Hinduja hospital conducts regular webinars and tweetinars for online users where they can seek advice from expert doctors of hinduja hospital for free. Above is the webinar conducted by hinduja hospital on Osteoporosis where issues like osteoporosis symptoms, osteoporosis prevention, osteoporosis treatment were discussed successfully by Spine Consultant, Dr. Uday Pawar.
To know more about such upcoming webinars and tweetinars from hinduja hospital, visit http://www.hindujahospital.com/communityportal/
Everything you should know about Osteoporosis?
What is Osteoporosis?
Osteoporosis is a disorder of bones characterized by low bone density and a deterioration of bone micro- architecture that enhances bone fragility and increases the risk of fracture
Osteoporosis becomes a serious health threat for aging men & postmenopausal women by predisposing them to an increased risk of fracture
Do you know that?
Osteoporosis is responsible for >1.5 million vertebral and non-vertebral fractures per year
Spine, hip, and wrist fractures are most common.
Everything you should know about Osteoporosis?
What is Osteoporosis?
Osteoporosis is a disorder of bones characterized by low bone density and a deterioration of bone micro- architecture that enhances bone fragility and increases the risk of fracture
Osteoporosis becomes a serious health threat for aging men & postmenopausal women by predisposing them to an increased risk of fracture
Do you know that?
Osteoporosis is responsible for >1.5 million vertebral and non-vertebral fractures per year
Spine, hip, and wrist fractures are most common.
Osteoporosis is a disease in which bones become fragile and can easily break. It has no symptoms in its early stages and is a public health threat to more than 44 million Americans. In this community lecture given live on our Berkeley Heights, NJ campus, Dr. Toscano-Zukor, explains how to identify your risk factors for osteoporosis as well as prevent and treat this disease.
Definition of Osteoporosis - Prevalence - Risk factors for Osteoporosis - Diagnosis of Osteoporosis - Clinical manifestations- Laboratory investigations - DEXA - T and Z score - Management of Osteoporosis - Prevention
Slide set that accompanied a public lecture on Nutrients and Bone Health held in London September 2011. The lecture focused on the importance of diet and lifestyle in maintaining healthy bone and preventing osteoporosis. Aspects of diagnosis are reviewed and the use of bone markers to indicate bone turnover are discussed in relation to monitoring the response to treatment.
Osteoporosis is a disease in which bones become fragile and can easily break. It has no symptoms in its early stages and is a public health threat to more than 44 million Americans. In this community lecture given live on our Berkeley Heights, NJ campus, Dr. Toscano-Zukor, explains how to identify your risk factors for osteoporosis as well as prevent and treat this disease.
Definition of Osteoporosis - Prevalence - Risk factors for Osteoporosis - Diagnosis of Osteoporosis - Clinical manifestations- Laboratory investigations - DEXA - T and Z score - Management of Osteoporosis - Prevention
Slide set that accompanied a public lecture on Nutrients and Bone Health held in London September 2011. The lecture focused on the importance of diet and lifestyle in maintaining healthy bone and preventing osteoporosis. Aspects of diagnosis are reviewed and the use of bone markers to indicate bone turnover are discussed in relation to monitoring the response to treatment.
Osteoporosis is a progressive systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitecture deterioration of bone tissue, leading to enhanced bone fragility and a consequent increase in fracture risk.
Contents:
Occurrence of Avascular Necrosis
Causes of Avascular Necrosis
Symptoms of Avascular Necrosis
Risk factors of Avascular Necrosis
Bones prone to be Necrosed
This presentation aim is to provide general awareness of Osteoporosis disease specially in India for general public, students and anyone who is interested to know about; What Osteoporosis is? What are the Risk Factors, Cases of Osteoporosis in Worldwide as well as in India, Prevention.
According to National Osteoporosis Foundation in 2015, Osteoporosis was estimated to affect 75million people in Europe, USA and Japan and 200 million women worldwide. In this article, the role of calcium and vitamin D in bone building has been explained and has provided the relevant approaches in diagnosis of suspected cases of Osteoporosis.
Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by a decrease in the density of bone, decreasing its strength and resulting in fragile bones. Know the Risk Factors for Osteoporotic Fracture, Preventive Measures and exercise for osteoporosis. For more health Tips, Visit at http://gisurgery.info
This presentation was Shown on a community gathering in Gulshan Club Dhaka on the eve of the World Osteoporosis Day, 2010.
Prof. Shahiduzzaman was the key note speaker.
New zeland Dairy Milk was the organiser of this Seminar.
Allergies arise when immune system reacts to foreign body.
The immune system produces substances known as antibodies that protect us from unwanted invaders which could make us sick or cause an infection. When one comes into contact with the allergen, the response of the immune system can inflame skin, sinuses, airways or digestive system.
The severity of allergies varies from one person to another and can range from trivial irritation to a potentially life threatening emergency. While most allergies cannot be cured, a number of treatments can assist get rid of allergy symptoms
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a technique that uses radio waves and magnetic field to create high-resolution images of tissues and organs and skeletal system within the body. It is a non-invasive way that helps doctor to diagnose a variety of problems.
The MRI machine can also be used to produce 3-D images that may be observed from numerous different angles.
To know more about What is an MRI, join our expert talk by Dr. Nirad Mehta, Consultant Radiologist.
Webinar on Advances in endoscopy - HInduja HospitalHinduja Hospital
The subject of Gastroenterology has advanced in leaps and bounds. The most exciting developments have occurred in the branch of endoscopy. Procedures which could only be performed by long and complex surgeries can now be safely done with an endoscope. Parts of our anatomy which were earlier thought to be in-accessible can now be clearly visualized after swallowing a capsule or with the help of an endoscopic ultrasound.
To know more about some of these fascinating modalities, read on Advances in Endoscopy by our Consultant Gastroenterology, Dr. Tarun Gupta.
Webinar on Exercise as Medicine : For Lung Patients - Hinduja HospitalHinduja Hospital
COPD, Pulmonary fibrosis, Bronchiectasis, Asthma and other lung diseases are increasing at alarming rate. With Exercises, the control over Lung problem can be alleviating. To analyze benefits of exercises & thereby breaking the common myth that lung patient should not exercise to conserve oxygen, read more on Exercise as Medicine: For Lung Patients by our Pulmonary Rehab Physiotherapist, Dr. Mrinmayee Koltharkar.
Webinar on Hypertension- The Silent Killer : Hinduja HospitalHinduja Hospital
Hypertension is a condition in which the force of blood against artery walls is high enough to cause health complications.
The more blood the heart pumps and the narrower the arteries, the higher the blood pressure.
Many a times, you can have hypertension for years without any symptoms. If the blood pressure is uncontrolled, it increases the risk of serious health problems, including heart attack and stroke.
Fortunately, hypertension can be easily detected. And if diagnosed, you can work with your doctor to control it.
To know more, read on Hypertension by our Consultant Internal Medicine, Dr. Anil Ballani.
Varicose Veins is dilatation of superficial veins due to high pressure in the vein i.e. because standing and walking upright increases the pressure in the veins of lower body. It affects as many as 10% of the population.
For many people, varicose veins could be a cosmetic concern. For others, it causes unsightly bulges in the legs, present with swelling of the leg, pain, Eczema, heaviness and fatigue. These veins do not perform any effective function and their removal or closure only helps the blood to flow through the normal deeper veins.
Varicose veins may also signal a higher risk of other circulatory problems. Treatment may involve self-care measures or procedures by your doctor to close or remove veins. These varicose veins should be treated before they produce complications, which are often irreversible.
To know more, read on Varicose Veins by our Consultant Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgeon, Dr. C. Anand Somaya.
Hinduja Hospital Webinar on Understanding Undescended TestisHinduja Hospital
Hinduja hospital conducts regular webinars and tweetinars to help online users get medical advice from expert doctors of hinduja hospital. A similar webinar was conducted by hinduja hospital on undescended testis under guidance of Dr. Rasik Shah.
Have you observed a testicular deformation in your infant that doesn't correct itself? Do you know the common problem for which child may need surgery that is related with the descent and final position of testis? Approximately 1% of the children needs surgery for abnormal location of the testis.
To know more about Reproductive Deformities in Male Child and its treatment join talk by our expert in Pediatric Surgeon.
To know about upcoming webinars sign up at http://www.hindujahospital.com/communityportal/webinar/
Systemic hypertension is the elevation of arterial blood pressure in the vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the body. Know more about it with Hinduja Hospital Health awareness program.
Thyroid is a major concern in today’s fast life. It affects your health terribly and can create critical problems. Hinduja Hospital is educating on Thyroid and its related health issues.
If you are suffering in Palmar Hyperhidrosis and want to get rid of this issue then please consult Hinduja Hospital expert who are specialise in curing Hyperhidrosis with Minimal Invasive Surgery.
Hinduja Hospital’s specialist doctor suggests on abnormal blood counts and management of Anemia. Anemia is a can be a cause of a serious illness, so it is important to have it assessed and get the appropriate treatment.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
5. What is osteoporosis
• A condition rather than a disease
• Silent until complications arise
• Spine, hip & wrist fractures
6. WHO criteria for diagnosis of
Osteoporosis
Kanis et al. J Bone Miner Res 1994; 9:1137-41
T-score
Normal - 1.0 and above
Osteopaenia - 1.0 to - 2.5
Osteoporosis - 2.5 and below
Severe (established)
osteoporosis
- 2.5 and below, plus one
or more osteoporotic
fracture(s)
11. 3. Treating osteoporosis
• Prevention is the only treatment of
osteoporosis
• Hence early diagnosis is the most important
step in treating osteoporosis !
12. Size of the Problem in India
• 26 million (2003) 36 million by 2013
• 1 out of 8 males and 1 out of 3 females suffers from osteoporosis
• The high incidence among men and the lower age of peak incidence
compared to Western countries
• Peak incidence of osteoporosis
– Western countries-70-80 years of age
– India –50-60 years
International Osteoporosis Foundation
13. The Magnitude Of The Problem
In women > 50 years, the lifetime risk of:
• Vertebral fracture is 1/3
• Hip fracture is 1/5
NICE guidance 160 October 2008
14. Osteoporotic Fractures in Women:
Comparison with Other Diseases
1 500 000*
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Osteoporotic
Fractures
*
annual incidence all ages
†
annual estimate women 29+
‡
annual estimate women 30+
§
1996 new cases, all ages
513 000†
228 000‡
184 300§
750 000
vertebral
250 000
other sites
250 000
forearm
250 000
hip
Heart
Attack
Stroke Breast
Cancer
Annualincidencex1000
Riggs BL, Melton LJ. Bone 1995
Heart and Stroke Facts, 1996, American Heart Association
Cancer Facts & Figures, 1996, American Cancer Society
15. Osteoporosis affects entire skeleton
• Osteoporosis is responsible for >1.5 million vertebral and
non-vertebral fractures per year
• Spine, hip, and wrist fractures are most common
19. How is osteoporosis diagnosed
Diagnosis is made on the basis of-
• Detailed medical history
• Examination
• Blood and other tests
20. Early diagnosis of Osteoporosis
• Clinical parameters
– ‘at risk’ subject
– Bone pains
– Generalized tiredness
– Progressive kyphosis
• Investigations
– Radiographs
– DEXA
– QCT, MRI, Bone scan
– Blood markers
21. Clinical Risk Fractures (CRF)
Predictors of low bone mass-
• Female
• Advanced age
• Low bone mineral density
• Gonadal hormone deficiency ( estrogen or testosterone )
• White race
• Low body weight & BMI
• Family history of osteoporosis
• Low calcium intake
• Smoking / excessive alcohol intake
• Low level of physical activity
• Chronic glucocorticoid use
• Prior fragility fracture
National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF)
22. Clinical Presentation
• Severe backache after minor injury
• Pain worse on sneezing, coughing , standing
erect, changing positions.
• Limited to wheelchair
• Stooped Posture
• Weakness in legs
25. • Osteogenesis imperfecta
• Hepatic insufficiency
• Diabetes mellitus
• Multiple myeloma
• Metastatic disease
• Drug induced
Osteoporosis other causesOsteoporosis other causes
26. Assessment of bone mineral density by DXA
Current gold standard for diagnosis of osteoporosis
BMD (g/cm2
) = Bone mineral content (g) / area (cm2
)
Diagnosis based on comparing patient’s
BMD to that of young, healthy individuals
of same sex
27.
28.
29. • Blood count , CRP
• Calcium, Phosphate, Alkaline
Phosphatase (AP)
• Kidney function studies
• Basal Thyroid and parathyroid.
• Protein-immunoelectrophoresis.
• Vit D (25 and 1.25)
Laboratory tests*
NOTES:
- * These are in addition
to routine labs tests.
- These are screening
labs, more may be
indicated based on these
results
32. Non-modifiable Risk Factors
• Older age
• Female gender
• Ethnic background
• Small bone structure
• Family history of osteoporosis or osteoporosis-related fracture in a parent
or siblings
• Previous fracture
• Menopause/hysterectomy
• Some medicines like steroids, anti-epileptics
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Reduced levels of Gonadal hormones in men
34. How much and which Calcium??
• 1000-1500mg “elemental calcium”
Type of calcium Elemental Calcium
Calcium carbonate 40%
Calcium gluconate 9%
Calcium lactate 13%
Calcium citrate 20-30%
Calcium acetate 30%
Micro cryst HA complex 100%
◦ May be difficult to attain those levels.
◦ To try a combination of diet and medicines
◦ Can’t give more than 500mg elemental calcium as tabs at a single dose
42. Treatment with PTH
(woman 69 years)
Dempster DW et al, J Bone Miner Res, 2001;16:1846-1853
Before CtTh: 0.32 mm
CD: 2.9 mm3
After CtTh: 0.42 mm
CD: 4.6 mm3
1 5 10
1520
25 30
Ser Val Ser Glu Ile Gln Leu Met His Asn
Leu
Gly
LysHisLeuAsnSerMetGluArgValGlu
Trp
Leu
Arg Lys Lys Leu Gln Asp Val His Asn Phe
43. Take home points…
• No longer a problem of the WEST
• Awareness essential amongst general public
• Prevention is the best treatment
• Moms and grandmoms vulnerable group
44. OPD Schedule: Tue- 1500 to 1600 hours, Thu- 0900 to 1100
hours, Sat- 1100 to 1300 hours
Appointment Helpline: 022-39818181/67668181/24451515
For any Queries, please write us on: info@hindujahospital.com
Thank You
Editor's Notes
Treatment and prevention (7) One of the most important preventive strategies is to encourage the achievement of optimal peak bone mass in the young, since this has a major impact on bone mass and the risk of osteoporosis after the menopause. Although peak bone mass is largely determined by genetics and diet (calcium and vitamin D intake), it can also be influenced by physical activity, smoking and alcohol consumption. It is, therefore, important to encourage both children and adolescents to adopt a healthy lifestyle.
Treatment and prevention (8) For those patients at particularly high risk of osteoporosis, or who have developed osteoporosis, there are a number of pharmacological interventions available for the prevention and management of osteoporosis. The aim of these interventions should be to reduce the frequency of fractures, which are responsible for the high levels of morbidity associated with the disease.