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1.6
- 1. Human Anatomy and Physiology II Eastern WV Chapter 1 Section 1.6
- 2. 1.6 Body Cavities and Membranes • Body contains internal cavities that are closed to environment • Cavities provide different degrees of protection to organs within them • Two sets of cavities – Dorsal body cavity – Ventral body cavity © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 3. Dorsal Body Cavity • Protects fragile nervous system • Two subdivisions – Cranial cavity • Encases brain – Vertebral cavity • Encases spinal cord © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 4. Figure 1.9 Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Cranial cavity (contains brain) Cranial cavity Vertebral cavity Dorsal body cavity Superior mediastinum Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum Ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdomino- pelvic cavities) Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) Diaphragm Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) Lateral view Anterior view Abdomino- pelvic cavity Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity
- 5. Ventral Body Cavity • Houses the internal organs (collectively called viscera) • Two subdivisions, which are separated by the diaphragm – Thoracic cavity – Abdominopelvic cavity © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 6. Ventral Body Cavity (cont.) • Thoracic cavity – Two pleural cavities • Each cavity surrounds one lung – Mediastinum • Contains pericardial cavity • Surrounds other thoracic organs, such as esophagus, trachea, etc. – Pericardial cavity • Encloses heart © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 7. Ventral Body Cavity (cont.) • Abdominopelvic cavity – Abdominal cavity • Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver – Pelvic cavity • Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 8. Figure 1.9 Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Cranial cavity (contains brain) Cranial cavity Vertebral cavity Dorsal body cavity Superior mediastinum Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum Ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdomino- pelvic cavities) Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) Diaphragm Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) Lateral view Anterior view Abdomino- pelvic cavity Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity
- 9. Clinical – Homeostatic Imbalance 1.1 • Whereas the pelvic bones provide limited protection to the pelvic cavity, the walls of abdominal cavity are formed by muscle only, so organs in this area are most vulnerable to trauma © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 10. Ventral Body Cavity (cont.) • Membranes in ventral body cavity – Serosa (also called serous membrane) • Thin, double-layered membranes that cover surfaces in ventral body cavity – Parietal serosa lines internal body cavity walls – Visceral serosa covers internal organs (viscera) • Double layers are separated by slit-like cavity filled with serous fluid • Fluid secreted by both layers of membrane © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 11. Ventral Body Cavity (cont.) • Named for specific cavity and organs that they are associated with – Pericardium • Heart – Pleurae • Lungs – Peritoneum • Abdominopelvic cavity © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 12. Figure 1.10 Serous membrane relationships. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Outer balloon wall (comparable to parietal serosa) Air (comparable to serous cavity) Inner balloon wall (comparable to visceral serosa) A fist thrust into a flaccid balloon demonstrates the relationship between the parietal and visceral serous membrane layers. Heart Parietal pericardium Pericardial space with serous fluid Visceral pericardium The serosae associated with the heart.
- 13. Clinical – Homeostatic Imbalance 1.2 • Serous membranes can become inflamed as a result of infection or other causes • Normally smooth layers can become rough and even can stick together, resulting in excruciating pain • Examples: pleurisy and peritonitis © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 14. Ventral Body Cavity (cont.) • Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions – Quadrants are divisions used primarily by medical personnel • Abdominopelvic region is sectioned into quarters – Right upper quadrant (RUQ) – Left upper quadrant (LUQ) – Right lower quadrant (RLQ) – Left lower quadrant (LLQ) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 15. Figure 1.11 The four abdominopelvic quadrants. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
- 16. Ventral Body Cavity (cont.) • Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions (cont.) – Nine divisions called regions, resembling a tic-tac-toe grid, are used primarily by anatomists • Right hypochondriac region • Epigastric region • Left hypochondriac region • Right lumbar region • Umbilical region • Left lumber region • Right Iliac (inguinal) region • Hypogastric region • Left iliac (inguinal) region © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 17. Figure 1.12 The nine abdominopelvic regions. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Liver Right hypochondriac region Epigastric region Left hypochondriac region Gallbladder Ascending colon of large intestine Small intestine Cecum Diaphragm Spleen Stomach Transverse colon of large intestine Descending colon of large intestine Initial part of sigmoid colon Urinary bladder Right lumbar region Right iliac (inguinal) region Umbilical region Left lumbar region Left iliac (inguinal) region Hypogastric (pubic) region Appendix Nine regions delineated by four planes Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs
- 18. Other Body Cavities • In addition to the two main body cavities, the body has several smaller cavities that are exposed to environment – Oral and digestive cavities – Nasal cavity – Orbital cavities – Middle ear cavities • Not exposed to environment – Synovial cavities: joint cavities © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.