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Eukaryotic cell division involves both nuclear division and cytoplasmic division. Cytoplasmic division, or cytokinesis, occurs differently in plant and animal cells. In animal cells, cytokinesis involves the formation of a contractile ring that pinches the cell in two by forming a cleavage furrow after nuclear division. In plant cells, cytokinesis involves the formation of a cell plate from a disk-shaped structure that grows out and partitions the cytoplasm, eventually forming two new cell walls.
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This document summarizes key concepts related to the cell cycle and cellular transport. It defines osmosis as the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, and describes isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions based on solute concentration inside and outside the cell. It also defines passive transport mechanisms like facilitated diffusion and active transport processes that require energy. The stages of the cell cycle - interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis - are outlined. Mitosis is described in more detail through its four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Key structures involved in cell division like chromosomes, sister chromatids, centrioles, and the spindle are also defined.
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Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two daughter cells each with the same number and type of chromosomes as the parent cell. It involves four main phases - prophase where the chromosomes condense, metaphase where the chromosomes line up along the center of the cell, anaphase where the sister chromatids are separated and moved to opposite poles, and telophase where the daughter nuclei and membranes reform completing cell division.
Cell differences plant & animal
Plant cells are typically rectangular in shape with a large, permanent vacuole and cell wall made of cellulose. They contain plastids like chloroplasts and have fewer mitochondria than animal cells. Plant cells divide using a cell plate, while animal cells are spherical, have a small temporary vacuole, lack plastids and a cell wall, and divide using a furrow with centrosomes aiding the process.
7-4 The Diversity of Cellular Life
This document discusses the diversity of cellular life, including unicellular organisms made of a single cell, multicellular organisms made of multiple cells, and cell specialization where cells develop different functions. It provides examples of specialized animal cells like red blood cells, white blood cells, and muscle cells. The document also mentions specialized plant cells like guard cells.
Cell
A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. Cells vary widely in size, from 5 micrometers in sperm cells to 1 meter in nerve cells, and 120 micrometers in ovum cells. The shape of cells depends on their function, with human red blood cells being circular and biconcave to easily pass through capillaries, nerve cells being branched to conduct impulses, and white blood cells able to change shape to engulf microorganisms. The detailed internal structure of cells can only be seen with electron microscopes, which allow magnification of up to 500,000 times compared to 2000 times with compound microscopes.
Cell to cell communication
Cell to cell communication occurs through three main processes: exocytosis, endocytosis, and cell junctions. Exocytosis exports materials from the cell via secretory vesicles, while endocytosis imports materials through phagocytosis, pinocytosis, or receptor-mediated endocytosis. Cell junctions like tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes allow communication between cells through physical connections or cytoplasmic channels.
Cells (Misculin e Rago)
There are two main types of cells: eukaryotic and prokaryotic. All cells have three main parts - a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Animal cells contain additional structures like mitochondria, the Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum. Plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts. Cells specialize to perform specific functions like photosynthesis in leaf cells, absorbing water and minerals in root hair cells, and movement via tails in sperm cells. Cells combine to form tissues, organs, and organ systems that work together in the body.
Plant animal differences
Plant and animal cells differ in several key ways. Plant cells are typically rectangular in shape and larger than animal cells, which are usually spherical and smaller. Plant cells have a thick cell wall made of cellulose and hemicellulose, while animal cells only have a thin cell membrane. A prominent vacuole is present in plant cells but small and temporary in animal cells. Plastids are found only in plant cells, while centrosomes are present in animal cells to aid cell division. Mitochondria are more numerous in animal cells compared to plant cells. Plant cells can synthesize all amino acids whereas animal cells can only synthesize some kinds. Cell division occurs via cell plate in plants but by furrow in animals.
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B16 vocab ppt cell cycle powerpoint banta
This document summarizes key concepts related to the cell cycle and cellular transport. It defines osmosis as the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, and describes isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions based on solute concentration inside and outside the cell. It also defines passive transport mechanisms like facilitated diffusion and active transport processes that require energy. The stages of the cell cycle - interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis - are outlined. Mitosis is described in more detail through its four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Key structures involved in cell division like chromosomes, sister chromatids, centrioles, and the spindle are also defined.
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Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two daughter cells each with the same number and type of chromosomes as the parent cell. It involves four main phases - prophase where the chromosomes condense, metaphase where the chromosomes line up along the center of the cell, anaphase where the sister chromatids are separated and moved to opposite poles, and telophase where the daughter nuclei and membranes reform completing cell division.
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Plant cells are typically rectangular in shape with a large, permanent vacuole and cell wall made of cellulose. They contain plastids like chloroplasts and have fewer mitochondria than animal cells. Plant cells divide using a cell plate, while animal cells are spherical, have a small temporary vacuole, lack plastids and a cell wall, and divide using a furrow with centrosomes aiding the process.
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This document discusses the diversity of cellular life, including unicellular organisms made of a single cell, multicellular organisms made of multiple cells, and cell specialization where cells develop different functions. It provides examples of specialized animal cells like red blood cells, white blood cells, and muscle cells. The document also mentions specialized plant cells like guard cells.
Cell
A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. Cells vary widely in size, from 5 micrometers in sperm cells to 1 meter in nerve cells, and 120 micrometers in ovum cells. The shape of cells depends on their function, with human red blood cells being circular and biconcave to easily pass through capillaries, nerve cells being branched to conduct impulses, and white blood cells able to change shape to engulf microorganisms. The detailed internal structure of cells can only be seen with electron microscopes, which allow magnification of up to 500,000 times compared to 2000 times with compound microscopes.
Cell to cell communication
Cell to cell communication occurs through three main processes: exocytosis, endocytosis, and cell junctions. Exocytosis exports materials from the cell via secretory vesicles, while endocytosis imports materials through phagocytosis, pinocytosis, or receptor-mediated endocytosis. Cell junctions like tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes allow communication between cells through physical connections or cytoplasmic channels.
Cells (Misculin e Rago)
There are two main types of cells: eukaryotic and prokaryotic. All cells have three main parts - a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Animal cells contain additional structures like mitochondria, the Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum. Plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts. Cells specialize to perform specific functions like photosynthesis in leaf cells, absorbing water and minerals in root hair cells, and movement via tails in sperm cells. Cells combine to form tissues, organs, and organ systems that work together in the body.
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Centrioles and basal bodies
The document discusses centrioles and basal bodies. It states that centrioles are cylindrical structures found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that help form the mitotic spindle during cell division. When located beneath the cell membrane, centrioles are called basal bodies and anchor flagella or cilia. The document describes the structure of centrioles and basal bodies including their nine microtubule triplets arranged in a pinwheel shape and other components like linkers and rootlets. Their functions include organizing microtubules and forming cilia, flagella, and the mitotic spindle to help in cell division.
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دیواره سلولی، شکل ویژهای از ماتریس خارج سلولی است که هر سلول گیاه را احاطه کرده است. دیواره سلولی مسئول بسیاری از خصوصیاتی است که سلولهای گیاهی را از سلولهای حیوانی متمایز میکند. در سلولهای حیوانی داستان متفاوت است! بافتهای مختلف دارای اجزا و سازمان منحصر به فرد و تخصصی ماتریس خارج سلولی (ECM) هستند، که هر ECM را قادر میسازند تا نقشهای خاص بافتی، از جمله پشتیبانی ساختاری، انتقال نیروها و فیلتراسیون ماکرومولکولی را انجام دهد.
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Cell wall, specialized form of extracellular matrix that surrounds every cell of a plant. The cell wall is responsible for many of the characteristics that distinguish plant cells from animal cells. In animal cells, the story is different! Different tissues have unique and specialized Extracellular Matrix (ECM) components and organization, which enables each ECM to carry out tissue-specific roles, including structural support, the transmission of forces and macromolecular filtration.
Plant Cell
The document summarizes key components and functions of the cell. It describes how the cell membrane controls what enters and exits the cell, such as water, nutrients, and waste. It also mentions that plant, fungi, and most bacteria cells have cell walls that provide structure and protection outside the cell membrane. The document briefly outlines functions of several cellular organelles, including ribosomes that produce proteins, mitochondria that supply energy, and vacuoles that provide storage space for water, food, and enzymes.
Centrioles
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Animal & plant cell
The document compares and contrasts the key structures of plant and animal cells. Plant cells have a cell membrane, contain plastids, have large vacuoles, and do not have their nucleus positioned in the center. Animal cells lack a cell membrane, contain mitochondria instead of plastids, have smaller and fewer vacuoles, and have a centrally located nucleus. The major cellular components and organelles of both cell types are also listed.
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در روزهای اولیه میکروسکوپ الکترونی، زیست شناسان تصور میکردند که اندامک سلول یوکاریوتی آزادانه در سیتوزول شناور است. اما پیشرفت های انجام شده در تکنولوژی ساخت میکروسکوپهای نوری و الکترونی نشان داده است که شبکهای از فیبرها در سراسر سیتوپلاسم گسترش یافته است و آنها آن را اسکلت سلولی نامیده اند.
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In the early days of electron microscopy, biologists thought that the organelles of a eukaryotic cell floated freely in the cytosol. But improvements in both light microscopy and electron microscopy have revealed that a network of fibers is extended throughout the cytoplasm and they named it the cytoskeleton.
Centrioles replication
Centrioles duplicate in a defined cycle. A parental pair of centrioles lose their orthogonal arrangement in G1 and form single centrioles. Near S phase, each parental centriole nucleates a procentriole that elongates into a daughter centriole by late G2 or early G1. During mitosis, the centriole pairs migrate to opposite sides of the cell, forming the mitotic spindle. Spindle fibers form from microtubules that elongate and attach to kinetochores as centrioles move to cell poles, enabling chromosome movement during cell division.
The cell membrane
The cell membrane is a fluid mosaic structure composed of a phospholipid bilayer with hydrophobic tails facing inward and hydrophilic heads facing outward. Embedded in this bilayer are transmembrane proteins that act as gates and channels to selectively control the passage of molecules like glucose and ions in and out of the cell through diffusion or active transport processes. The membrane surrounds intracellular structures like mitochondria, the Golgi apparatus, nucleus, lysosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells.
7 - Membrane Structue and Function
در زیست شناسی کمپبل با صراحت و روشنی ذکر شده است: "غشای پلاسمایی که سلول را احاطه کرده است را میتوان به عنوان لبه حیات دانست، مرزی که سلول زنده را از محیط اطراف خود جدا میکند." در این اسلاید، ما سعی میکنیم یاد بگیریم که چگونه غشای سلولی، عبور مواد مختلف را با اندازهها و ماهیت مختلف کنترل میکند.
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It is neatly mentioned in Campbell Biology: “The plasma membrane that surrounds the cell can be considered the edge of life, the boundary that separates a living cell from its surroundings.” In this slide, we try to learn how cellular membrane controls the passage of different substances of different size and nature.
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Cells need to be small in order to efficiently transport materials and undergo metabolism. A large surface area to volume ratio allows cells to quickly exchange materials with their environment through diffusion.
Cell structure and function
Cells are the basic unit of life and come in two main types: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells are smaller and lack membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells are larger and have organelles like the nucleus. The document then describes the structures and functions of the major organelles found in plant and animal cells, including the cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and vacuoles.
Somite formation
Somites are bilaterally paired segments of paraxial mesoderm that form along the embryonic axis and give rise to important structures. Somites subdivide into sclerotomes, myotomes and dermatomes that form vertebrae, ribs, muscle, tendons and skin. Somite formation depends on a "clock mechanism" where paraxial mesoderm segments into somites according to their position in a regulated process. Within each somite, cells are specified based on location and retain flexibility before differentiating into somite-derived tissues through epithelialization and mesenchymal transformation processes.
4 - A tour of the cell - Part One
سلولها به همان اندازه اتمها در شیمی، برای سیستمهای زنده اساسی هستند. هم اکنون انواع مختلفی از سلول ها در بدن ما کار میکنند. در طول تکامل، سلولها به روشهای مختلف اصلاح شدهاند. اگرچه سلولها میتوانند تفاوت اساسی با یکدیگر داشته باشند، اما ویژگیهای مشترکی دارند. در این اسلاید و 2 مورد بعدی، ما سفری به درون یک سلول خواهیم داشت و با اجزای سازنده آن آشنا خواهیم شد.
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Cells are as fundamental to the living systems of biology as the atom is to chemistry. Many different types of cells are working in our body right now. During the evolution, cells have been modified in many different ways. Although cells can differ substantially from one another, they share common features. In this slide and the next 2 ones, we’ll take a tour inside a cell and become acquainted with its components.
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Cells are the fundamental units of life and were first observed using microscopes in the 1600s. The cell theory states that organisms are composed of cells, cells come from preexisting cells, and cells are the basic units of life. Cells come in two main types - prokaryotic cells like bacteria that lack organelles and a nucleus, and eukaryotic cells like human cells that have internal membranes, organelles, and a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells contain organelles such as the nucleus, which holds DNA, and the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, and lysosomes, which are involved in protein transport and waste digestion.
Centrioles
Centrioles are cylindrical structures found in animal cells composed of nine triplets of microtubules arranged in a 9+3 pattern. They are located in the centrosome and replicate during cell division to form two centrosomes that help organize the mitotic spindle. In plant cells, centrosomes are present but centrioles are absent. Centrioles also function as basal bodies to form cilia and flagella and help determine cell polarity.
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The document discusses centrioles and basal bodies. It states that centrioles are cylindrical structures found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that help form the mitotic spindle during cell division. When located beneath the cell membrane, centrioles are called basal bodies and anchor flagella or cilia. The document describes the structure of centrioles and basal bodies including their nine microtubule triplets arranged in a pinwheel shape and other components like linkers and rootlets. Their functions include organizing microtubules and forming cilia, flagella, and the mitotic spindle to help in cell division.
6 - A tour of the cell - Part Three
دیواره سلولی، شکل ویژهای از ماتریس خارج سلولی است که هر سلول گیاه را احاطه کرده است. دیواره سلولی مسئول بسیاری از خصوصیاتی است که سلولهای گیاهی را از سلولهای حیوانی متمایز میکند. در سلولهای حیوانی داستان متفاوت است! بافتهای مختلف دارای اجزا و سازمان منحصر به فرد و تخصصی ماتریس خارج سلولی (ECM) هستند، که هر ECM را قادر میسازند تا نقشهای خاص بافتی، از جمله پشتیبانی ساختاری، انتقال نیروها و فیلتراسیون ماکرومولکولی را انجام دهد.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cell wall, specialized form of extracellular matrix that surrounds every cell of a plant. The cell wall is responsible for many of the characteristics that distinguish plant cells from animal cells. In animal cells, the story is different! Different tissues have unique and specialized Extracellular Matrix (ECM) components and organization, which enables each ECM to carry out tissue-specific roles, including structural support, the transmission of forces and macromolecular filtration.
Plant Cell
The document summarizes key components and functions of the cell. It describes how the cell membrane controls what enters and exits the cell, such as water, nutrients, and waste. It also mentions that plant, fungi, and most bacteria cells have cell walls that provide structure and protection outside the cell membrane. The document briefly outlines functions of several cellular organelles, including ribosomes that produce proteins, mitochondria that supply energy, and vacuoles that provide storage space for water, food, and enzymes.
Centrioles
The document summarizes centrosomes and centrioles. It discusses that centrosomes are located near the nucleus and are responsible for cell division, cytokinesis, and cytoskeleton formation. Within centrosomes are centrioles, which are made up of nine groups of microtubules arranged in a ring. Centrioles play important roles in cell division through organizing the mitotic spindle, cellular organization by organizing microtubules, and formation of cilia and flagella. Centriole duplication is coupled with the cell cycle and centrosome duplication occurs in early S phase through assembly of a new procentriole next to each parental centriole.
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The document compares and contrasts the key structures of plant and animal cells. Plant cells have a cell membrane, contain plastids, have large vacuoles, and do not have their nucleus positioned in the center. Animal cells lack a cell membrane, contain mitochondria instead of plastids, have smaller and fewer vacuoles, and have a centrally located nucleus. The major cellular components and organelles of both cell types are also listed.
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در روزهای اولیه میکروسکوپ الکترونی، زیست شناسان تصور میکردند که اندامک سلول یوکاریوتی آزادانه در سیتوزول شناور است. اما پیشرفت های انجام شده در تکنولوژی ساخت میکروسکوپهای نوری و الکترونی نشان داده است که شبکهای از فیبرها در سراسر سیتوپلاسم گسترش یافته است و آنها آن را اسکلت سلولی نامیده اند.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
In the early days of electron microscopy, biologists thought that the organelles of a eukaryotic cell floated freely in the cytosol. But improvements in both light microscopy and electron microscopy have revealed that a network of fibers is extended throughout the cytoplasm and they named it the cytoskeleton.
Centrioles replication
Centrioles duplicate in a defined cycle. A parental pair of centrioles lose their orthogonal arrangement in G1 and form single centrioles. Near S phase, each parental centriole nucleates a procentriole that elongates into a daughter centriole by late G2 or early G1. During mitosis, the centriole pairs migrate to opposite sides of the cell, forming the mitotic spindle. Spindle fibers form from microtubules that elongate and attach to kinetochores as centrioles move to cell poles, enabling chromosome movement during cell division.
The cell membrane
The cell membrane is a fluid mosaic structure composed of a phospholipid bilayer with hydrophobic tails facing inward and hydrophilic heads facing outward. Embedded in this bilayer are transmembrane proteins that act as gates and channels to selectively control the passage of molecules like glucose and ions in and out of the cell through diffusion or active transport processes. The membrane surrounds intracellular structures like mitochondria, the Golgi apparatus, nucleus, lysosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells.
7 - Membrane Structue and Function
در زیست شناسی کمپبل با صراحت و روشنی ذکر شده است: "غشای پلاسمایی که سلول را احاطه کرده است را میتوان به عنوان لبه حیات دانست، مرزی که سلول زنده را از محیط اطراف خود جدا میکند." در این اسلاید، ما سعی میکنیم یاد بگیریم که چگونه غشای سلولی، عبور مواد مختلف را با اندازهها و ماهیت مختلف کنترل میکند.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
It is neatly mentioned in Campbell Biology: “The plasma membrane that surrounds the cell can be considered the edge of life, the boundary that separates a living cell from its surroundings.” In this slide, we try to learn how cellular membrane controls the passage of different substances of different size and nature.
Revision of histology slides
This document reviews histology slides and embryology models covering 10 types of epithelial tissues, 9 connective tissues, 3 muscle tissues, and general embryology. It includes slides and descriptions of tissues like simple squamous epithelium in the lungs, stratified squamous epithelium in the skin, and embryonic structures such as the bilaminar germ disc and trilaminar germ disc during gastrulation. Congenital defects like anencephaly and spina bifida are also reviewed, along with references for further information.
Teeny, tiny cells
Cells need to be small in order to efficiently transport materials and undergo metabolism. A large surface area to volume ratio allows cells to quickly exchange materials with their environment through diffusion.
Cell structure and function
Cells are the basic unit of life and come in two main types: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells are smaller and lack membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells are larger and have organelles like the nucleus. The document then describes the structures and functions of the major organelles found in plant and animal cells, including the cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and vacuoles.
Somite formation
Somites are bilaterally paired segments of paraxial mesoderm that form along the embryonic axis and give rise to important structures. Somites subdivide into sclerotomes, myotomes and dermatomes that form vertebrae, ribs, muscle, tendons and skin. Somite formation depends on a "clock mechanism" where paraxial mesoderm segments into somites according to their position in a regulated process. Within each somite, cells are specified based on location and retain flexibility before differentiating into somite-derived tissues through epithelialization and mesenchymal transformation processes.
4 - A tour of the cell - Part One
سلولها به همان اندازه اتمها در شیمی، برای سیستمهای زنده اساسی هستند. هم اکنون انواع مختلفی از سلول ها در بدن ما کار میکنند. در طول تکامل، سلولها به روشهای مختلف اصلاح شدهاند. اگرچه سلولها میتوانند تفاوت اساسی با یکدیگر داشته باشند، اما ویژگیهای مشترکی دارند. در این اسلاید و 2 مورد بعدی، ما سفری به درون یک سلول خواهیم داشت و با اجزای سازنده آن آشنا خواهیم شد.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cells are as fundamental to the living systems of biology as the atom is to chemistry. Many different types of cells are working in our body right now. During the evolution, cells have been modified in many different ways. Although cells can differ substantially from one another, they share common features. In this slide and the next 2 ones, we’ll take a tour inside a cell and become acquainted with its components.
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This document summarizes key cellular structures and processes. It describes mitochondria and chloroplasts, the cytoskeleton, and plasma membranes. It then explains different types of membrane transport including diffusion, osmosis, and various passive and active transport mechanisms.
Heart formation and somite formation
The document summarizes somite and heart formation in vertebrate development. It explains that paraxial mesoderm partitions into somites through a clock and wave mechanism. Somites give rise to muscles, bones, and other connective tissues. It also describes how the heart develops from bilateral cardiogenic tissues that fuse to form a single tube, which then loops and forms chambers through elongation and folding. Key events in heart development include the formation of endocardial tubes, myocardium and endocardium, as well as the creation of structures like the truncus arteriosus.
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Cells are the basic units of life and come in two main types - prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus surrounded by a membrane and membrane-bound organelles. Organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, vacuoles, chloroplasts and cell wall allow cells to carry out essential functions of life like metabolism, transport, waste removal and photosynthesis. The document outlines the key structures and functions of organelles in plant and animal cells.
1. Brief Introduction & organization of human body
The document discusses the structural organization of the human body from atoms to organ systems. It defines anatomy, physiology, and pathology. It describes the four main tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue. It focuses on epithelial tissue, explaining the different cell shapes and arrangements in layers like squamous, cuboidal, columnar and transitional epithelia. The document provides details on tight junctions, desmosomes and gap junctions that allow communication between cells.
Chapter 4 part 1
Cells are the fundamental units of life and were first observed using microscopes in the 1600s. The cell theory states that organisms are composed of cells, cells come from preexisting cells, and cells are the basic units of life. Cells come in two main types - prokaryotic cells like bacteria that lack organelles and a nucleus, and eukaryotic cells like human cells that have internal membranes, organelles, and a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells contain organelles such as the nucleus, which holds DNA, and the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, and lysosomes, which are involved in protein transport and waste digestion.
Centrioles
Centrioles are cylindrical structures found in animal cells composed of nine triplets of microtubules arranged in a 9+3 pattern. They are located in the centrosome and replicate during cell division to form two centrosomes that help organize the mitotic spindle. In plant cells, centrosomes are present but centrioles are absent. Centrioles also function as basal bodies to form cilia and flagella and help determine cell polarity.
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1. Brief Introduction & organization of human body
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Collecting cultures presentation 13th Jan, Edinburgh
Presentation given by Vanessa Wells of HLF at event on 13th January in Edinburgh, about new Collecting Cultures programme from Heritage Lottery Fund
Bacteria
This document provides information on the structure and function of prokaryotic cells, with a focus on bacterial cell walls and flagella. It discusses the key components of gram positive and gram negative cell walls, including peptidoglycan, teichoic acids, lipopolysaccharides, and porins. It also describes the structure of bacterial flagella, including the filament, hook, basal body, and motor mechanisms involved in rotation and direction switching. Additional appendages like pili are discussed in terms of their role in adhesion and genetic transfer.
Ecosystem energyflow with qs
1. The document describes energy flow through ecosystems, including food chains, food webs, and energy pyramids.
2. Energy from the sun is stored by producers like plants through photosynthesis and used to make glucose, which is then stored. Consumers that eat producers or other consumers get energy by consuming them.
3. As energy moves through food chains and webs, most is used at each level but some is lost as heat, with decreasing amounts available at higher levels of consumption like secondary and tertiary consumers. This is illustrated through energy pyramids.
Cell cycle reproduction lecture with turning point
Prokaryotes like bacteria reproduce through binary fission, where the cell duplicates its DNA and other components and then divides into two daughter cells. Eukaryotes undergo the cell cycle of interphase and mitosis, where interphase involves cell growth and DNA replication, followed by mitosis where the cell divides through the stages of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase resulting in two identical daughter cells.
bacteria reproduction
Bacteria primarily reproduce asexually through binary fission. During this process, the bacterial DNA replicates and the cell membrane and cell wall divide, splitting the original cell into two identical daughter cells. Bacteria also undergo genetic recombination through conjugation, transformation, or transduction in order to introduce more variation. Conjugation involves the transfer of genes between bacteria via a protein tube. Transformation occurs when bacteria take up DNA from dead cells. Transduction involves the exchange of DNA between bacteria via bacteriophages. Some bacteria reproduce through budding, where a protrusion forms on the parent cell and separates, or through fragmentation during unfavorable conditions.
Meiosis
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm or egg cells, with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. It involves two cell divisions - Meiosis I and Meiosis II. This results in four daughter cells with half the chromosome number, allowing for genetic variation through independent assortment and crossing over during prophase I. Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an egg, restoring the full chromosome number.
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Collecting cultures presentation 13th Jan, Edinburgh
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Similar to 11.3
The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle ppt
The eukaryotic cell cycle involves an ordered series of events of cell growth and cell division to produce two daughter cells. It has two main phases - interphase and the mitotic phase. Interphase involves cell growth and DNA replication in three stages: G1, S, and G2. The mitotic phase uses mitosis to separate duplicated chromosomes and cytokinesis to divide the cell cytoplasm, resulting in two identical daughter cells. The cycle continues as daughter cells enter interphase to grow and replicate DNA.
them-phase-130410052800-phpapp01 heheheh
Cytokinesis involves the division of the cytoplasm following mitosis to form two daughter cells. It begins before nuclear division is complete. In animal cells, actin filaments contract to form a cleavage furrow that deepens and separates the cell into two daughters. In plant cells, membrane vesicles gather at the equator and fuse to form a cell plate, which grows outward and fuses with the parent cell's membrane to produce new cell walls.
Mitosis
Mitosis is the process of nuclear division where duplicated chromosomes split into two identical daughter nuclei. It occurs in four main stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During prophase, the chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope dissolves. In metaphase, the chromosomes line up in the middle. Anaphase follows with the pulling of sister chromatids to opposite poles. Finally, in telophase the nuclear envelope reforms and cytokinesis separates the cell into two.
The m phase
M-phase consists of mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis is divided into prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase where the chromosomes condense and duplicate, align at the metaphase plate, separate into daughter chromosomes, and decondense. Cytokinesis then occurs, where in animal cells the cell membrane invaginates at the cleavage furrow to divide the cytoplasm, and in plant cells a cell plate forms between nuclei that fuses with the parent cell membrane to divide the cell.
Cell reproduction
The document discusses the cell cycle and cell reproduction. It describes the main stages as interphase, where the cell grows and prepares for division, and the M phase where the nucleus and cell divide. Interphase includes the G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell makes proteins, organelles and replicates DNA. The M phase consists of mitosis, where the nucleus divides, and cytokinesis, where the cell splits into two. Mitosis is further broken down into the prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase stages where the chromosomes align and separate. Cytokinesis differs in animal and plant cells in how the cell membrane pinches or a cell plate forms to divide the cell. The result of
cell cycle and mitosis
The document summarizes the cell cycle and its phases. It discusses that the cell cycle consists of interphase and the M phase. Interphase is further divided into G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and DNA is replicated. The M phase consists of mitosis which has four phases - prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase where the chromosomes separate and two daughter nuclei are formed. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm, completing cell division into two daughter cells.
Lec1 cell cycle and mitosis
The document summarizes the cell cycle and its phases. It discusses that the cell cycle consists of interphase and the M phase. Interphase is further divided into G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and DNA is replicated. The M phase consists of mitosis which has four phases - prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase where the chromosomes separate and two daughter nuclei are formed. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm, completing cell division into two daughter cells.
MITOSIS PPT.pptx
The cell cycle is the series of growth and division steps that cells undergo. It includes interphase, where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA, and mitosis, where the cell separates its DNA and divides into two daughter cells. Interphase consists of G1 phase, S phase where DNA replicates, and G2 phase. Mitosis then occurs in four phases - prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase - where the duplicated chromosomes separate and the cell divides. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm, forming two new identical daughter cells to complete the cell cycle.
The cell cycle
This document summarizes the eukaryotic cell cycle and its regulation. It describes that the cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA, and the mitotic phase where the cell divides. Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases. The mitotic phase includes M phase where the cell splits into two daughter cells, and cytokinesis where the cells are completely divided. Key regulators of the cell cycle include cyclin-dependent kinases and checkpoint proteins. The document also explains the processes of mitosis and meiosis.
Mitosis.pptx
Mitosis is the process of cell division where a cell replicates its chromosomes and segregates them into two identical nuclei to prepare for cell division. It involves several phases: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. During these phases the nuclear envelope breaks down, the chromosomes condense and align, then separate and move to opposite sides of the cell. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasmic components between the two daughter cells. Errors in mitosis can result in chromosomal mutations being passed on to some but not all cells, causing conditions like mosaicism.
542.ppt
The cell cycle involves a sequence of growth, DNA replication, and cell division. It consists of interphase, comprising the G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and DNA replicates, and the M phase where the cell divides. During mitosis in the M phase, the cell nucleus and organelles divide through karyokinesis and cytokinesis splits the cell into two daughter cells each with identical genetic material. Precise control and regulation of the cell cycle stages is crucial for healthy growth and tissue maintenance.
Cell division (Mitosis and Meiosis)
This document discusses the cell cycle and cell division processes of mitosis and meiosis. It provides details on the stages of the eukaryotic cell cycle including interphase and the M phase. Interphase consists of G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. The M phase encompasses mitosis and cytokinesis to divide the cell. Mitosis divides the nucleus to produce two identical daughter cells, while meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half to form gametes during sexual reproduction.
Cell division
Cell division is regulated through the cell cycle, which consists of interphase and mitosis. Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. Mitosis is divided into prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase where the duplicated chromosomes separate and the cell divides. Cytokinesis then divides the cell into two daughter cells each with an intact genome. The cell cycle is controlled by checkpoints at the G1/S and G2/M transitions to ensure DNA replication and chromosome separation occur properly.
Mitosis Tutorial
Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two daughter cells with identical genetic material. It occurs in a series of stages: interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. During interphase, the cell grows and duplicates its DNA in preparation for division. The stages of mitosis involve the condensing and separating of chromosomes as well as the splitting of the cytoplasmic contents. Mitosis allows for cell growth and repair of damaged tissues.
cell division.pptx
This presentation include the process of cell division. It hope it will helpful for all the medical students. Cell division is the series of events of equally dividing of one single mother cell into two identical daughter cell. Cell cycle and cell division terms are alternately used. Cell division is an important part of the all living processes.
At the time of cell division, RNA replication is a natural process.
The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that take place in a cell that cause it to divide into two daughter cells.
These events include the duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) and some of its organelles, and subsequently the partitioning of its cytoplasm and other components into two daughter cells in a process called cell division.
There are two types of cell division
A) Mitosis and Binary fission – (Asexual reproduction) and B) Meiosis – (Sexual reproduction)
In prokaryotic cell, the cell division occurs via a process termed as Binary fission.
• In eukaryotic cell, the cell cycle can be divided in two periods i.e Interphase and Mitosis.
• During Interphase, the cell grows and DNA is replicated.
During Mitotic phase, the replicated DNA and cytoplasmic contents are separated, and cell divides.
The duration of cycle varies from hours to years. A typical human cell cycle has duration of 24 hours.
Some cells, such as skin cells, are constantly going through cell cycle, while other cells may divide rarely.
Some cells don’t grow and divide once they mature for ex. Neuron
Eukaryotic cell have a more complex cell cycle than prokaryotic cell.
Cell cycle [compatibility mode]
The cell cycle consists of 4 main phases - G1, S, G2, and M phase. During interphase (G1, S, G2 phases), the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. Mitosis (M phase) then follows, which divides the cell into two identical daughter cells through four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Cytokinesis subsequently divides the cytoplasm.
Mitosis and cytokinesis
The document describes the process of mitosis and cytokinesis in cells. It discusses the four main stages of mitosis - prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. During these stages, the chromosomes condense, align at the center, separate into two sets as the cell divides, and decondense as the nuclear envelope reforms. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm and cell membrane, resulting in two daughter cells each with a full set of chromosomes. Cytokinesis differs between animal and plant cells, with plant cells forming a cell plate from vesicles to divide the cell.
Cell division
1. The document discusses cell division through the processes of mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells from one parent cell, while meiosis produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell.
2. It provides animations and descriptions of the stages of interphase, mitosis, and meiosis. This includes DNA replication in S phase, separation of chromosomes in anaphase, and formation of four haploid daughter cells in meiosis II.
3. Meiosis introduces genetic variation through independent assortment of homologous chromosomes and crossing over, allowing offspring to receive unique combinations of chromosomes from each parent.
Cell Division power notes.pdf
The document provides information about cell cycle and cell division. It discusses that cell division occurs through two types of cell division - mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells and occurs in somatic cells, while meiosis produces four haploid cells through two divisions and occurs in germ cells. The cell cycle consists of interphase and the M phase. Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. The M phase involves the separation of chromosomes and cytoplasm into two daughter cells. Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half to produce gametes and involves two divisions - Meiosis I and Meiosis II.
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This document provides conversion steps to change 42 liters to quarts. It states that 1 liter equals 33.81 fluid ounces, and there is no direct conversion between liters and quarts. It then shows that fluid ounces can be converted to pints, which can then be converted to quarts, allowing liters to be fully converted to the required unit of quarts.
GSC109 01 lecture outline
This document provides an overview of concepts related to motion and equilibrium from a physics textbook. It discusses Aristotle's early ideas about motion, Galileo's concept of inertia based on experiments showing objects in motion tend to stay in motion, and mass as a measure of an object's inertia. The document also covers net force, equilibrium, types of forces including friction and support forces, and concepts such as speed, velocity, and acceleration.
Chapter 17 blood q and q part 2
Anemia is a condition where the blood has a low ability to carry oxygen due to having too few red blood cells or hemoglobin. There are several types of anemia including iron-deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia, and sickle-cell anemia. Sickle-cell anemia is caused by an abnormal hemoglobin that causes red blood cells to become sickle-shaped, rupture easily, and block blood vessels. Blood doping artificially increases red blood cell counts and oxygen delivery but risks health issues. Leukocytes, or white blood cells, are the only complete cells in blood and include granulocytes like neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and others that fight infection and disease
Chapter 17 blood q and a part 1
The document summarizes key information about the components and functions of blood. It describes the three main components of blood as plasma, buffy coat, and erythrocytes. Plasma is the liquid portion that transports cells, nutrients, waste, etc. The buffy coat contains white blood cells and platelets. Erythrocytes are red blood cells that contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. The functions of blood include distribution of materials, regulation of pH and temperature, and protection from infection and blood loss. Anemias occur when the blood has a low oxygen-carrying capacity due to issues like blood loss, lack of nutrients, or bone marrow disorders.
Chapter18
The document discusses the origins and early evolution of life on Earth. It describes some of the conditions on the early Earth and how simple organic compounds may have formed through atmospheric reactions, hydrothermal vents, or delivery by meteorites. It also discusses experiments that demonstrate how self-assembly of these molecules could have led to the first protocells and metabolism, as well as the possible emergence of RNA prior to DNA as the genetic material. The document then covers the divergence of bacteria and archaea, the rise of oxygen due to cyanobacteria, the appearance of eukaryotes, and current hypotheses about the endosymbiotic origins of organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts.
8.6
Common joint injuries include cartilage tears, ligament sprains, and dislocations. Cartilage tears can cause locking or binding of the joint and are repaired through arthroscopic surgery. Ligament sprains occur when ligaments are stretched or torn, and require immobilization or surgical repair. Dislocations involve bones being forced out of alignment, accompanied by sprains and inflammation.
Inflammatory and degenerative joint conditions include bursitis, tendonitis, and various forms of arthritis. Bursitis and tendonitis involve inflammation of the bursa and tendon sheaths, usually from overuse. Arthritis encompasses over 100 diseases that damage joints, with osteoarthritis being the most common and involving breakdown of cartilage
8.4
Synovial joints have six general features including articular cartilage, a joint cavity, an articular capsule, synovial fluid, ligaments, and blood vessels. They allow movements like gliding, angular movements like flexion and extension, and rotation. Stability is influenced by factors like bone shape, ligaments, and muscle tone. There are six types of synovial joints classified by their shape and motion: plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball-and-socket.
8.3
Cartilaginous joints unite bones through cartilage and have little movement. There are two types: synchondroses unite bones through a hyaline cartilage plate and are immovable, examples include epiphyseal plates in children; symphyses unite bones through fibrocartilage and allow some movement, examples include intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis.
8.2
Fibrous joints are immovable joints joined by dense connective tissue fibers. There are three types: sutures which are rigid interlocking skull joints that allow growth; syndesmoses where bones are connected by ligaments of varying fiber length, allowing some movement; and gomphoses which are peg-in-socket joints like teeth in sockets held by the periodontal ligament.
8.1
Joints are where two or more bones meet, giving mobility to the skeleton while holding it together. There are two main classifications of joints - structural and functional. Structurally, joints are classified into three types based on the material binding them and whether a cavity is present: fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial. The document will focus on the clearer structural classifications.
8.5 no vids
The document describes several synovial joints: the knee, shoulder, elbow, and hip. The knee is the largest and most complex joint, consisting of the femoropatellar joint and medial/lateral tibiofemoral joints. The shoulder has the most freedom of movement but lacks stability. The elbow acts as a hinge joint for flexion/extension. The hip is a ball-and-socket joint with the spherical femoral head fitting into the deep acetabulum.
8.5
The document describes several synovial joints, focusing on the knee, shoulder, and elbow joints. It provides details on:
- The knee joint is the largest and most complex joint, consisting of the femoropatellar joint and medial/lateral tibiofemoral joints. It allows flexion/extension and some rotation. Cruciate ligaments and menisci help stabilize the joint.
- The shoulder joint is the most freely moving but least stable joint, with a large humeral head fitting into a shallow glenoid cavity. Rotator cuff muscles and the long head of the biceps brachii provide stability.
- The elbow joint is a hinge joint formed by the tro
8.4
Synovial joints have six general features including articular cartilage, a joint cavity, an articular capsule, synovial fluid, ligaments, and blood vessels. They allow movements like gliding, angular movements like flexion and extension, and rotation. Stability is influenced by factors like bone shape, ligaments, and muscle tone. There are six types of synovial joints classified by their shape and motion: plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball-and-socket.
6.7
Fractures occur when bones break. There are three classifications of fractures based on the position of bone ends, completeness of the break, and whether the skin is penetrated. Treatment involves realigning the broken bone ends through closed or open reduction and immobilizing the bone to heal. Bone repair occurs in four stages - hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling to reconstruct the original bone structure.
6.6
Bone remodeling occurs continuously as old bone is removed by osteoclasts and new bone is deposited by osteoblasts. Approximately 5-7% of bone mass is remodeled each week, with spongy bone being replaced about every 3-4 years and compact bone every 10 years. Bone remodeling is regulated by two control loops - hormonal control of blood calcium levels including PTH and calcitonin, and response to mechanical stress based on Wolff's law where bones remodel in response to stresses placed upon them.
6.5
Bone development occurs through two main processes: endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification. Endochondral ossification forms bones below the skull through replacement of cartilage models with bone tissue in a multi-step process beginning in the second month of development. Intramembranous ossification forms some flat bones of the skull through the direct development of bone within fibrous membranes in mesenchymal tissue. Postnatal bone growth continues through adolescence via growth at the epiphyseal plates of long bones.
6.4
Bones have a complex structure at multiple levels:
- Gross level includes compact bone on the outside and spongy bone on the inside, with membranes like the periosteum covering bones. Long bones have a shaft and ends.
- Microscopic level shows bone is made of osteons containing concentric lamellae, with canals containing blood vessels. Bone cells like osteoblasts and osteoclasts are involved in formation and breakdown.
- Chemical level consists of collagen fibers mineralized with calcium salts to give bone its strength.
6.8
The document discusses three major bone diseases: osteomalacia/rickets caused by vitamin D deficiency which results in soft, weak bones; osteoporosis where bone resorption exceeds formation leading to loss of bone mass and increased fracture risk, particularly in postmenopausal women; and Paget's disease where bone formation and resorption are excessive and disorganized. It also covers age-related changes to bone such as increased formation in childhood balancing resorption in adulthood, and declining bone density with age beginning in the fourth decade of life.
6.3
The document summarizes the classification of bones in the human skeleton. It is divided into two parts:
1) The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs attached to the axial skeleton by girdles.
2) Bones are also classified by their shape into four categories: long bones are longer than wide and found in the limbs, short bones are cube-shaped in the wrist and ankle, flat bones are thin and curved like those in the skull, and irregular bones have complicated shapes like the vertebrae and hip bones.
6.2
Bones have seven key functions: to provide support for the body and soft organs, protect vital organs like the brain and spinal cord, serve as levers for muscle movement, store minerals and growth factors like calcium and phosphorus, allow for blood cell formation in red bone marrow, store fat for energy, and help regulate hormones through the production of osteocalcin.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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Chapter 5
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11.3
- 1. © Cengage Learning 2015 11.3 How Does a Eukaryotic Cell Divide? • In most eukaryotes, cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division) occurs between late anaphase and the end of telophase • The process of cytokinesis differs between plant and animal cells 1
- 2. © Cengage Learning 2015 How Does a Eukaryotic Cell Divide? (cont’d.) • Animal cell cytokinesis: – Typical animal cells pinch themselves in two after nuclear division ends • The spindle begins to disassemble during telophase • Contractile rings drag the plasma membrane inward • Cleavage furrow (indentation) forms 2
- 3. © Cengage Learning 2015 How Does a Eukaryotic Cell Divide? (cont’d.) • Plant cell cytokinesis: – Dividing plant cells face a challenge because a cell wall surrounds their plasma membrane – By the end of anaphase short microtubules form on either side of the future plane of division – Disk-shaped structure called the cell plate forms and eventually partitions the cytoplasm – The cell plate forms into two new cell walls 3