6.1
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- Cartilage is a resilient tissue found in many areas of the skeleton that provides support and flexibility. There are three main types: hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. - Cartilage grows through two processes: appositional growth where new matrix is added to the surface, and interstitial growth where chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix from within to expand the cartilage. - As the skeleton develops, most cartilage is replaced by bone, except in areas that require flexibility like joints. Understanding bone and cartilage anatomy is important for working with patients with bone diseases.
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6.1
Skeletal cartilage is made of resilient tissue containing chondrocytes encased in lacunae within an extracellular matrix. There are three types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage - located in various parts of the body like joints, ribs, ears. Cartilage grows through appositional growth at its surface by perichondrial cells or interstitial growth within by chondrocytes division and matrix secretion. Calcification can occur in cartilage during youth bone growth or in old age.
Cartilage (1)
Cartilage is an avascular connective tissue that provides support and cushioning. It is composed of chondrocytes embedded in an extracellular matrix. There are three types of cartilage - hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage. Hyaline cartilage is found in joints and provides flexibility. Fibrocartilage is found where strength and flexibility are required, such as in intervertebral discs. Elastic cartilage contains elastic fibers and is found in external ear and larynx. Cartilage receives nutrients through diffusion and surrounding blood vessels. It functions as a shock absorber and provides friction-free movement in joints.
Bone ii
- Bone and cartilage are discussed, including the surface markings of bone like depressions, openings, processes, and their examples.
- Cartilage is defined as a connective tissue composed of chondrocytes and fibers in a gel-like matrix. The three main types are described.
- Cartilage has no blood vessels or nerves and is regenerated inadequately after injury. Its structure contains chondrocytes and fibers in a matrix surrounded by perichondrium.
- Cartilage develops from mesenchymal cell clustering and grows via appositional and interstitial growth until late teenage years.
Cartilage grafts
Cartilage grafts can be classified into three main types - hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage - based on their composition and structure. Hyaline cartilage is the most common type found in locations like joints. Fibrocartilage contains thick collagen fibers that provide strength and support to areas under stress, like joints. Elastic cartilage contains elastic fibers that provide flexibility and is found in structures like the ear. Common sources of cartilage grafts include the ear (auricular), nose (septal), and ribs. Proper graft technique and limiting tension are important for graft integration and nerve regeneration.
Cartilage
Cartilage is a connective tissue composed of chondrocytes and an extracellular matrix. There are three main types: hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage. Cartilage is avascular, non-nervous, and the chondrocytes die when the matrix calcifies. Most cartilage is surrounded by a perichondrium membrane containing chondrogenic cells. Hyaline cartilage is found in locations like the trachea, nose, and larynx where it provides structural support and a low friction surface. Elastic cartilage is more flexible and found in the ear and epiglottis. Fibrocartilage is located at joints and facilitates movement while resisting stress.
Introduction,structure,funtions and nutrition of hyaline cartilage
Hyaline cartilage is a type of cartilage that provides stiff yet flexible support in joints, ribs, trachea, and other body structures. It consists of chondrocytes within a matrix of collagen fibers and proteoglycans. Articular cartilage covering the ends of bones in joints is a key example that absorbs pressure and reduces friction between bones. Its avascular nature means it relies on diffusion from synovial fluid and nearby bone for nutrition.
chondrocytes
Chondrocytes originate from chondroblasts and are found within lacunae in cartilage matrix. Young chondrocytes located beneath the perichondrium are flat and elliptical shaped, while mature chondrocytes deeper in cartilage are spherical. Chondrocytes maintain the cartilage matrix and allow for growth through mitosis, with daughter cells sometimes remaining together in nests due to the rigid nature of the surrounding matrix.
cartilage
Cartilage is a type of connective tissue that provides support and flexibility to parts of the body. It has three main components: cells, fibers, and ground substance. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage. Hyaline cartilage is found in areas like costal cartilages and articular cartilage. It has a homogeneous matrix and cells grouped in lacunae. Elastic cartilage contains many elastic fibers and is found in places like the ear. Fibrocartilage lacks a perichondrium and contains thick collagen fibers, and is located in areas such as intervertebral discs.
Recommended
6.1
Skeletal cartilage is made of resilient tissue containing chondrocytes encased in lacunae within an extracellular matrix. There are three types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage - located in various parts of the body like joints, ribs, ears. Cartilage grows through appositional growth at its surface by perichondrial cells or interstitial growth within by chondrocytes division and matrix secretion. Calcification can occur in cartilage during youth bone growth or in old age.
Cartilage (1)
Cartilage is an avascular connective tissue that provides support and cushioning. It is composed of chondrocytes embedded in an extracellular matrix. There are three types of cartilage - hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage. Hyaline cartilage is found in joints and provides flexibility. Fibrocartilage is found where strength and flexibility are required, such as in intervertebral discs. Elastic cartilage contains elastic fibers and is found in external ear and larynx. Cartilage receives nutrients through diffusion and surrounding blood vessels. It functions as a shock absorber and provides friction-free movement in joints.
Bone ii
- Bone and cartilage are discussed, including the surface markings of bone like depressions, openings, processes, and their examples.
- Cartilage is defined as a connective tissue composed of chondrocytes and fibers in a gel-like matrix. The three main types are described.
- Cartilage has no blood vessels or nerves and is regenerated inadequately after injury. Its structure contains chondrocytes and fibers in a matrix surrounded by perichondrium.
- Cartilage develops from mesenchymal cell clustering and grows via appositional and interstitial growth until late teenage years.
Cartilage grafts
Cartilage grafts can be classified into three main types - hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage - based on their composition and structure. Hyaline cartilage is the most common type found in locations like joints. Fibrocartilage contains thick collagen fibers that provide strength and support to areas under stress, like joints. Elastic cartilage contains elastic fibers that provide flexibility and is found in structures like the ear. Common sources of cartilage grafts include the ear (auricular), nose (septal), and ribs. Proper graft technique and limiting tension are important for graft integration and nerve regeneration.
Cartilage
Cartilage is a connective tissue composed of chondrocytes and an extracellular matrix. There are three main types: hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage. Cartilage is avascular, non-nervous, and the chondrocytes die when the matrix calcifies. Most cartilage is surrounded by a perichondrium membrane containing chondrogenic cells. Hyaline cartilage is found in locations like the trachea, nose, and larynx where it provides structural support and a low friction surface. Elastic cartilage is more flexible and found in the ear and epiglottis. Fibrocartilage is located at joints and facilitates movement while resisting stress.
Introduction,structure,funtions and nutrition of hyaline cartilage
Hyaline cartilage is a type of cartilage that provides stiff yet flexible support in joints, ribs, trachea, and other body structures. It consists of chondrocytes within a matrix of collagen fibers and proteoglycans. Articular cartilage covering the ends of bones in joints is a key example that absorbs pressure and reduces friction between bones. Its avascular nature means it relies on diffusion from synovial fluid and nearby bone for nutrition.
chondrocytes
Chondrocytes originate from chondroblasts and are found within lacunae in cartilage matrix. Young chondrocytes located beneath the perichondrium are flat and elliptical shaped, while mature chondrocytes deeper in cartilage are spherical. Chondrocytes maintain the cartilage matrix and allow for growth through mitosis, with daughter cells sometimes remaining together in nests due to the rigid nature of the surrounding matrix.
cartilage
Cartilage is a type of connective tissue that provides support and flexibility to parts of the body. It has three main components: cells, fibers, and ground substance. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage. Hyaline cartilage is found in areas like costal cartilages and articular cartilage. It has a homogeneous matrix and cells grouped in lacunae. Elastic cartilage contains many elastic fibers and is found in places like the ear. Fibrocartilage lacks a perichondrium and contains thick collagen fibers, and is located in areas such as intervertebral discs.
fibro cartilage
Cartilage:
Cartilage is a specialized type of dense collective tissue designed to give support , bear weight and withstand tension , torsion , and bending.
General Features :
• Cartilage supports regions of body that requires flexibility.
• Non nervous structure
• Avascular
• Very poor regeneration power
• Usually surrounded by pericondrium (dense irregular connective tissue surrounding cartilage) except fibro cartilage.
Classification:
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibro cartilage
Fibro Cartilage :
White colored, tough cartilage containing dense connective tissue and collagen fibers often known as intervertebral discs is called fibro cartilage.
Structure :
Fibro cartilage consists of chondrocytes dispersed among bundles of type 1 collagen fibers.
Chondrocytes are present in lacunae (cavity).
The arrangement of cells is different from all other type of cartilages.
Chondrocytes are arranged in parallel rows of 2, 4 or 6 cells.
These rows of cells are called isogenous cell groups.
Chemical Compounds Present :
Proteoglycans rich in sulphated glucosaminoglycans especially
Chondroiton sulphate
Dermatan sulphate
Stain :
Due to the abundance of collagen type 1 fibers , the matrix of fibrocartilage stains intensely acidophilic/eosinophilic. (since collagen is basic in nature)
Stained by EOSIN which is pink in color.
Chondrocytes are stained in purple usually by HEMATOXYLIN and looks purple in color due to acidic nature of large centeral nucleus present.
Occurrence in body :
Intervertebral disc
Disc of pubic symphysis
Menisci of knee joint
Sternoclavicular joint
Temporomandibular joint
Ligamentum tere
Labrum glenoidale
Labrum acetabulare
Fibrocartilage is also found at places where tendons and ligaments attach to bones.
Disorders:
Degeneration of fibrocartilage is seen in degenerative disc disease.
A fibrocartilaginous embolism (FCE) is an unusual cause of spinal cord and cerebral ischemia (insufficient bloodsupply). Symptoms may include sudden, severe pain in the neck and/or back; progressive weakening reduced sensation and paralysis. It may be caused by the blocking of an artery interrupting vascular supply.
A herniated disk is a disk that ruptures. This allows the jelly-like center of the disk to leak, irritating the nearby nerves. This can cause sciatica or back pain.
References:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/herniateddisk.html
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3289246
histology by laiq hussaain
7 the skeletal system
Skeletal system
1-Introduction
2-Functions
3-Types of Bones
4-Anatomy of bones
5-Bone structure
Microscopic structure
6-Growth Phases
Skeletal physiology 101
The document discusses skeletal physiology, including the four types of bones, structures of long bones, constituents of bone tissue, cells found in bones, functions of bones, and bone development. It also covers cartilage structure and types, bone and cartilage growth, bone fracture repair, and joints. Key points include that long bones have a diaphysis and epiphyses, bones provide support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation. Cartilage includes hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Bones and cartilage both grow through cell activity but cartilage also grows through the deposition of new matrix.
Cartilage Histology
Cartilage is a resilient and smooth elastic connective tissue, a rubber-like padding that covers and protects the ends of long bones at the joints, and is a structural component of the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes, the intervertebral discs, and many other body components.
Histology
Junqueira’s Basic Histology Text and Atlas, 15th Ed
10.08.08: Histology - Cartilage/Mature Bone
This document provides information about cartilage, including its composition, types, structure, and function. It describes cartilage as a firm connective tissue composed of cells and an extracellular matrix containing fibers and ground substance. There are three main types of cartilage: hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Hyaline cartilage is further discussed, noting its presence in places like articular surfaces, trachea, and as a template for bone formation. The structure and composition of cartilage matrix is also summarized.
Cartilage by sunil
Cartilage has three main types - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Hyaline cartilage lines joints and provides a smooth gliding surface. Fibrocartilage is strong and resilient, found in intervertebral discs and menisci. Elastic cartilage is flexible, in the larynx and ear. Cartilage is composed of water, collagen fibers, and proteoglycans that give it strength and resilience. With aging, cartilage calcifies and stiffens. Immobilization and excessive/repetitive loads can damage cartilage over time by altering biomechanics and reducing nutrient flow. Regular exercise preserves cartilage by stimulating metabolism and matrix synthesis through mechanical loading.
Basics of the Cartilage Histology
Cartilage is a type of connective tissue with three main types - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Hyaline cartilage is found in joints, costal cartilage, and growing bones. It contains chondrocytes embedded in a matrix of collagen fibers, proteoglycans, and ground substance. Elastic cartilage contains elastic fibers and is found in the ear and larynx. Fibrocartilage is white, opaque, and rich in collagen, located in intervertebral discs and other joints, where it provides strength. All cartilage types contain chondrocytes for growth and matrix production, surrounded by matrix and often a perichondrium layer.
Cartilage
Cartilage is a connective tissue that provides support and flexibility to various regions of the body. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant and is characterized by chondrocytes embedded in a matrix with collagen fibers and proteoglycans. It is found in locations like the fetal skeleton, nose, and joints. Elastic cartilage contains elastic fibers that allow for flexibility and is present in the ear and epiglottis. Fibrocartilage consists of thick collagen fibers and is found in joints like the pubic symphysis where it can withstand compressive forces.
Cartilage and Bone
This document discusses cartilage and bone. It defines cartilage as a specialized connective tissue that functions as a supporting or weight-bearing tissue. There are three main types of cartilage: hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Bone is a highly vascularized living tissue with a calcified matrix. It provides structure and support for the body. The document outlines the basic components, cells, and structures of both cartilage and bone in detail.
Bone(2)
Bone formation, growth, and remodeling involves several processes. Compact bone has a microscopic structure of lamellae, osteons, and perforating fibers. Long bone formation involves the development of spongy bone on the inside and compact bone on the outside. There are several types of bone fractures including comminuted, compressed, depressed, and impacted fractures. The healing of bone fractures is a four step process involving hematoma formation, splinting by a fibrocartilage callus, replacement with a bony callus, and bone remodeling.
Histology of Cartilage
Hyaline cartilage is characterized by chondrocytes surrounded by a homogeneous matrix that separates cells widely. Near the surface, cells flatten and merge with connective tissue forming the perichondrium, and it is typically seen in costal and articular cartilage. Elastic cartilage contains chondrocytes surrounded by a matrix with many elastic fibers, has a perichondrium present, and is typically seen in the auricle and epiglottis. Fibrocartilage is characterized by collagen fiber bundles with rows of chondrocytes between, lacks a perichondrium, and is typically seen in the pubic symphysis and manubrio-sternal joint.
Histology of Cartilage
Cartilage is a specialized connective tissue composed of cells called chondrocytes embedded in an extensive extracellular matrix. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage - which differ in their matrix composition and distribution throughout the body. Hyaline cartilage is the most common type and found in joints, providing shock absorption. Elastic cartilage contains elastic fibers, making it more flexible. Fibrocartilage withstands pulling forces and contains dense collagen fibers. Cartilage forms through condensation of mesenchymal cells into chondroblasts that secrete matrix, developing into the three specialized cartilage types through maturation.
Ppt4 ac5 [recovered]
The document summarizes three key components of bone structure:
1. Periosteum is the membrane lining the outer surface of bones (except at joints) and consists of fibrous and osteogenic layers, providing nourishment and attachment points for muscles and tendons. It contains cells that form new bone after fractures.
2. Endosteum is the delicate lining of marrow spaces and cavities, consisting of a single layer of cells. It has osteogenic potential and can form new bone with stimulation.
3. Haversian systems are the structural units of compact bone.
Articular cartilage
This document summarizes the structure and function of articular cartilage. It covers that articular cartilage is avascular and has a low capacity for healing after injury. It has several zones with different compositions that provide elasticity and distribute load across joints. Proteoglycans and collagen fibers give the tissue its resilience and ability to withstand pressure. Damage and degeneration of articular cartilage can occur from lack of use or overuse of joints.
Bone & Cartilage Histology
This document summarizes the structure and function of cartilage and bone. It describes the main types of cartilage, including hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage. It also discusses the cells, matrix, and growth of cartilage. Regarding bone, it outlines the organic and inorganic components of bone matrix, and the cells involved in bone formation and resorption, including osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. It also summarizes the different types of bone and bone growth processes.
Bone Histology
Bone tissue is a type of specialized connective tissue composed of cells and an extracellular matrix. The matrix is made up of collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite crystals that give bone its rigidity. There are three main cell types involved in bone tissue: osteoblasts which form new bone, osteocytes embedded in the matrix, and osteoclasts which resorb bone. Bone has two types of internal structures - compact bone which is dense and cancellous bone which is spongy. Bone tissue is continuously remodeled through the actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts throughout life.
Day 3
Cartilage is a connective tissue found in joints between bones. It is made up of cells called chondrocytes that produce collagen, proteoglycans, and elastin. There are no blood vessels in cartilage, so it repairs and grows slowly. Tendons connect muscle to bone and are made of collagen, while ligaments connect bones to other bones. Joints are points where bones connect, allowing movement, and can be classified by the tissue present and degree of movement. Common joint disorders include dislocations, sprains, bursitis, and various forms of arthritis.
Biomechanics of articular cartilage
1) Articular cartilage is a specialized tissue found at the ends of bones in synovial joints that allows for movement with minimal friction. It is composed of chondrocytes and an extracellular matrix of collagen and proteoglycans.
2) Collagen provides tensile strength while proteoglycans attract water and provide compressive stiffness. Water content allows the tissue to withstand loads and provide nutrients to chondrocytes.
3) Articular cartilage functions through fluid-film lubrication provided by synovial fluid and boundary lubrication involving lubricin at the surface to prevent wear during movement of synovial joints.
Fracture healing
This document summarizes the process of fracture healing, which occurs in three overlapping phases: hemorrhage and clot formation (first 10 days), callus formation (10-20 days), and remodeling (2-3 years). It describes the six stages of fracture healing according to Weinman and Sicher: clotting, organization, fibrous callus formation, primary bony callus formation, secondary bony callus formation, and functional reconstruction. Complications like delayed union, nonunion, malunion, and cross union are also summarized.
FIBROCARTILAGO
Diapos respecto al tercer tipo de cartílago. Espero sea de su agrado es esquemático listo para exponer. Saludos.
PGC Newsletter dated 09th October,2014
The Reserve Bank of India is monitoring trading in debt markets by companies to assess risks to financial stability. India's 10-year bond yield hit its lowest in over a year on speculation that foreign investment limits may increase. SEBI issued new regulations relating to stock brokers and sub-brokers, and will introduce more measures to help small and medium enterprises raise funds. Bharat Heavy Electricals won a Rs. 7,800 crore contract for a Tamil Nadu power project.
Πειραματική διερεύνηση της διηλεκτρικής συμπεριφοράς διακένων ατμοσφαιρικού α...
Πειραματική διερεύνηση της διηλεκτρικής συμπεριφοράς διακένων ατμοσφαιρικού α...Athanasios Karafyllas
More Related Content
What's hot
fibro cartilage
Cartilage:
Cartilage is a specialized type of dense collective tissue designed to give support , bear weight and withstand tension , torsion , and bending.
General Features :
• Cartilage supports regions of body that requires flexibility.
• Non nervous structure
• Avascular
• Very poor regeneration power
• Usually surrounded by pericondrium (dense irregular connective tissue surrounding cartilage) except fibro cartilage.
Classification:
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibro cartilage
Fibro Cartilage :
White colored, tough cartilage containing dense connective tissue and collagen fibers often known as intervertebral discs is called fibro cartilage.
Structure :
Fibro cartilage consists of chondrocytes dispersed among bundles of type 1 collagen fibers.
Chondrocytes are present in lacunae (cavity).
The arrangement of cells is different from all other type of cartilages.
Chondrocytes are arranged in parallel rows of 2, 4 or 6 cells.
These rows of cells are called isogenous cell groups.
Chemical Compounds Present :
Proteoglycans rich in sulphated glucosaminoglycans especially
Chondroiton sulphate
Dermatan sulphate
Stain :
Due to the abundance of collagen type 1 fibers , the matrix of fibrocartilage stains intensely acidophilic/eosinophilic. (since collagen is basic in nature)
Stained by EOSIN which is pink in color.
Chondrocytes are stained in purple usually by HEMATOXYLIN and looks purple in color due to acidic nature of large centeral nucleus present.
Occurrence in body :
Intervertebral disc
Disc of pubic symphysis
Menisci of knee joint
Sternoclavicular joint
Temporomandibular joint
Ligamentum tere
Labrum glenoidale
Labrum acetabulare
Fibrocartilage is also found at places where tendons and ligaments attach to bones.
Disorders:
Degeneration of fibrocartilage is seen in degenerative disc disease.
A fibrocartilaginous embolism (FCE) is an unusual cause of spinal cord and cerebral ischemia (insufficient bloodsupply). Symptoms may include sudden, severe pain in the neck and/or back; progressive weakening reduced sensation and paralysis. It may be caused by the blocking of an artery interrupting vascular supply.
A herniated disk is a disk that ruptures. This allows the jelly-like center of the disk to leak, irritating the nearby nerves. This can cause sciatica or back pain.
References:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/herniateddisk.html
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3289246
histology by laiq hussaain
7 the skeletal system
Skeletal system
1-Introduction
2-Functions
3-Types of Bones
4-Anatomy of bones
5-Bone structure
Microscopic structure
6-Growth Phases
Skeletal physiology 101
The document discusses skeletal physiology, including the four types of bones, structures of long bones, constituents of bone tissue, cells found in bones, functions of bones, and bone development. It also covers cartilage structure and types, bone and cartilage growth, bone fracture repair, and joints. Key points include that long bones have a diaphysis and epiphyses, bones provide support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation. Cartilage includes hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Bones and cartilage both grow through cell activity but cartilage also grows through the deposition of new matrix.
Cartilage Histology
Cartilage is a resilient and smooth elastic connective tissue, a rubber-like padding that covers and protects the ends of long bones at the joints, and is a structural component of the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes, the intervertebral discs, and many other body components.
Histology
Junqueira’s Basic Histology Text and Atlas, 15th Ed
10.08.08: Histology - Cartilage/Mature Bone
This document provides information about cartilage, including its composition, types, structure, and function. It describes cartilage as a firm connective tissue composed of cells and an extracellular matrix containing fibers and ground substance. There are three main types of cartilage: hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Hyaline cartilage is further discussed, noting its presence in places like articular surfaces, trachea, and as a template for bone formation. The structure and composition of cartilage matrix is also summarized.
Cartilage by sunil
Cartilage has three main types - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Hyaline cartilage lines joints and provides a smooth gliding surface. Fibrocartilage is strong and resilient, found in intervertebral discs and menisci. Elastic cartilage is flexible, in the larynx and ear. Cartilage is composed of water, collagen fibers, and proteoglycans that give it strength and resilience. With aging, cartilage calcifies and stiffens. Immobilization and excessive/repetitive loads can damage cartilage over time by altering biomechanics and reducing nutrient flow. Regular exercise preserves cartilage by stimulating metabolism and matrix synthesis through mechanical loading.
Basics of the Cartilage Histology
Cartilage is a type of connective tissue with three main types - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Hyaline cartilage is found in joints, costal cartilage, and growing bones. It contains chondrocytes embedded in a matrix of collagen fibers, proteoglycans, and ground substance. Elastic cartilage contains elastic fibers and is found in the ear and larynx. Fibrocartilage is white, opaque, and rich in collagen, located in intervertebral discs and other joints, where it provides strength. All cartilage types contain chondrocytes for growth and matrix production, surrounded by matrix and often a perichondrium layer.
Cartilage
Cartilage is a connective tissue that provides support and flexibility to various regions of the body. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant and is characterized by chondrocytes embedded in a matrix with collagen fibers and proteoglycans. It is found in locations like the fetal skeleton, nose, and joints. Elastic cartilage contains elastic fibers that allow for flexibility and is present in the ear and epiglottis. Fibrocartilage consists of thick collagen fibers and is found in joints like the pubic symphysis where it can withstand compressive forces.
Cartilage and Bone
This document discusses cartilage and bone. It defines cartilage as a specialized connective tissue that functions as a supporting or weight-bearing tissue. There are three main types of cartilage: hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Bone is a highly vascularized living tissue with a calcified matrix. It provides structure and support for the body. The document outlines the basic components, cells, and structures of both cartilage and bone in detail.
Bone(2)
Bone formation, growth, and remodeling involves several processes. Compact bone has a microscopic structure of lamellae, osteons, and perforating fibers. Long bone formation involves the development of spongy bone on the inside and compact bone on the outside. There are several types of bone fractures including comminuted, compressed, depressed, and impacted fractures. The healing of bone fractures is a four step process involving hematoma formation, splinting by a fibrocartilage callus, replacement with a bony callus, and bone remodeling.
Histology of Cartilage
Hyaline cartilage is characterized by chondrocytes surrounded by a homogeneous matrix that separates cells widely. Near the surface, cells flatten and merge with connective tissue forming the perichondrium, and it is typically seen in costal and articular cartilage. Elastic cartilage contains chondrocytes surrounded by a matrix with many elastic fibers, has a perichondrium present, and is typically seen in the auricle and epiglottis. Fibrocartilage is characterized by collagen fiber bundles with rows of chondrocytes between, lacks a perichondrium, and is typically seen in the pubic symphysis and manubrio-sternal joint.
Histology of Cartilage
Cartilage is a specialized connective tissue composed of cells called chondrocytes embedded in an extensive extracellular matrix. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage - which differ in their matrix composition and distribution throughout the body. Hyaline cartilage is the most common type and found in joints, providing shock absorption. Elastic cartilage contains elastic fibers, making it more flexible. Fibrocartilage withstands pulling forces and contains dense collagen fibers. Cartilage forms through condensation of mesenchymal cells into chondroblasts that secrete matrix, developing into the three specialized cartilage types through maturation.
Ppt4 ac5 [recovered]
The document summarizes three key components of bone structure:
1. Periosteum is the membrane lining the outer surface of bones (except at joints) and consists of fibrous and osteogenic layers, providing nourishment and attachment points for muscles and tendons. It contains cells that form new bone after fractures.
2. Endosteum is the delicate lining of marrow spaces and cavities, consisting of a single layer of cells. It has osteogenic potential and can form new bone with stimulation.
3. Haversian systems are the structural units of compact bone.
Articular cartilage
This document summarizes the structure and function of articular cartilage. It covers that articular cartilage is avascular and has a low capacity for healing after injury. It has several zones with different compositions that provide elasticity and distribute load across joints. Proteoglycans and collagen fibers give the tissue its resilience and ability to withstand pressure. Damage and degeneration of articular cartilage can occur from lack of use or overuse of joints.
Bone & Cartilage Histology
This document summarizes the structure and function of cartilage and bone. It describes the main types of cartilage, including hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage. It also discusses the cells, matrix, and growth of cartilage. Regarding bone, it outlines the organic and inorganic components of bone matrix, and the cells involved in bone formation and resorption, including osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. It also summarizes the different types of bone and bone growth processes.
Bone Histology
Bone tissue is a type of specialized connective tissue composed of cells and an extracellular matrix. The matrix is made up of collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite crystals that give bone its rigidity. There are three main cell types involved in bone tissue: osteoblasts which form new bone, osteocytes embedded in the matrix, and osteoclasts which resorb bone. Bone has two types of internal structures - compact bone which is dense and cancellous bone which is spongy. Bone tissue is continuously remodeled through the actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts throughout life.
Day 3
Cartilage is a connective tissue found in joints between bones. It is made up of cells called chondrocytes that produce collagen, proteoglycans, and elastin. There are no blood vessels in cartilage, so it repairs and grows slowly. Tendons connect muscle to bone and are made of collagen, while ligaments connect bones to other bones. Joints are points where bones connect, allowing movement, and can be classified by the tissue present and degree of movement. Common joint disorders include dislocations, sprains, bursitis, and various forms of arthritis.
Biomechanics of articular cartilage
1) Articular cartilage is a specialized tissue found at the ends of bones in synovial joints that allows for movement with minimal friction. It is composed of chondrocytes and an extracellular matrix of collagen and proteoglycans.
2) Collagen provides tensile strength while proteoglycans attract water and provide compressive stiffness. Water content allows the tissue to withstand loads and provide nutrients to chondrocytes.
3) Articular cartilage functions through fluid-film lubrication provided by synovial fluid and boundary lubrication involving lubricin at the surface to prevent wear during movement of synovial joints.
Fracture healing
This document summarizes the process of fracture healing, which occurs in three overlapping phases: hemorrhage and clot formation (first 10 days), callus formation (10-20 days), and remodeling (2-3 years). It describes the six stages of fracture healing according to Weinman and Sicher: clotting, organization, fibrous callus formation, primary bony callus formation, secondary bony callus formation, and functional reconstruction. Complications like delayed union, nonunion, malunion, and cross union are also summarized.
FIBROCARTILAGO
Diapos respecto al tercer tipo de cartílago. Espero sea de su agrado es esquemático listo para exponer. Saludos.
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PGC Newsletter dated 09th October,2014
The Reserve Bank of India is monitoring trading in debt markets by companies to assess risks to financial stability. India's 10-year bond yield hit its lowest in over a year on speculation that foreign investment limits may increase. SEBI issued new regulations relating to stock brokers and sub-brokers, and will introduce more measures to help small and medium enterprises raise funds. Bharat Heavy Electricals won a Rs. 7,800 crore contract for a Tamil Nadu power project.
Πειραματική διερεύνηση της διηλεκτρικής συμπεριφοράς διακένων ατμοσφαιρικού α...
Πειραματική διερεύνηση της διηλεκτρικής συμπεριφοράς διακένων ατμοσφαιρικού α...Athanasios Karafyllas
Newsletter 22nd October,2014
This newsletter provides updates on corporate, regulatory, and market news from October 22nd, 2014. It includes notices from SEBI on the amalgamation of two exchanges and modifications to client codes for non-institutional trades. The RBI issued guidelines on revitalizing distressed assets and clarifications to KYC norms. Market indices such as the Sensex, Nifty, and Dow Jones are provided. The newsletter wishes readers a Happy Diwali with a thought for the day on success, wealth, and prosperity.
210289(1)
The Ministry of Transport and Road Infrastructure of Moldova writes to express its high regard for the Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine. It notes that currently cargo vehicles registered in Moldova and transporting goods between Russia and Moldova via Ukraine are being blocked from transit through Ukrainian territory. The Ministry requests permission for Moldovan carriers to transit through Ukraine, as the cargo they carry is exclusively intended for the Republic of Moldova. It expresses confidence that Ukraine will enable continued cargo transit to demonstrate mutual respect between the ministries.
Encimera Smeg PVN750
Este documento proporciona instrucciones para la instalación de una encimera de cocina. Incluye advertencias de seguridad, orientaciones para el posicionamiento en la bancada, conexión eléctrica y de gas, y adaptación para diferentes tipos de gas. También describe los controles y el uso adecuado de la encimera, así como la limpieza y el mantenimiento.
Edward resume7.28
Edward McKinney has 10 years of experience as a manager at Staples, where he has consistently achieved high sales numbers and profits. He has received numerous awards for his leadership and accomplishments in areas like sales, customer service, and reducing costs. McKinney is now seeking a new management position where he can continue utilizing his skills in personnel management, sales goal achievement, and leading a team.
Production Impact Engine Short Paper_Hennig2016
This document discusses developing potential metrics to measure political risk in the space mission campaign process. The authors first attempted to use an Economic Impact Analysis to measure the direct, indirect, and induced effects of funding missions. However, this approach did not produce meaningful results due to uncertainties. Instead, the authors created a "Production Impact Engine" to model how changing budgets impact funding at NASA centers based on FTE employment numbers. This system provides a "what if" analysis to understand how programmatic funding changes could impact centers over time as campaigns mature. The Production Impact Engine was able to provide insights into long-term center funding changes as space policy and campaigns evolve.
Zambaldi et al.
Low frequency anteroposterior mobilization of the talus was found to be more effective at increasing ankle dorsiflexion range of motion than high frequency mobilization in healthy subjects. The low frequency technique allowed more time for plastic deformation of the connective tissues to occur, in line with their viscoelastic properties. Future studies should investigate these mobilization techniques in patients with acute, subacute, or chronic ankle conditions.
PGC Newsletter dated 15th October,2014
The newsletter provides economic, regulatory, and market updates from India. It notes that trading markets were closed for state elections in Maharashtra. The Finance Ministry approved several foreign direct investment proposals totaling Rs. 1,546.12 crore. Regulatory announcements included circulars from the Ministry of Corporate Affairs on director refunds and limited liability partnerships. Market indexes such as the Sensex and Nifty declined slightly while the dollar rose against the rupee.
Marruecos. distancias desde melilla
Este documento lista las distancias en kilómetros entre la ciudad española de Melilla y las principales ciudades turísticas y capitales de Marruecos. Las ciudades más cercanas son Oujda a 152 km y Taza a 231 km, mientras que las más lejanas son Layoune a 1,748 km y Smara a 1,651 km.
Your Personal programa de facturacion tango-Rivals Does Not Want You To Learn...
El documento describe una nueva tecnología de Volvo para proteger a peatones en caso de atropello. Volvo incorporará airbags externos a lo largo de la parte inferior del parabrisas que se activan durante un impacto para amortiguar el golpe de la cabeza del peatón contra el vidrio. El sistema también incluye sensores de radar y cámara para detectar peatones y frenos automáticos para evitar el impacto si es posible. El modelo V40 será el primero en recibir esta tecnología para tratar de minimizar las consecuencias
11.3
Eukaryotic cell division involves both nuclear division and cytoplasmic division. Cytoplasmic division, or cytokinesis, occurs differently in plant and animal cells. In animal cells, cytokinesis involves the formation of a contractile ring that pinches the cell in two by forming a cleavage furrow after nuclear division. In plant cells, cytokinesis involves the formation of a cell plate from a disk-shaped structure that grows out and partitions the cytoplasm, eventually forming two new cell walls.
PGC Newsletter dated 16th October,2014
The newsletter provides updates on economic news, corporate updates, RBI/tax law updates, and market performance. Key economic news includes the RBI potentially intervening in government bond markets to influence policy. The deadline for a company law settlement scheme was extended and guidelines for small finance banks will be issued soon. Tax authorities sped up refunds for those affected by floods in Jammu and Kashmir. Market indices such as Sensex and Nifty saw modest declines while gold and silver prices increased.
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El documento describe una nueva tecnología desarrollada por Volvo para proteger a los peatones en caso de atropello. El sistema incluye sensores que detectan peatones, frenos automáticos, y airbags externos a lo largo del parabrisas que se despliegan para amortiguar el impacto de la cabeza del peatón contra el vidrio. Esta tecnología podría salvar vidas al reducir la gravedad de las lesiones sufridas por peatones atropellados.
Carr Duriel A 2015
Duriel Ann Carr has over 15 years of experience in administrative support roles. She has strong organizational, communication, and people skills. Carr's background includes positions in human resources, banking, healthcare, and working with senior management. She is proficient in Microsoft Office, databases, and various operating systems.
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9. Bone tissue.pptx
Bone tissue is a highly vascular, mineralized connective tissue consisting of cells and extracellular matrix. There are three main cell types - osteoblasts which form bone, osteocytes embedded in bone matrix, and osteoclasts which resorb bone. Bone has a gross structure of either compact or cancellous bone and a microstructure of lamellar or woven bone. Bone forms through either intramembraneous or endochondral ossification and is remodeled throughout life by the balanced activities of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Bones provide structure, protection, calcium storage and leverage for movement. Bone diseases result from issues with formation, mineralization or remodeling.
6_histo_bone.ppt
Bones are composed of organic and inorganic materials and serve several functions including support, protection, movement, storage, and blood cell production. Bones are classified based on their shape and internal structure. Long bones have a diaphysis and epiphyses, while flat bones are thin and curved. Bone tissue is either woven or lamellar, and bones contain cancellous or compact bone. Bones develop through intramembranous or endochondral ossification and continue growing after birth through growth at the epiphyseal plate and periosteal apposition. Bone is remodeled throughout life by basic multicellular units and fractures heal through hematoma formation, callus formation, callus ossification, and remodeling
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This document discusses skeletal physiology and contains sections on bone types, typical long bone structure, bone cells, homeostatic functions, bone development, bone healing, comparing bone and cartilage types, cartilage mechanisms, joint classification, and synovial joints. It provides detailed descriptions of bone anatomy and physiology, the roles of bones and cartilage, and how bones develop, break down, and heal. The information is presented through labeled sections and subsections explaining different skeletal structures and processes.
6.3
The document summarizes the classification of bones in the human skeleton. It is divided into two parts:
1) The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs attached to the axial skeleton by girdles.
2) Bones are also classified by their shape into four categories: long bones are longer than wide and found in the limbs, short bones are cube-shaped in the wrist and ankle, flat bones are thin and curved like those in the skull, and irregular bones have complicated shapes like the vertebrae and hip bones.
6.3
The human skeleton is divided into two groups:
1) The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage along the long axis of the body.
2) The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs and are attached to the axial skeleton by girdles.
Bones are also classified into four shapes: long bones in the limbs, short cube-shaped bones in the wrists and ankles, flat and slightly curved bones like the sternum and ribs, and irregularly shaped bones like the vertebrae and hip bones.
Introduction to osteology
Osteology, derived from the from Greek ὀστέον (ostéon) 'bones', and λόγος (logos) 'study', is the scientific study of bones, practised by osteologists. A subdiscipline of anatomy, anthropology, and paleontology, osteology is the detailed study of the structure of bones, skeletal elements, teeth, microbone morphology, function, disease, pathology, the process of ossification (from cartilaginous molds), and the resistance and hardness of bones (biophysics).[1]
Osteologists frequently work in the public and private sector as consultants for museums, scientists for research laboratories, scientists for medical investigations and/or for companies producing osteological reproductions in an academic context.
Osteology and osteologists should not be confused with osteopathy and its practitioners, osteopaths.
Skeletal system.pptnursing
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Bonehistology
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bones
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class_2_bone_type_model_college.ppt
Bones can be classified in several ways based on their shape, development, location in the body, and microscopic structure. The main types of bones by shape are long bones found in the limbs, short bones in the wrists and ankles, flat bones that make up surfaces like the skull, and irregularly shaped bones like vertebrae. Bones also develop differently as membrane bones, cartilaginous bones, or a combination. Key functions of bones include support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation. The basic structure of bones includes compact cortical bone on the outside and spongy cancellous bone on the inside, with bone cells and matrix throughout.
mbbs ims msu
Bones have several important functions in the body including supporting soft tissues, protecting organs, containing bone marrow, and allowing movement. Bones are made up of cells, bone matrix, and mineral deposits. There are two types of bone tissue: compact bone and spongy bone. Bones grow and remodel through the actions of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Fractures are breaks in the bone that can be classified based on features like displacement. The bone healing process involves hematoma formation, callus development, and bone remodeling over time.
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6.4
Bones have three levels of structure - gross, microscopic, and chemical. At the gross level, bones can be classified as long, short, flat, or irregular. Long bones have a shaft and two ends, while flat bones are thin and sandwich a layer of spongy bone. Microscopically, bones contain five main cell types and have compact bone with Haversian systems and spongy bone with trabeculae. Chemically, bones consist of both organic components like collagen and inorganic mineral salts.
6.4
Bones have a complex structure at multiple levels:
- Gross level includes compact bone on the outside and spongy bone on the inside, with membranes like the periosteum covering bones. Long bones have a shaft and ends.
- Microscopic level shows bone is made of osteons containing concentric lamellae, with canals containing blood vessels. Bone cells like osteoblasts and osteoclasts are involved in formation and breakdown.
- Chemical level consists of collagen fibers mineralized with calcium salts to give bone its strength.
Bone_lecture_medical_2013.ppt
1. Bone is composed of compact and spongy bone tissues. Compact bone forms the dense outer layer, while spongy bone forms the inner layer with marrow cavities.
2. Bone is made up of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts form new bone, osteocytes are mature bone cells, and osteoclasts resorb old bone.
3. Bones grow in length through endochondral ossification at the growth plates, and increase in width through appositional growth on the surface by osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
1.3 human movement system
Here are the top 10 muscles of the human body:
1. Gluteus maximus
2. Pectoralis major
3. Deltoid
4. Quadriceps femoris (vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis, rectus femoris)
5. Latissimus dorsi
6. Trapezius
7. Biceps brachii
8. Gastrocnemius
9. Erector spinae (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis)
10. Triceps brachii
P M S 1 Intro (Updated)
The musculoskeletal system allows for movement of the body and is comprised of bones, muscles, cartilage, tendons and ligaments. The skeletal system provides structure and protection to the body through bones and bone marrow. Bones provide support, protect organs, allow for movement through muscles attaching to them, and store minerals. There are over 200 bones in the human body that make up the axial skeleton (skull, spine, ribcage) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and their attachments).
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This document provides an overview of concepts related to motion and equilibrium from a physics textbook. It discusses Aristotle's early ideas about motion, Galileo's concept of inertia based on experiments showing objects in motion tend to stay in motion, and mass as a measure of an object's inertia. The document also covers net force, equilibrium, types of forces including friction and support forces, and concepts such as speed, velocity, and acceleration.
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Anemia is a condition where the blood has a low ability to carry oxygen due to having too few red blood cells or hemoglobin. There are several types of anemia including iron-deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia, and sickle-cell anemia. Sickle-cell anemia is caused by an abnormal hemoglobin that causes red blood cells to become sickle-shaped, rupture easily, and block blood vessels. Blood doping artificially increases red blood cell counts and oxygen delivery but risks health issues. Leukocytes, or white blood cells, are the only complete cells in blood and include granulocytes like neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and others that fight infection and disease
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The document summarizes key information about the components and functions of blood. It describes the three main components of blood as plasma, buffy coat, and erythrocytes. Plasma is the liquid portion that transports cells, nutrients, waste, etc. The buffy coat contains white blood cells and platelets. Erythrocytes are red blood cells that contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. The functions of blood include distribution of materials, regulation of pH and temperature, and protection from infection and blood loss. Anemias occur when the blood has a low oxygen-carrying capacity due to issues like blood loss, lack of nutrients, or bone marrow disorders.
Chapter18
The document discusses the origins and early evolution of life on Earth. It describes some of the conditions on the early Earth and how simple organic compounds may have formed through atmospheric reactions, hydrothermal vents, or delivery by meteorites. It also discusses experiments that demonstrate how self-assembly of these molecules could have led to the first protocells and metabolism, as well as the possible emergence of RNA prior to DNA as the genetic material. The document then covers the divergence of bacteria and archaea, the rise of oxygen due to cyanobacteria, the appearance of eukaryotes, and current hypotheses about the endosymbiotic origins of organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts.
8.6
Common joint injuries include cartilage tears, ligament sprains, and dislocations. Cartilage tears can cause locking or binding of the joint and are repaired through arthroscopic surgery. Ligament sprains occur when ligaments are stretched or torn, and require immobilization or surgical repair. Dislocations involve bones being forced out of alignment, accompanied by sprains and inflammation.
Inflammatory and degenerative joint conditions include bursitis, tendonitis, and various forms of arthritis. Bursitis and tendonitis involve inflammation of the bursa and tendon sheaths, usually from overuse. Arthritis encompasses over 100 diseases that damage joints, with osteoarthritis being the most common and involving breakdown of cartilage
8.4
Synovial joints have six general features including articular cartilage, a joint cavity, an articular capsule, synovial fluid, ligaments, and blood vessels. They allow movements like gliding, angular movements like flexion and extension, and rotation. Stability is influenced by factors like bone shape, ligaments, and muscle tone. There are six types of synovial joints classified by their shape and motion: plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball-and-socket.
8.3
Cartilaginous joints unite bones through cartilage and have little movement. There are two types: synchondroses unite bones through a hyaline cartilage plate and are immovable, examples include epiphyseal plates in children; symphyses unite bones through fibrocartilage and allow some movement, examples include intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis.
8.2
Fibrous joints are immovable joints joined by dense connective tissue fibers. There are three types: sutures which are rigid interlocking skull joints that allow growth; syndesmoses where bones are connected by ligaments of varying fiber length, allowing some movement; and gomphoses which are peg-in-socket joints like teeth in sockets held by the periodontal ligament.
8.1
Joints are where two or more bones meet, giving mobility to the skeleton while holding it together. There are two main classifications of joints - structural and functional. Structurally, joints are classified into three types based on the material binding them and whether a cavity is present: fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial. The document will focus on the clearer structural classifications.
8.5 no vids
The document describes several synovial joints: the knee, shoulder, elbow, and hip. The knee is the largest and most complex joint, consisting of the femoropatellar joint and medial/lateral tibiofemoral joints. The shoulder has the most freedom of movement but lacks stability. The elbow acts as a hinge joint for flexion/extension. The hip is a ball-and-socket joint with the spherical femoral head fitting into the deep acetabulum.
8.5
The document describes several synovial joints, focusing on the knee, shoulder, and elbow joints. It provides details on:
- The knee joint is the largest and most complex joint, consisting of the femoropatellar joint and medial/lateral tibiofemoral joints. It allows flexion/extension and some rotation. Cruciate ligaments and menisci help stabilize the joint.
- The shoulder joint is the most freely moving but least stable joint, with a large humeral head fitting into a shallow glenoid cavity. Rotator cuff muscles and the long head of the biceps brachii provide stability.
- The elbow joint is a hinge joint formed by the tro
8.4
Synovial joints have six general features including articular cartilage, a joint cavity, an articular capsule, synovial fluid, ligaments, and blood vessels. They allow movements like gliding, angular movements like flexion and extension, and rotation. Stability is influenced by factors like bone shape, ligaments, and muscle tone. There are six types of synovial joints classified by their shape and motion: plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball-and-socket.
6.7
Fractures occur when bones break. There are three classifications of fractures based on the position of bone ends, completeness of the break, and whether the skin is penetrated. Treatment involves realigning the broken bone ends through closed or open reduction and immobilizing the bone to heal. Bone repair occurs in four stages - hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling to reconstruct the original bone structure.
6.6
Bone remodeling occurs continuously as old bone is removed by osteoclasts and new bone is deposited by osteoblasts. Approximately 5-7% of bone mass is remodeled each week, with spongy bone being replaced about every 3-4 years and compact bone every 10 years. Bone remodeling is regulated by two control loops - hormonal control of blood calcium levels including PTH and calcitonin, and response to mechanical stress based on Wolff's law where bones remodel in response to stresses placed upon them.
6.5
Bone development occurs through two main processes: endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification. Endochondral ossification forms bones below the skull through replacement of cartilage models with bone tissue in a multi-step process beginning in the second month of development. Intramembranous ossification forms some flat bones of the skull through the direct development of bone within fibrous membranes in mesenchymal tissue. Postnatal bone growth continues through adolescence via growth at the epiphyseal plates of long bones.
6.8
The document discusses three major bone diseases: osteomalacia/rickets caused by vitamin D deficiency which results in soft, weak bones; osteoporosis where bone resorption exceeds formation leading to loss of bone mass and increased fracture risk, particularly in postmenopausal women; and Paget's disease where bone formation and resorption are excessive and disorganized. It also covers age-related changes to bone such as increased formation in childhood balancing resorption in adulthood, and declining bone density with age beginning in the fourth decade of life.
6.2
Bones have seven key functions: to provide support for the body and soft organs, protect vital organs like the brain and spinal cord, serve as levers for muscle movement, store minerals and growth factors like calcium and phosphorus, allow for blood cell formation in red bone marrow, store fat for energy, and help regulate hormones through the production of osteocalcin.
16.9
An asteroid impact 65.5 million years ago may have caused a mass extinction event that resulted in the simultaneous loss of many lineages from Earth. This event is marked by a unique global rock layer known as the K-Pg boundary, which formed 65.5 million years ago and implies an abrupt transition in the fossil record at the time of mass extinction.
16.8
Similar patterns of embryonic development and shared master genes that control development reflect common ancestry between species. Highly similar DNA and protein sequences, especially in genes that guide development, provide evidence that more closely related species evolved from a shared ancestor. Differences in gene expression between species can lead to differences in body form, as seen when comparing chickens and snakes. Protein sequences are also compared between species, and fewer differences are observed between more closely related lineages.
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6.1
- 1. Why This Matters • Understanding bone anatomy and the process of bone remodeling allows you to work effectively with patients with bone diseases such as osteoporosis © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 2. 6.1 Skeletal Cartilages • The human skeleton initially consists of just cartilage, which is replaced by bone, except in areas requiring flexibility © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 3. Basic Structure, Types, and Locations • Skeletal cartilage: made of highly resilient, molded cartilage tissue that consists primarily of water – Contains no blood vessels or nerves • Perichondrium: layer of dense connective tissue surrounding cartilage like a girdle – Helps cartilage resist outward expansion – Contains blood vessels for nutrient delivery to cartilage • Cartilage is made up of chondrocytes, cells encased in small cavities (lacunae) within jelly-like extracellular matrix © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 4. Basic Structure, Types, and Locations (cont.) • Three types of cartilage: – Hyaline cartilage • Provides support, flexibility, and resilience • Most abundant type; contains collagen fibers only • Articular (joints), costal (ribs), respiratory (larynx), nasal cartilage (nose tip) – Elastic cartilage • Similar to hyaline cartilage, but contains elastic fibers • External ear and epiglottis – Fibrocartilage • Thick collagen fibers: has great tensile strength • Menisci of knee; vertebral discs © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 5. Epiglottis LarynxCartilage in external ear Cartilages in nose Trachea Cartilage in intervertebral disc Respiratory tube cartilages in neck and thorax Pubic symphysis Meniscus (padlike cartilage in knee joint) Cartilages Articular cartilage of a joint Articular cartilage of a joint Costal cartilage Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Lung Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton Bones of skeleton Hyaline cartilages Elastic cartilages Fibrocartilages Figure 6.1 The bones and cartilages of the human skeleton. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 6. Growth of Cartilage • Cartilage grows in two ways: – Appositional growth • Cartilage-forming cells in perichondrium secrete matrix against external face of existing cartilage – New matrix laid down on surface of cartilage – Interstitial growth • Chondrocytes within lacunae divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within – New matrix made within cartilage © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 7. Growth of Cartilage (cont.) • Calcification of cartilage occurs during normal bone growth in youth, but can also occur in old age – Hardened cartilage is not the same as bone © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.