bone mineral density alone does not dictate fracture risk.
nutrition-and-osteoporosis
Osteoporosis presentation 2006 by Alice Henneman, MS, RD Linda Boeckner, PhD, RD University of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension
Osteoporosis
This document discusses osteoporosis, providing definitions, prevalence statistics, risk factors, signs and symptoms, prevention strategies, and recommendations for incorporating dairy. Specifically, it defines osteoporosis as a disease where bones become weak and brittle, notes that 1 in 5 women over 50 have osteoporosis and half of women over 50 will experience fractures, and recommends consuming 3 daily servings of calcium-rich dairy and doing weight-bearing exercise to help prevent osteoporosis.
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a disease where bone density and quality decreases, increasing the risk of fractures. It affects over 200 million people worldwide and is a major cause of disability. Risk factors include age, family history, smoking, excessive alcohol, low body weight, and lack of exercise. To protect bones, one should ensure adequate calcium, vitamin D, and protein intake through diet, get regular weight-bearing exercise, avoid risk factors like smoking, limit alcohol, and see a doctor to assess risk and consider treatment if high-risk. Adhering to lifestyle changes and any medical treatment is important to reduce fracture risk.
Webinar on Osteoporosis by Hinduja Hospital
Hinduja hospital conducts regular webinars and tweetinars for online users where they can seek advice from expert doctors of hinduja hospital for free. Above is the webinar conducted by hinduja hospital on Osteoporosis where issues like osteoporosis symptoms, osteoporosis prevention, osteoporosis treatment were discussed successfully by Spine Consultant, Dr. Uday Pawar.
To know more about such upcoming webinars and tweetinars from hinduja hospital, visit http://www.hindujahospital.com/communityportal/
Facts and figures about osteoporosis in rural india11
Dr. Prakash Sigedar is a consulting orthopedic surgeon who has received several awards and holds leadership positions in orthopedic associations. He summarizes that bone fragility is a major public health problem characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to fractures. Key points are that it is most common in the elderly and post-menopausal women, and causes pain, disability, and loss of independence from fractures. Prevention through diet, exercise, and medications can help reduce fracture risk and improve bone strength.
Osteoporosis practical management 2011
current practical management summary of Osteoporosis as summarised by CKS and recommended by NICE and NOGG
Osteoporosis dr. mmp
This document provides information about osteoporosis. It begins by defining osteoporosis as a disease where bone density and quality are reduced, making bones more porous and fragile and greatly increasing the risk of fractures. It notes that bone loss occurs silently and progressively, with no symptoms until the first fracture. The document then discusses bone structure, the cells involved in bone formation and resorption, risk factors for osteoporosis, its prevalence in India, and common fracture sites. It outlines the assessment and diagnosis of osteoporosis as well as lifestyle and medical treatments to prevent fractures.
Health of bones
Osteoporosis is a disease where bone density decreases and bones become more fragile and prone to fractures. It affects over 10 million Americans, especially post-menopausal women. To prevent and slow bone loss, one should get enough calcium and vitamin D through foods or supplements, do weight-bearing exercise, and protect themselves from falls. Bone density tests can detect osteoporosis early before fractures occur. Medications may be needed if bone loss has progressed to osteopenia or osteoporosis.
Osteomalacia and osteoporosis
This document provides information on osteomalacia and osteoporosis. It defines osteomalacia as the softening of bones due to defective bone mineralization, often caused by vitamin D deficiency. Symptoms include bone pain and muscle weakness. Osteoporosis is defined as a decrease in bone density and strength, leading to fragile bones that break easily. It discusses causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, and treatments for both conditions.
Calsi soya ppt
This document discusses bone health and osteoporosis. It defines osteoporosis as a disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to bone fragility and increased fracture risk. Key factors discussed include bone composition, homeostasis and remodeling, risk factors for osteoporosis like age and hormones, methods of diagnosis like DXA scans, complications of fractures, and principles of management including lifestyle modifications and medications to prevent bone loss.
Osteoporosis
Bones are living tissue that are constantly being remodeled, with old bone being broken down and new bone being formed. However, in osteoporosis, bone loss outpaces bone growth causing bones to become porous, brittle and prone to fracture. Osteoporosis develops when too much bone is removed during remodeling and not enough new bone is replaced. It has multiple causes including low estrogen and testosterone levels, alcohol use, smoking, low calcium intake, and sedentary lifestyle. Regular exercise, adequate calcium and vitamin D intake can help prevent osteoporosis.
Prevent Osteoporosis
Our bones are constantly being remodeled through bone building and loss. During younger years, bone building exceeds loss but later in life loss increases. Osteoporosis occurs when bone loss causes bones to weaken and fracture more easily, especially in the hip, wrist and spine. Risk factors include being female, older age, family history, low body weight, smoking, excessive alcohol, eating disorders and some medications. Preventing osteoporosis involves regular weight-bearing exercise, sufficient calcium and vitamin D, medication if needed, and not smoking. Bone density tests can identify osteoporosis before fractures occur.
Osteoprosis
Osteoporosis is a disease where bone density decreases, making bones more brittle and prone to fracture. It is most common in older women after menopause when estrogen levels drop. Calcium and vitamin D deficiencies can contribute to osteoporosis. A DEXA scan is used to diagnose based on bone mineral density T-scores. Treatment focuses on preventing further bone loss through medications, lifestyle changes like exercise, and maintaining calcium and vitamin D levels through diet.
Bone Status and Navy Stress Fractures
This document discusses a preliminary study conducted on US Navy recruits with multiple stress fractures who underwent CT bone densitometry scans. The study found that 58% of recruits with multiple stress fractures had osteopenia, and osteopenia was more common in Asian/Pacific Islander recruits and male recruits. The study concludes that CT bone densitometry may be a useful tool to identify insufficiency as a contributing factor to stress fractures in military recruits, as many cases of osteopenia were identified that otherwise would have been overlooked. However, more research is still needed to fully understand risk factors and how to treat recruits identified as osteopenic.
Exican life sciences womens health osteoporosis prevention measures
The Exican Life Sciences Womens Health Division has been reading recent research on Osteoporosis prevention measures.
Osteoporosis
This document provides information on osteoporosis from Dr. Ashutosh. It defines osteoporosis as a reduction in bone strength that increases fracture risk. The WHO defines it as a bone density 2.5 standard deviations below young adults of the same sex. Postmenopausal women with bone density between -1 and -2.5 SD also have increased fracture risk. Non-pharmacological prevention includes nutrition, lifestyle modifications, fall prevention, and hip protectors. Pharmacological management includes calcium and vitamin D supplementation, hormonal therapy, antiresorptive drugs, anabolic drugs, and drugs with dual actions.
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Facts and figures about osteoporosis in rural india11
Facts and figures about osteoporosis in rural india11
Exican life sciences womens health osteoporosis prevention measures
Exican life sciences womens health osteoporosis prevention measures
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9.4 to 9.6 bb.ppt
Translation begins with a small ribosomal subunit binding to mRNA. An initiator tRNA then base-pairs with the first start codon, after which a large ribosomal subunit joins to form an intact ribosome. The ribosome then catalyzes peptide bond formation between sequential tRNAs, releasing the first tRNA after moving to the next codon. Mutations can occur through base substitutions, deletions or insertions, and may alter protein function or result in a truncated protein. Sickle cell anemia is caused by a single base substitution changing a codon and resulting in misshapen red blood cells.
11.3
Eukaryotic cell division involves both nuclear division and cytoplasmic division. Cytoplasmic division, or cytokinesis, occurs differently in plant and animal cells. In animal cells, cytokinesis involves the formation of a contractile ring that pinches the cell in two by forming a cleavage furrow after nuclear division. In plant cells, cytokinesis involves the formation of a cell plate from a disk-shaped structure that grows out and partitions the cytoplasm, eventually forming two new cell walls.
7.5
The third stage of aerobic respiration occurs at the inner mitochondrial membrane. NADH and FADH2 produced in the first two stages deliver electrons and hydrogen ions to electron transfer chains. As the electrons move through the chains, they release energy which is used to actively transport hydrogen ions across the inner membrane. The resulting hydrogen ion gradient drives the formation of ATP through ATP synthase. Approximately thirty-two ATP molecules form during these third stage reactions as oxygen accepts electrons at the end of the chains and water is produced.
8.4
DNA replication is the process by which a cell copies its DNA before cell division. During replication, the double-stranded DNA unwinds and separates. Enzymes then construct primers that attach to each strand, allowing DNA polymerase to assemble new strands that are complementary to the original strands. This results in two identical DNA molecules, each with one original strand and one new strand, in a semiconservative manner of replication. DNA synthesis proceeds in the 5' to 3' direction on each strand.
6.1
- Cartilage is a resilient tissue found in many areas of the skeleton that provides support and flexibility. There are three main types: hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage.
- Cartilage grows through two processes: appositional growth where new matrix is added to the surface, and interstitial growth where chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix from within to expand the cartilage.
- As the skeleton develops, most cartilage is replaced by bone, except in areas that require flexibility like joints. Understanding bone and cartilage anatomy is important for working with patients with bone diseases.
9.3
mRNA carries the genetic code from DNA in the form of codons made up of three nucleotide bases. The sequence of codons determines the sequence of amino acids in the resulting protein. There are 64 possible codons that specify 20 amino acids or stop signals. rRNA and tRNAs work together with ribosomes to translate mRNA codons into amino acids. rRNA catalyzes peptide bond formation between amino acids. tRNAs carry specific amino acids to the ribosome based on complementary base pairing between their anticodons and mRNA codons.
7.6
Fermentation is an anaerobic pathway that produces a small amount of ATP without using oxygen. There are two main fermentation pathways: alcoholic fermentation produces ATP, CO2, and ethanol from sugar, while lactate fermentation produces ATP and lactate. Both pathways regenerate NAD+ to allow glycolysis to continue yielding energy. Fermentation occurs in yeast during alcohol production and in animal muscle cells during short, intense activity when oxygen is limited.
Ch 6 6.4
1) Thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts contain light-harvesting complexes of chlorophyll and other pigments that absorb light energy.
2) The light energy is passed to photosystems which contain clusters of chlorophyll. This initiates photosynthesis as electrons are transferred.
3) There are two pathways - the noncyclic pathway produces both ATP and NADPH as electrons move between two photosystems, while the cyclic pathway only produces ATP as electrons return to one photosystem.
1.5
This document discusses anatomical terminology and describes how the body is oriented in space. It begins by defining the standard anatomical position and describes directional terms used to relate body structures to one another. It then discusses regional terms used to designate specific body areas. Finally, it explains the three primary body planes (sagittal, frontal, and transverse) and how cuts made along these planes result in different section views.
1.6
The document discusses the body cavities and membranes. There are two main cavities - the dorsal cavity which protects the brain and spinal cord, and the ventral cavity which houses the internal organs. The ventral cavity contains three subdivisions: the thoracic cavity which holds the heart and lungs, and the abdominal and pelvic cavities which contain the digestive organs and urogenital structures. Serous membranes line these cavities and cover the organs, reducing friction and protecting structures.
16.2
This document discusses the history of ideas around natural selection and evolution. It describes how 19th century naturalists like Cuvier, Lamarck, and Lyell attempted to explain the changing life on Earth over time. Lamarck proposed that traits could be inherited from parents after environmental changes. Lyell proposed that gradual geologic processes shaped the Earth over millions of years. Darwin's observations on his voyage on the Beagle, including fossils like glyptodons, led him to develop the theory of evolution by natural selection, whereby individuals with traits better suited to the environment are more likely to survive and pass on those traits.
6.4
Bones have a complex structure at multiple levels:
- Gross level includes compact bone on the outside and spongy bone on the inside, with membranes like the periosteum covering bones. Long bones have a shaft and ends.
- Microscopic level shows bone is made of osteons containing concentric lamellae, with canals containing blood vessels. Bone cells like osteoblasts and osteoclasts are involved in formation and breakdown.
- Chemical level consists of collagen fibers mineralized with calcium salts to give bone its strength.
Chapter18
The document discusses the origins and early evolution of life on Earth. It describes some of the conditions on the early Earth and how simple organic compounds may have formed through atmospheric reactions, hydrothermal vents, or delivery by meteorites. It also discusses experiments that demonstrate how self-assembly of these molecules could have led to the first protocells and metabolism, as well as the possible emergence of RNA prior to DNA as the genetic material. The document then covers the divergence of bacteria and archaea, the rise of oxygen due to cyanobacteria, the appearance of eukaryotes, and current hypotheses about the endosymbiotic origins of organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts.
1.4
A species is a unique type of organism that is classified through taxonomy, the science of naming and classifying species. Species are grouped into genera that share unique traits, and each species has a two-part scientific name combining the genus and specific epithet. Traits are observable characteristics used to classify organisms into taxonomic groups based on shared characteristics. The scientific classification system organizes all living things into a hierarchy with domains, kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species.
Chapter 17 blood q and a part 1
The document summarizes key information about the components and functions of blood. It describes the three main components of blood as plasma, buffy coat, and erythrocytes. Plasma is the liquid portion that transports cells, nutrients, waste, etc. The buffy coat contains white blood cells and platelets. Erythrocytes are red blood cells that contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. The functions of blood include distribution of materials, regulation of pH and temperature, and protection from infection and blood loss. Anemias occur when the blood has a low oxygen-carrying capacity due to issues like blood loss, lack of nutrients, or bone marrow disorders.
6.5
Bone development occurs through two main processes: endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification. Endochondral ossification forms bones below the skull through replacement of cartilage models with bone tissue in a multi-step process beginning in the second month of development. Intramembranous ossification forms some flat bones of the skull through the direct development of bone within fibrous membranes in mesenchymal tissue. Postnatal bone growth continues through adolescence via growth at the epiphyseal plates of long bones.
16.1
19th century naturalists made increasingly detailed observations of nature through global expeditions, collecting thousands of new plant and animal species. Patterns emerged through their studies of biogeography and comparative morphology, such as similar species being found in distant geographic locations or outwardly similar plants having very different internal structures. These observations, along with evidence from vestigial structures and fossils found in sequential rock layers, challenged existing views and demonstrated that organisms are not static, leading to new ideas about how life may change over time.
6.7
Fractures occur when bones break. There are three classifications of fractures based on the position of bone ends, completeness of the break, and whether the skin is penetrated. Treatment involves realigning the broken bone ends through closed or open reduction and immobilizing the bone to heal. Bone repair occurs in four stages - hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling to reconstruct the original bone structure.
8.3
Cartilaginous joints unite bones through cartilage and have little movement. There are two types: synchondroses unite bones through a hyaline cartilage plate and are immovable, examples include epiphyseal plates in children; symphyses unite bones through fibrocartilage and allow some movement, examples include intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis.
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Metabolic and genetic disorders of bone
This document provides an overview of metabolic and genetic disorders of bone. It begins with introducing bone anatomy, histology, and physiology. It then discusses bone metabolism and the role of bones in general metabolism. The document classifies bone disorders and discusses several metabolic bone diseases in depth, including osteoporosis, rickets, osteomalacia, and hyperparathyroidism. For each, it covers etiology, clinical features, oral manifestations, histopathology, and treatment. The document thus provides a comprehensive review of key metabolic and genetic bone disorders.
Bone care
This presentation simplifies the understanding of Bones, different disorders related to bones, its prevention and care. It also explains the Must have diet and must avoid food.
Anatomy unit 7 physiology of the skeletal system
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that provide structure, protection, movement, storage, and blood cell formation. Bones are made of collagen, hydroxyapatite, and other tissues. The skeletal system is divided into the axial skeleton (skull and vertebrae) and appendicular skeleton (limbs). Long bones have an epiphysis, diaphysis, articular cartilage, and epiphyseal plate. Joints connect bones and include ligaments, cartilage, and fluid-filled capsules. Bone tissue contains periosteum, compact bone, spongy bone, marrow cavity, and Haversian systems. Bones develop from cartilage and are constantly remodeling through osteoblasts, osteoclasts,
Nearly 1 in 2 women and up to 1 in 4 men age 50 and older will break a bone d...
This deck provides educational information about osteoporosis for people of all ages. Find out the risks for osteoporosis and how to keep your bones strong.
Bone and bone mineral density.pptx
The musculoskeletal system includes bones, cartilage, ligaments, and muscles. Nutrition plays an important role in bone health. Calcium, vitamins D and K, phosphorus, magnesium, and fluoride are essential for bone mineral density and strength. A bone mineral density test measures bone density and can detect osteopenia or osteoporosis. Factors like age, genetics, lifestyle, trauma, and prior fractures can affect bone mineral density levels.
Osteoporosis in children
Osteoporosis can occur in children as well as adults. While rare, it can cause significant pain and disabilities. The definition of childhood osteoporosis includes low trauma fractures with reduced bone mineral density more than 2 standard deviations below the age-matched mean. Key factors that influence childhood bone health are genetics, nutrition including calcium and vitamin D intake, physical activity, and endocrine status. Treatments include calcium and vitamin D supplementation, calcitonin, and intravenous bisphosphonates which deposit in bone and are effective with intermittent use in children.
Osteoporosis - Preventive Measures
Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by a decrease in the density of bone, decreasing its strength and resulting in fragile bones. Know the Risk Factors for Osteoporotic Fracture, Preventive Measures and exercise for osteoporosis. For more health Tips, Visit at http://gisurgery.info
Osteoporosis ff
Osteoporosis is a disease where bones become fragile and more likely to break. It occurs most often in older women and is caused by factors such as low estrogen after menopause, a family history of osteoporosis, and a diet low in calcium and vitamin D. To prevent osteoporosis, one should exercise, avoid smoking and excess alcohol, and consume a diet rich in calcium and vitamin D. A bone density test can diagnose osteoporosis and determine bone strength. Treatment may include medications and lifestyle changes to strengthen bones and prevent falls and fractures.
Osteoporosis, diagnosis and management
According to National Osteoporosis Foundation in 2015, Osteoporosis was estimated to affect 75million people in Europe, USA and Japan and 200 million women worldwide. In this article, the role of calcium and vitamin D in bone building has been explained and has provided the relevant approaches in diagnosis of suspected cases of Osteoporosis.
Healthstance Osteoporosis Awareness Month
Did You Know…
•16% of men and 29.9% of women age 50 or above have osteoporosis*
•Nearly 1 in 2 women and up to 1 in 4 men age 50 and older will break a bone due to osteoporosis
•Osteoporotic bone breaks are most likely to occur in the hip, spine or wrist
•Osteoporosis is often called a silent disease because one can’t feel bones weakening
*May is Osteoporosis Awareness & Prevention Month
Lecture 11 nutrients involved in bone health
This document summarizes key nutrients involved in bone health and osteoporosis. It describes how calcium, vitamin D, vitamin K, phosphorus, magnesium and fluoride support bone development and maintenance. It explains bone remodeling and how nutrients like calcium and vitamin D regulate this process. The document also discusses osteoporosis risk factors like age, gender and nutrition, and ways to reduce osteoporosis risk through diet and exercise.
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Bones are living tissue that are continuously remodelling. They are comprised of cortical and trabecular bone, as well as bone cells that form and resorb bone. Osteoporosis is a disease where bone mineral density is low, making bones brittle and prone to fractures from minor falls or injuries. Risk factors include age, family history, smoking, inactivity, and low calcium/vitamin D. Maintaining bone health requires a balanced diet with calcium, vitamin D, and weight-bearing exercise.
core_course_lecture_-_osteoprosis_2010.ppt
Osteoporosis is a progressive bone disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to increased bone fragility and risk of fractures. It occurs when bone resorption by osteoclasts exceeds bone formation by osteoblasts. Risk factors include age, gender, genetics, smoking, alcohol, obesity, low vitamin D, and medications like corticosteroids. It is diagnosed using DEXA scans and managed through lifestyle changes, calcium/vitamin D supplementation, and pharmacological therapies like bisphosphonates, strontium, raloxifene, teriparatide, calcitonin, and denosumab. Emerging therapies target mechanisms like cathepsin K, sclerost
Fosamax
This document provides information about osteoporosis, its causes and symptoms, and treatments like Fosamax. It explains that osteoporosis is a condition where bones lose density and strength, making them more prone to fractures. Common medications used to treat it are bisphosphonates, which help reduce bone loss. Fosamax is one such medication containing alendronic acid that slows bone loss and helps maintain strong bones to reduce fracture risk. The document outlines various factors that can contribute to osteoporosis like certain medications, medical conditions, aging, lifestyle factors and genetic disorders.
osteoporosis
The document provides information about osteoporosis including goals of increasing awareness, facts and statistics, risk factors, prevention strategies, and bone density testing. The goals are to educate the public about prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of osteoporosis through a community program. It discusses osteoporosis prevalence, risk factors like age and family history, the importance of calcium and vitamin D, and recommends those at high risk discuss bone density testing with their healthcare provider.
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a bone disorder characterized by low bone density and mass, leading to an increased risk of fractures. It is a growing epidemic, with over 75 million cases in the US, Europe and Japan expected to increase further. Risk factors include age, gender, family history, lifestyle factors like smoking, sedentary lifestyle, and certain medical conditions or medications. Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation, bone density scans, and biochemical markers. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like exercise, calcium intake, and vitamin D; medications include hormones, biphosphonates, and teriparatide injections in severe cases. Preventing osteoporosis requires modifiable lifestyle changes and responsible self-care.
Osteoporosis seminar final.pptx
Osteoporosis is a progressive bone disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, making bones brittle and prone to fracture. It is defined as a T-score of -2.5 or below as measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scanning. Key risk factors include older age, female sex, family history, smoking, low body weight and lack of exercise. Treatment focuses on lifestyle modifications like calcium and vitamin D supplementation, exercise and fall prevention, as well as pharmacologic therapies like bisphosphonates.
Calcium Presentation-revised.ppt
This document provides information about osteoporosis including goals of education, personal stories, statistics, risk factors, prevention methods, bone density testing, and treatment options. The goal is to increase awareness of osteoporosis, risk factors, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Prevention methods discussed include maintaining sufficient calcium and vitamin D intake through diet and supplements, engaging in weight bearing exercise, avoiding smoking and excessive caffeine/alcohol, and addressing other controllable risk factors. Bone density testing and medications are also covered as part of a comprehensive approach.
Casal.pptx
This document provides information about osteoporosis including goals of education, personal stories, statistics, risk factors, prevention methods, bone density testing, and treatment options. The goal is to increase awareness of osteoporosis, risk factors, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Prevention methods discussed include maintaining sufficient calcium and vitamin D intake through diet and supplements, engaging in weight bearing exercise, avoiding smoking and excessive caffeine/alcohol, and addressing other controllable risk factors. Bone density testing and medications are also covered as part of a comprehensive approach.
Osteoporosis clinical picture risk factors and treatment
Osteoporosis clinical picture risk factors and treatment
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Nearly 1 in 2 women and up to 1 in 4 men age 50 and older will break a bone d...
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Osteoporosis clinical picture risk factors and treatment
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This document provides conversion steps to change 42 liters to quarts. It states that 1 liter equals 33.81 fluid ounces, and there is no direct conversion between liters and quarts. It then shows that fluid ounces can be converted to pints, which can then be converted to quarts, allowing liters to be fully converted to the required unit of quarts.
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This document provides an overview of concepts related to motion and equilibrium from a physics textbook. It discusses Aristotle's early ideas about motion, Galileo's concept of inertia based on experiments showing objects in motion tend to stay in motion, and mass as a measure of an object's inertia. The document also covers net force, equilibrium, types of forces including friction and support forces, and concepts such as speed, velocity, and acceleration.
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Anemia is a condition where the blood has a low ability to carry oxygen due to having too few red blood cells or hemoglobin. There are several types of anemia including iron-deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia, and sickle-cell anemia. Sickle-cell anemia is caused by an abnormal hemoglobin that causes red blood cells to become sickle-shaped, rupture easily, and block blood vessels. Blood doping artificially increases red blood cell counts and oxygen delivery but risks health issues. Leukocytes, or white blood cells, are the only complete cells in blood and include granulocytes like neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and others that fight infection and disease
8.6
Common joint injuries include cartilage tears, ligament sprains, and dislocations. Cartilage tears can cause locking or binding of the joint and are repaired through arthroscopic surgery. Ligament sprains occur when ligaments are stretched or torn, and require immobilization or surgical repair. Dislocations involve bones being forced out of alignment, accompanied by sprains and inflammation.
Inflammatory and degenerative joint conditions include bursitis, tendonitis, and various forms of arthritis. Bursitis and tendonitis involve inflammation of the bursa and tendon sheaths, usually from overuse. Arthritis encompasses over 100 diseases that damage joints, with osteoarthritis being the most common and involving breakdown of cartilage
8.4
Synovial joints have six general features including articular cartilage, a joint cavity, an articular capsule, synovial fluid, ligaments, and blood vessels. They allow movements like gliding, angular movements like flexion and extension, and rotation. Stability is influenced by factors like bone shape, ligaments, and muscle tone. There are six types of synovial joints classified by their shape and motion: plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball-and-socket.
8.2
Fibrous joints are immovable joints joined by dense connective tissue fibers. There are three types: sutures which are rigid interlocking skull joints that allow growth; syndesmoses where bones are connected by ligaments of varying fiber length, allowing some movement; and gomphoses which are peg-in-socket joints like teeth in sockets held by the periodontal ligament.
8.1
Joints are where two or more bones meet, giving mobility to the skeleton while holding it together. There are two main classifications of joints - structural and functional. Structurally, joints are classified into three types based on the material binding them and whether a cavity is present: fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial. The document will focus on the clearer structural classifications.
8.5 no vids
The document describes several synovial joints: the knee, shoulder, elbow, and hip. The knee is the largest and most complex joint, consisting of the femoropatellar joint and medial/lateral tibiofemoral joints. The shoulder has the most freedom of movement but lacks stability. The elbow acts as a hinge joint for flexion/extension. The hip is a ball-and-socket joint with the spherical femoral head fitting into the deep acetabulum.
8.5
The document describes several synovial joints, focusing on the knee, shoulder, and elbow joints. It provides details on:
- The knee joint is the largest and most complex joint, consisting of the femoropatellar joint and medial/lateral tibiofemoral joints. It allows flexion/extension and some rotation. Cruciate ligaments and menisci help stabilize the joint.
- The shoulder joint is the most freely moving but least stable joint, with a large humeral head fitting into a shallow glenoid cavity. Rotator cuff muscles and the long head of the biceps brachii provide stability.
- The elbow joint is a hinge joint formed by the tro
8.4
Synovial joints have six general features including articular cartilage, a joint cavity, an articular capsule, synovial fluid, ligaments, and blood vessels. They allow movements like gliding, angular movements like flexion and extension, and rotation. Stability is influenced by factors like bone shape, ligaments, and muscle tone. There are six types of synovial joints classified by their shape and motion: plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball-and-socket.
6.6
Bone remodeling occurs continuously as old bone is removed by osteoclasts and new bone is deposited by osteoblasts. Approximately 5-7% of bone mass is remodeled each week, with spongy bone being replaced about every 3-4 years and compact bone every 10 years. Bone remodeling is regulated by two control loops - hormonal control of blood calcium levels including PTH and calcitonin, and response to mechanical stress based on Wolff's law where bones remodel in response to stresses placed upon them.
6.8
The document discusses three major bone diseases: osteomalacia/rickets caused by vitamin D deficiency which results in soft, weak bones; osteoporosis where bone resorption exceeds formation leading to loss of bone mass and increased fracture risk, particularly in postmenopausal women; and Paget's disease where bone formation and resorption are excessive and disorganized. It also covers age-related changes to bone such as increased formation in childhood balancing resorption in adulthood, and declining bone density with age beginning in the fourth decade of life.
6.3
The document summarizes the classification of bones in the human skeleton. It is divided into two parts:
1) The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs attached to the axial skeleton by girdles.
2) Bones are also classified by their shape into four categories: long bones are longer than wide and found in the limbs, short bones are cube-shaped in the wrist and ankle, flat bones are thin and curved like those in the skull, and irregular bones have complicated shapes like the vertebrae and hip bones.
6.2
Bones have seven key functions: to provide support for the body and soft organs, protect vital organs like the brain and spinal cord, serve as levers for muscle movement, store minerals and growth factors like calcium and phosphorus, allow for blood cell formation in red bone marrow, store fat for energy, and help regulate hormones through the production of osteocalcin.
6.1
Skeletal cartilage is made of resilient tissue containing chondrocytes encased in lacunae within an extracellular matrix. There are three types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage - located in various parts of the body like joints, ribs, ears. Cartilage grows through appositional growth at its surface by perichondrial cells or interstitial growth within by chondrocytes division and matrix secretion. Calcification can occur in cartilage during youth bone growth or in old age.
16.9
An asteroid impact 65.5 million years ago may have caused a mass extinction event that resulted in the simultaneous loss of many lineages from Earth. This event is marked by a unique global rock layer known as the K-Pg boundary, which formed 65.5 million years ago and implies an abrupt transition in the fossil record at the time of mass extinction.
16.8
Similar patterns of embryonic development and shared master genes that control development reflect common ancestry between species. Highly similar DNA and protein sequences, especially in genes that guide development, provide evidence that more closely related species evolved from a shared ancestor. Differences in gene expression between species can lead to differences in body form, as seen when comparing chickens and snakes. Protein sequences are also compared between species, and fewer differences are observed between more closely related lineages.
16.7
Evolution leaves evidence in body form through comparative morphology, homologous structures, and morphological convergence. Comparative morphology shows similarities in body parts that reflect shared ancestry and can be used to unravel evolutionary relationships. Homologous structures are body parts that appear different but share an aspect of similarity due to descent from a common ancestor. Morphological convergence occurs when similar structures evolve independently in different lineages through analogous structures that look alike but did not evolve from a common ancestor.
16.5
The document discusses how the Earth has changed over geologic time according to the theory of plate tectonics. Approximately 237 million years ago, all the continents were joined together in a supercontinent called Pangea, which broke up about 152 million years ago. Continents have drifted over time as new crust spreads from oceanic ridges, pushing tectonic plates apart. An earlier supercontinent, Gondwana, existed over 500 million years ago and included most of the landmasses in the Southern Hemisphere before breaking up in the Silurian period.
16.4
Radiometric dating and carbon dating are two methods used to determine the age of rocks and fossils. Radiometric dating relies on measuring the decay of radioactive isotopes in rocks, while carbon dating can determine the age of recent fossils by measuring the decay of carbon-14. Studying the fossil record provides clues about evolution, as certain whale ancestors were found to have characteristics of land animals, such as ankle bones similar to artiodactyls, indicating whales evolved from land mammals over millions of years.
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6.8
- 1. 6.8 Bone Disorders • Imbalances between bone deposit and bone resorption underlie nearly every disease that affects the human skeleton. • Three major bone diseases: – Osteomalacia and rickets – Osteoporosis – Paget’s disease © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 2. Osteomalacia and Rickets • Osteomalacia – Bones are poorly mineralized – Osteoid is produced, but calcium salts not adequately deposited – Results in soft, weak bones – Pain upon bearing weight • Rickets (osteomalacia of children) – Results in bowed legs and other bone deformities because bones ends are enlarged and abnormally long – Cause: vitamin D deficiency or insufficient dietary calcium © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 3. Osteoporosis • Osteoporosis is a group of diseases in which bone resorption exceeds deposit • Matrix remains normal, but bone mass declines – Spongy bone of spine and neck of femur most susceptible • Vertebral and hip fractures common © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 4. Figure 6.15 The contrasting architecture of normal versus osteoporotic bone. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Normal bone Osteoporotic bone
- 5. Osteoporosis (cont.) • Risk factors for osteoporosis – Most often aged, postmenopausal women • Affects 30% of women aged 60–70 years and 70% by age 80 • 30% of Caucasian women will fracture bone because of osteoporosis • Estrogen plays a role in bone density, so when levels drop at menopause, women run higher risk – Men are less prone due to protection by the effects of testosterone © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 6. Osteoporosis (cont.) • Additional risk factors for osteoporosis: – Petite body form – Insufficient exercise to stress bones – Diet poor in calcium and protein – Smoking – Hormone-related conditions • Hyperthyroidism • Low blood levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone • Diabetes mellitus – Immobility – Males with prostate cancer taking androgen-suppressing drugs © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 7. Osteoporosis (cont.) • Treating osteoporosis – Traditional treatments • Calcium • Vitamin D supplements • Weight-bearing exercise • Hormone replacement therapy – Slows bone loss but does not reverse it – Controversial because of increased risk of heart attack, stroke, and breast cancer © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 8. Osteoporosis (cont.) • Other drugs for osteoporosis: – Bisphosphonates: decrease osteoclast activity and number • Partially reverse osteoporosis in spine – Selective estrogen receptor modulators: mimic estrogen without targeting breast and uterus – Denosumab • Monoclonal antibody shown to reduce fractures in men with prostate cancer • Improves bone density in elderly © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 9. Osteoporosis (cont.) • Preventing osteoporosis – Plenty of calcium in diet in early adulthood – Reduce consumption of carbonated beverages and alcohol • Leach minerals from bone, so decrease bone density – Plenty of weight-bearing exercise • Increases bone mass above normal for buffer against age-related bone loss © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 10. Paget’s Disease • Excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption cause bone to be made fast and poorly – Called Pagetic bone – Very high ratio of spongy to compact bone and reduced mineralization • Usually occurs in spine, pelvis, femur, and skull • Rarely occurs before age 40 • Cause unknown: possibly viral • Treatment includes calcitonin and bisphosphonates © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 11. Developmental Aspects of Bone • Embryonic skeleton ossifies predictably, so fetal age is easily determined from X rays or sonograms • Most long bones begin ossifying by 8 weeks, with primary ossification centers developed by week 12 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 12. Developmental Aspects of Bone Birth to Young Adulthood • At birth, most long bones ossified, except at epiphyses • Epiphyseal plates persist through childhood and adolescence • At ~ age 25, all bones are completely ossified, and skeletal growth ceases © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 13. Figure 6.17 Fetal primary ossification centers at 12 weeks. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Parietal bone Frontal bone of skull Occipital bone Mandible Clavicle Radius Femur Tibia Ribs Vertebra Scapula Ulna Humerus Ilium
- 14. Age-Related Changes in Bone • In children and adolescents, bone formation exceeds resorption – Males tend to have greater mass than females • In young adults, both are balanced • In adults, bone resorption exceeds formation © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 15. Age-Related Changes in Bone (cont.) • Bone density changes over lifetime are largely determined by genetics – Gene for vitamin D’s cellular docking determines mass early in life and osteoporosis risk at old age • Bone mass, mineralization, and healing ability decrease with age beginning in fourth decade – Except bones of skull – Bone loss is greater in whites and in females © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.