Bones have a complex structure at multiple levels:
- Gross level includes compact bone on the outside and spongy bone on the inside, with membranes like the periosteum covering bones. Long bones have a shaft and ends.
- Microscopic level shows bone is made of osteons containing concentric lamellae, with canals containing blood vessels. Bone cells like osteoblasts and osteoclasts are involved in formation and breakdown.
- Chemical level consists of collagen fibers mineralized with calcium salts to give bone its strength.
Bones have seven main functions: to provide support for the body and soft organs, protect vital organs like the brain and spinal cord, act as levers for muscle movement, store minerals and growth factors like calcium and phosphorus, allow for blood cell formation in red bone marrow, store fat for energy in bone cavities, and help regulate hormones and metabolism through hormones produced by bones.
The human skeleton is divided into two groups:
1) The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage along the long axis of the body.
2) The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs and are attached to the axial skeleton by girdles.
Bones are also classified into four shapes: long bones in the limbs, short cube-shaped bones in the wrists and ankles, flat and slightly curved bones like the sternum and ribs, and irregularly shaped bones like the vertebrae and hip bones.
Anatomy unit 5 skeletal and muscular systems bone types and compositionrozeka01
This document discusses the anatomy and composition of bones. It notes that bones provide support, protection, movement, mineral and growth factor storage, and blood cell formation. There are four types of bones: long bones, which are longer than wide and provide structure and support; short bones, which are cube-shaped and allow for movement; flat bones, which are thin and curved to protect soft tissues; and irregular bones, which have complicated shapes. Bones are made up of an outer layer of compact bone and an inner layer of spongy bone. The chemical composition includes both organic components like cells and osteoid, and inorganic mineral salts.
Skeletal cartilage is made of resilient tissue containing chondrocytes encased in lacunae within an extracellular matrix. There are three types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage - located in various parts of the body like joints, ribs, ears. Cartilage grows through appositional growth at its surface by perichondrial cells or interstitial growth within by chondrocytes division and matrix secretion. Calcification can occur in cartilage during youth bone growth or in old age.
Bones are living tissue composed of cells, proteins, minerals, and vitamins. They provide structure and protection for the body, serve as an environment for bone marrow, and store minerals like calcium. There are two types of bone tissue - compact bone forming the hard outer layer, and spongy bone on the inside. Bones are made through the actions of bone cells including osteoblasts which build bone, osteoclasts which break it down, and osteocytes which maintain it. The human body contains 206 bones divided between the axial skeleton including the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton making up the upper and lower limbs.
This document discusses the anatomy, histology, and composition of bone. It describes the different types of bones including long bones and flat bones, which are formed through different ossification processes. The microscopic and structural components of cortical and cancellous bone are examined, including osteons, lamellae, trabeculae, and bone cells. The inorganic and organic composition of bone is also summarized, with calcium hydroxyapatite providing compressive strength and collagen providing tensile strength. Key cell types involved in bone formation and resorption are osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.
The skeletal system is composed of bones and associated tissues that provide structure, protection, movement, and mineral storage. Bones are living tissues composed of cells, collagen fibers, and minerals. There are four types of bones - long, short, flat, and irregular - with different structures adapted to their functions. Bones develop through intramembranous or endochondral ossification and are remodeled throughout life by bone cells.
Bone tissue is a specialized form of connective tissue composed of cells and a mineralized extracellular matrix. The matrix is made up of collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite crystals that give bone its rigidity. There are two types of bone tissue: compact bone which forms the dense outer layer, and spongy or cancellous bone which is found at the ends of long bones and has a spongy, mesh-like structure. Bones develop through two processes - intramembranous ossification which forms flat bones, and endochondral ossification where cartilage is replaced by bone to form most other bones including long bones.
Bones have seven main functions: to provide support for the body and soft organs, protect vital organs like the brain and spinal cord, act as levers for muscle movement, store minerals and growth factors like calcium and phosphorus, allow for blood cell formation in red bone marrow, store fat for energy in bone cavities, and help regulate hormones and metabolism through hormones produced by bones.
The human skeleton is divided into two groups:
1) The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage along the long axis of the body.
2) The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs and are attached to the axial skeleton by girdles.
Bones are also classified into four shapes: long bones in the limbs, short cube-shaped bones in the wrists and ankles, flat and slightly curved bones like the sternum and ribs, and irregularly shaped bones like the vertebrae and hip bones.
Anatomy unit 5 skeletal and muscular systems bone types and compositionrozeka01
This document discusses the anatomy and composition of bones. It notes that bones provide support, protection, movement, mineral and growth factor storage, and blood cell formation. There are four types of bones: long bones, which are longer than wide and provide structure and support; short bones, which are cube-shaped and allow for movement; flat bones, which are thin and curved to protect soft tissues; and irregular bones, which have complicated shapes. Bones are made up of an outer layer of compact bone and an inner layer of spongy bone. The chemical composition includes both organic components like cells and osteoid, and inorganic mineral salts.
Skeletal cartilage is made of resilient tissue containing chondrocytes encased in lacunae within an extracellular matrix. There are three types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage - located in various parts of the body like joints, ribs, ears. Cartilage grows through appositional growth at its surface by perichondrial cells or interstitial growth within by chondrocytes division and matrix secretion. Calcification can occur in cartilage during youth bone growth or in old age.
Bones are living tissue composed of cells, proteins, minerals, and vitamins. They provide structure and protection for the body, serve as an environment for bone marrow, and store minerals like calcium. There are two types of bone tissue - compact bone forming the hard outer layer, and spongy bone on the inside. Bones are made through the actions of bone cells including osteoblasts which build bone, osteoclasts which break it down, and osteocytes which maintain it. The human body contains 206 bones divided between the axial skeleton including the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton making up the upper and lower limbs.
This document discusses the anatomy, histology, and composition of bone. It describes the different types of bones including long bones and flat bones, which are formed through different ossification processes. The microscopic and structural components of cortical and cancellous bone are examined, including osteons, lamellae, trabeculae, and bone cells. The inorganic and organic composition of bone is also summarized, with calcium hydroxyapatite providing compressive strength and collagen providing tensile strength. Key cell types involved in bone formation and resorption are osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.
The skeletal system is composed of bones and associated tissues that provide structure, protection, movement, and mineral storage. Bones are living tissues composed of cells, collagen fibers, and minerals. There are four types of bones - long, short, flat, and irregular - with different structures adapted to their functions. Bones develop through intramembranous or endochondral ossification and are remodeled throughout life by bone cells.
Bone tissue is a specialized form of connective tissue composed of cells and a mineralized extracellular matrix. The matrix is made up of collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite crystals that give bone its rigidity. There are two types of bone tissue: compact bone which forms the dense outer layer, and spongy or cancellous bone which is found at the ends of long bones and has a spongy, mesh-like structure. Bones develop through two processes - intramembranous ossification which forms flat bones, and endochondral ossification where cartilage is replaced by bone to form most other bones including long bones.
The skeletal system has several key functions:
1. It provides structure and support for the body, protects vital organs, and allows for movement.
2. Bones act as a reservoir for minerals and as sites for blood cell formation in the bone marrow.
3. The skeletal system is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebrae, and thorax, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the limbs and their attachments.
4. Bones are classified based on their shape into long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, and sesamoid bones, with each shape relating to its particular functions.
There are two main types of bone tissue: compact bone and spongy bone. Compact bone looks solid and is densely packed, consisting of concentric cylindrical layers surrounding central canals. Spongy bone has a porous, sponge-like appearance due to trabeculae that form bone spicules and columns, leaving spaces between them. Both tissues have different microscopic structures that give them their distinct macroscopic appearances. Bone tissue serves important functions as the main structural support of the body, protecting internal organs, providing attachment sites for tendons and muscles, housing bone marrow, and storing minerals.
Bone provides structure and support to the body through its skeleton framework. It has several important functions including support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and energy storage. Bone is composed of cells, collagen fibers, and hydroxyapatite crystals that calcify and harden it. There are 206 bones in the adult human skeleton that are divided into the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribs) and appendicular skeleton (limbs). Bones can be classified based on their location, size, shape and internal structure. Long bones are found in the limbs and have a shaft and expanded ends. Bone tissue is either compact or spongy and contains osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts that allow bone to
Bones have three levels of structure - gross, microscopic, and chemical. At the gross level, bones can be classified as long, short, flat, or irregular. Long bones have a shaft and two ends, while flat bones are thin and sandwich a layer of spongy bone. Microscopically, bones contain five main cell types and have compact bone with Haversian systems and spongy bone with trabeculae. Chemically, bones consist of both organic components like collagen and inorganic mineral salts.
The skeletal system performs several functions including support, storage of minerals and lipids, protection of organs, leverage and movement. Cartilage is a connective tissue that provides flexibility and cushioning, while bone provides structure, support and protection. The two main types of bone tissue are compact bone, which forms the hard outer layer, and spongy or cancellous bone found in the inner layer. Bones develop through two processes and are remodeled throughout life to maintain strength and mineral levels.
The skeletal system chapter discusses the components and functions of the skeletal system. There are 206 bones in the human body that serve various functions including support, protection, movement, storage, and blood cell production. Bones are made of tissues like compact bone, spongy bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. Long bones have a diaphysis, epiphyses, and growth plates. Bones grow through endochondral ossification and are remodeled through the actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Calcium homeostasis is maintained through the actions of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. The bone marrow produces blood cells.
Bone provides the framework for the body, protects vital organs, and enables mechanical movement. There are two types of bones based on location - the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebrae, and ribs, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the bones of the upper and lower extremities. Bones can also be classified based on their shape as flat, tubular, irregular, or sesamoid bones. Microscopically, bone is made up of bone cells like osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes as well as a matrix containing collagen, minerals, and other components. Bones receive blood supply through nutrient arteries and are innervated by nerves accompanying the blood vessels.
The skeletal system includes bones and cartilage that provide structure, allow for movement, and protect organs. The medical specialty of orthopedics focuses on treating the skeleton and joints. Skeletal tissue includes cartilage and bone, which are types of dense connective tissue. Bones have important functions like support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell production. Bone is made up of osteogenic cells, osteoblasts that form bone, osteocytes embedded in bone matrix, and osteoclasts that resorb bone. There are different types of bones like long bones with a diaphysis, epiphyses, and metaphysis. Bone formation occurs through intramembranous ossification or endochondral ossification. Common bone
2401 lecture05 ch 6 bones and bone tissue for class and webAbhishek Sharma
This document provides an overview of bones and skeletal tissues. It discusses the three types of skeletal cartilages, their locations in the body, and that they are surrounded by a vasculature-rich perichondrium. It also classifies bones into two regions - axial and appendicular - and four shapes - long, short, flat, and irregular. The structures of long bones and other bone shapes are described. The functions, microscopic structure, chemical composition, types of fractures and their repair, and homeostatic imbalances of bone are summarized as well.
The document defines bone and its microscopic structure. It discusses the three types of bone cells - osteoblasts that build bone, osteocytes embedded in the bone matrix, and osteoclasts that resorb bone. Compact bone contains concentric osteons surrounded by lamellae, while spongy bone has a honeycomb structure of trabeculae. The periosteum and endosteum surround bone and provide osteoblasts. Bone formation occurs through intramembranous ossification where mesenchymal cells directly form bone, or endochondral ossification where cartilage is replaced by bone.
This document summarizes the histology of bone. It discusses the four main cell types found in bone - osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts - and their functions in bone formation and resorption. The organic and inorganic components of bone matrix are described. Finally, the microscopic arrangement of bone cells and matrix in lamellae, Haversian canals, and Volkmann's canals is outlined.
Skeletal cartilage contains no blood vessels or nerves and is surrounded by perichondrium. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Hyaline cartilage provides support and flexibility and is the most abundant type found in areas like joints. Cartilage grows through appositional growth on the outside and interstitial growth on the inside. During aging or injury, cartilage can calcify and turn to bone through endochondral ossification.
Bone develops through two main processes: endochondral and intramembranous ossification. Endochondral ossification involves the development of a cartilage model that is later replaced by bone tissue. It occurs in long bones and involves chondroblasts forming cartilage, blood vessels infiltrating and bringing osteoprogenitor cells, and the formation of primary and secondary ossification centers. Intramembranous ossification occurs in flat bones where mesenchymal cells directly develop into bone, forming woven bone that matures into lamellar bone. Bone is made up of an organic collagen matrix and inorganic hydroxyapatite, with three main cell types involved in formation and maintenance.
A detail account of Bones, their histological features, classification, composition, Formation, blood and nerve supply, functions, plus some interesting facts about bones.
The skeletal system is composed of bones and associated tissues that provide structure, support, protection, movement, and mineral storage. Bones are living organs composed of cells and an extracellular matrix. There are two main types of bones - compact bone, which forms the dense outer layer, and spongy bone, which forms the inner layer. The skeletal system develops through two main processes - intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification.
This document provides an overview of bone structure and formation. It discusses the two types of ossification - intramembranous and endochondral. Intramembranous ossification forms flat bones of the skull directly from mesenchymal tissue, while endochondral ossification involves cartilage models that are later replaced by bone. Bone cells, blood supply, composition and fracture healing are also summarized. The document classifications bones by shape, developmental origin, and microscopic and macroscopic structure.
This document provides an overview of bone anatomy, physiology, and pathology. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences or less:
- Bone is composed of inorganic minerals (hydroxyapatite crystals) and organic collagen fibers, which provide strength and allow bone to withstand compression and tension. Bone develops through two processes: intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Bone remodeling is a continuous process where old bone is resorbed and new bone is formed, enabling calcium homeostasis and repair of microdamage.
Bone is a type of connective tissue composed of cells and a mineralized organic matrix. There are three main types of bone cells - osteoblasts which form bone, osteocytes which maintain bone, and osteoclasts which resorb bone. Bones develop through two processes - endochondral ossification where cartilage is replaced by bone, and intramembranous ossification where bone forms directly from mesenchymal cells. Bone growth occurs through modeling which increases bone diameter, and remodeling which replaces old bone with new bone. Hormones like PTH and estrogen help regulate bone growth and remodeling throughout life.
Bone development and morphology / dental crown & bridge coursesIndian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The skeletal system includes bones, cartilages, ligaments, and connective tissues. Bones come in different shapes including long bones, flat bones, short bones, irregular bones, and sesamoid bones. Long bones are found in the arms, legs, hands, and feet. Flat bones are found in the skull and ribs. Bone is made up of compact bone and spongy bone. Compact bone is dense and arranged in concentric circles around Haversian canals. Spongy bone has a open, spongy structure filled with red or yellow marrow. Bones cells include osteoblasts, which build new bone, osteocytes, which maintain existing bone, and osteoclasts, which break down old
This document discusses the skeletal system and includes learning outcomes, functions of the skeletal system, bone structure and types, and bone formation. The key points are:
1. The skeletal system provides support, storage, blood cell production, protection, and movement.
2. There are four shapes of bones: long, short, flat, and irregular. Compact bone forms the dense outer layer while spongy bone is found at the ends.
3. Bone formation occurs through intramembranous ossification which forms flat bones, or endochondral ossification which forms long bones in five steps replacing cartilage with bone.
The skeletal system has several key functions:
1. It provides structure and support for the body, protects vital organs, and allows for movement.
2. Bones act as a reservoir for minerals and as sites for blood cell formation in the bone marrow.
3. The skeletal system is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebrae, and thorax, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the limbs and their attachments.
4. Bones are classified based on their shape into long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, and sesamoid bones, with each shape relating to its particular functions.
There are two main types of bone tissue: compact bone and spongy bone. Compact bone looks solid and is densely packed, consisting of concentric cylindrical layers surrounding central canals. Spongy bone has a porous, sponge-like appearance due to trabeculae that form bone spicules and columns, leaving spaces between them. Both tissues have different microscopic structures that give them their distinct macroscopic appearances. Bone tissue serves important functions as the main structural support of the body, protecting internal organs, providing attachment sites for tendons and muscles, housing bone marrow, and storing minerals.
Bone provides structure and support to the body through its skeleton framework. It has several important functions including support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and energy storage. Bone is composed of cells, collagen fibers, and hydroxyapatite crystals that calcify and harden it. There are 206 bones in the adult human skeleton that are divided into the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribs) and appendicular skeleton (limbs). Bones can be classified based on their location, size, shape and internal structure. Long bones are found in the limbs and have a shaft and expanded ends. Bone tissue is either compact or spongy and contains osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts that allow bone to
Bones have three levels of structure - gross, microscopic, and chemical. At the gross level, bones can be classified as long, short, flat, or irregular. Long bones have a shaft and two ends, while flat bones are thin and sandwich a layer of spongy bone. Microscopically, bones contain five main cell types and have compact bone with Haversian systems and spongy bone with trabeculae. Chemically, bones consist of both organic components like collagen and inorganic mineral salts.
The skeletal system performs several functions including support, storage of minerals and lipids, protection of organs, leverage and movement. Cartilage is a connective tissue that provides flexibility and cushioning, while bone provides structure, support and protection. The two main types of bone tissue are compact bone, which forms the hard outer layer, and spongy or cancellous bone found in the inner layer. Bones develop through two processes and are remodeled throughout life to maintain strength and mineral levels.
The skeletal system chapter discusses the components and functions of the skeletal system. There are 206 bones in the human body that serve various functions including support, protection, movement, storage, and blood cell production. Bones are made of tissues like compact bone, spongy bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. Long bones have a diaphysis, epiphyses, and growth plates. Bones grow through endochondral ossification and are remodeled through the actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Calcium homeostasis is maintained through the actions of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. The bone marrow produces blood cells.
Bone provides the framework for the body, protects vital organs, and enables mechanical movement. There are two types of bones based on location - the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebrae, and ribs, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the bones of the upper and lower extremities. Bones can also be classified based on their shape as flat, tubular, irregular, or sesamoid bones. Microscopically, bone is made up of bone cells like osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes as well as a matrix containing collagen, minerals, and other components. Bones receive blood supply through nutrient arteries and are innervated by nerves accompanying the blood vessels.
The skeletal system includes bones and cartilage that provide structure, allow for movement, and protect organs. The medical specialty of orthopedics focuses on treating the skeleton and joints. Skeletal tissue includes cartilage and bone, which are types of dense connective tissue. Bones have important functions like support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell production. Bone is made up of osteogenic cells, osteoblasts that form bone, osteocytes embedded in bone matrix, and osteoclasts that resorb bone. There are different types of bones like long bones with a diaphysis, epiphyses, and metaphysis. Bone formation occurs through intramembranous ossification or endochondral ossification. Common bone
2401 lecture05 ch 6 bones and bone tissue for class and webAbhishek Sharma
This document provides an overview of bones and skeletal tissues. It discusses the three types of skeletal cartilages, their locations in the body, and that they are surrounded by a vasculature-rich perichondrium. It also classifies bones into two regions - axial and appendicular - and four shapes - long, short, flat, and irregular. The structures of long bones and other bone shapes are described. The functions, microscopic structure, chemical composition, types of fractures and their repair, and homeostatic imbalances of bone are summarized as well.
The document defines bone and its microscopic structure. It discusses the three types of bone cells - osteoblasts that build bone, osteocytes embedded in the bone matrix, and osteoclasts that resorb bone. Compact bone contains concentric osteons surrounded by lamellae, while spongy bone has a honeycomb structure of trabeculae. The periosteum and endosteum surround bone and provide osteoblasts. Bone formation occurs through intramembranous ossification where mesenchymal cells directly form bone, or endochondral ossification where cartilage is replaced by bone.
This document summarizes the histology of bone. It discusses the four main cell types found in bone - osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts - and their functions in bone formation and resorption. The organic and inorganic components of bone matrix are described. Finally, the microscopic arrangement of bone cells and matrix in lamellae, Haversian canals, and Volkmann's canals is outlined.
Skeletal cartilage contains no blood vessels or nerves and is surrounded by perichondrium. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Hyaline cartilage provides support and flexibility and is the most abundant type found in areas like joints. Cartilage grows through appositional growth on the outside and interstitial growth on the inside. During aging or injury, cartilage can calcify and turn to bone through endochondral ossification.
Bone develops through two main processes: endochondral and intramembranous ossification. Endochondral ossification involves the development of a cartilage model that is later replaced by bone tissue. It occurs in long bones and involves chondroblasts forming cartilage, blood vessels infiltrating and bringing osteoprogenitor cells, and the formation of primary and secondary ossification centers. Intramembranous ossification occurs in flat bones where mesenchymal cells directly develop into bone, forming woven bone that matures into lamellar bone. Bone is made up of an organic collagen matrix and inorganic hydroxyapatite, with three main cell types involved in formation and maintenance.
A detail account of Bones, their histological features, classification, composition, Formation, blood and nerve supply, functions, plus some interesting facts about bones.
The skeletal system is composed of bones and associated tissues that provide structure, support, protection, movement, and mineral storage. Bones are living organs composed of cells and an extracellular matrix. There are two main types of bones - compact bone, which forms the dense outer layer, and spongy bone, which forms the inner layer. The skeletal system develops through two main processes - intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification.
This document provides an overview of bone structure and formation. It discusses the two types of ossification - intramembranous and endochondral. Intramembranous ossification forms flat bones of the skull directly from mesenchymal tissue, while endochondral ossification involves cartilage models that are later replaced by bone. Bone cells, blood supply, composition and fracture healing are also summarized. The document classifications bones by shape, developmental origin, and microscopic and macroscopic structure.
This document provides an overview of bone anatomy, physiology, and pathology. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences or less:
- Bone is composed of inorganic minerals (hydroxyapatite crystals) and organic collagen fibers, which provide strength and allow bone to withstand compression and tension. Bone develops through two processes: intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Bone remodeling is a continuous process where old bone is resorbed and new bone is formed, enabling calcium homeostasis and repair of microdamage.
Bone is a type of connective tissue composed of cells and a mineralized organic matrix. There are three main types of bone cells - osteoblasts which form bone, osteocytes which maintain bone, and osteoclasts which resorb bone. Bones develop through two processes - endochondral ossification where cartilage is replaced by bone, and intramembranous ossification where bone forms directly from mesenchymal cells. Bone growth occurs through modeling which increases bone diameter, and remodeling which replaces old bone with new bone. Hormones like PTH and estrogen help regulate bone growth and remodeling throughout life.
Bone development and morphology / dental crown & bridge coursesIndian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The skeletal system includes bones, cartilages, ligaments, and connective tissues. Bones come in different shapes including long bones, flat bones, short bones, irregular bones, and sesamoid bones. Long bones are found in the arms, legs, hands, and feet. Flat bones are found in the skull and ribs. Bone is made up of compact bone and spongy bone. Compact bone is dense and arranged in concentric circles around Haversian canals. Spongy bone has a open, spongy structure filled with red or yellow marrow. Bones cells include osteoblasts, which build new bone, osteocytes, which maintain existing bone, and osteoclasts, which break down old
This document discusses the skeletal system and includes learning outcomes, functions of the skeletal system, bone structure and types, and bone formation. The key points are:
1. The skeletal system provides support, storage, blood cell production, protection, and movement.
2. There are four shapes of bones: long, short, flat, and irregular. Compact bone forms the dense outer layer while spongy bone is found at the ends.
3. Bone formation occurs through intramembranous ossification which forms flat bones, or endochondral ossification which forms long bones in five steps replacing cartilage with bone.
This document provides an introduction to osteology, the study of bones. It discusses the classification, macro and microstructure, properties, and functions of bones. Bones are composed of both organic and inorganic materials and come in four types - long, short, flat, and irregular. Cortical bone forms the hard outer layer of bones and has concentric osteons, while cancellous bone is spongy and found at the ends of long bones. Bones provide structure, movement, protection and store minerals in the body.
Osteology is the study of bones. Bones provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation, and energy storage. Bone tissue consists of cells within an organic collagen-rich extracellular matrix as well as an inorganic mineral component. Cortical bone forms the dense outer layer of long bones and has concentric osteons. Cancellous or spongy bone is found at the ends of long bones and in flat and irregular bones. Bones experience both compression and tension forces and have adapted structures like osteons and layered lamellae to withstand these stresses.
The skeletal system is divided into the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the body's central axis and includes the skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax. The skull is composed of two sets of bones - the cranium and facial bones. The cranium is made up of eight flat bones: the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
1. Bone is composed of compact and spongy bone tissues. Compact bone forms the dense outer layer, while spongy bone forms the inner layer with marrow cavities.
2. Bone is made up of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts form new bone, osteocytes are mature bone cells, and osteoclasts resorb old bone.
3. Bones grow in length through endochondral ossification at the growth plates, and increase in width through appositional growth on the surface by osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
There are two types of bone tissue: compact bone and spongy bone. Compact bone is dense and forms the outer protective layer, while spongy bone is less dense and found in low-stress areas. Bones are composed of osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteogenic cells which build, maintain, and remodel the bone tissue. Typical bone structure includes a diaphysis shaft surrounded by compact bone, epiphyses at the ends composed of inner spongy bone and outer compact bone, and metaphyses of cartilage between.
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Lecture 2 (anatomical and histological of bone )Ayub Abdi
The document summarizes the gross anatomy and microstructure of bone. It describes the parts of long bones including the diaphysis, epiphyses, and growth plates. It explains the differences between compact and spongy bone and their histological features. It also outlines the four main types of bone cells - osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, and osteogenic cells - and their functions in bone formation and resorption.
The document describes the classification and structure of bones. It discusses the five categories of bone classification based on shape - long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid. It then describes the gross anatomy and microscopic structure of long bones, including their diaphysis, epiphyses, epiphyseal plate, periosteum, endosteum, and medullary cavity. Finally, it discusses the histology and microscopic anatomy of compact and spongy bone, including osteons, lacunae, lamellae, central canals, Volkmann canals, trabeculae, and the cells and tissues involved in bone formation and structure.
This document provides information on bone structure and composition. It discusses the different types of bones and bone cells. The key parts of long bones are described, including the epiphysis, metaphysis, and diaphysis. Both compact and spongy bone tissue are examined. Other structures like the periosteum, endosteum, and bone marrow are also summarized. The document concludes with sections on blood supply and nerve innervation of bones.
This document discusses skeletal physiology and contains sections on bone types, typical long bone structure, bone cells, homeostatic functions, bone development, bone healing, comparing bone and cartilage types, cartilage mechanisms, joint classification, and synovial joints. It provides detailed descriptions of bone anatomy and physiology, the roles of bones and cartilage, and how bones develop, break down, and heal. The information is presented through labeled sections and subsections explaining different skeletal structures and processes.
Bone is a living tissue that provides structure, protection, and movement. There are two types of bone formation: intramembranous, where bone forms within connective tissue, and endochondral, where bone replaces cartilage. Bones are composed of cells, organic components like collagen, and inorganic minerals. Bone tissue is continuously remodeled through the actions of osteoblasts which form bone and osteoclasts which resorb bone. Bones adapt and change their structure in response to mechanical stresses through Wolff's law.
Introduction, structure, functions and nutrition ofPramod Yspam
This document provides an overview of bone structure, functions, and nutrition. It discusses that bone is a mineralized connective tissue that provides structure and supports the body. It describes the different classifications of bones based on position, size, shape, and development. It explains the microscopic and cellular structure of bones, including compact and spongy bone, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, and the organic and inorganic components. Finally, it summarizes the functions of bone in providing structure, protection, movement, and hematopoiesis, as well as the blood supply, nerves, and lymphatic drainage of bones.
There are four main types of bones: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Long bones have a shaft and two articulating ends, examples being the femur and humerus. Short bones are cube-shaped like wrist and ankle bones. Flat bones are broad and thin, found in the skull, shoulder blades, ribs, and sternum. Irregular bones come in various shapes and sizes, like the patella. Bones are made up of cells, fibers, and extracellular matrix. They provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation to the body. Bone formation occurs through two processes - intramembranous ossification which forms flat bones, and endochondral oss
Bones provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, and store minerals. The human skeleton typically contains 206 bones and is divided into the axial skeleton (skull, spine, ribcage) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and girdles). Bones come in long, short, flat, irregular, pneumatic, and sesamoid shapes. They develop from membrane, cartilage, or a combination. Bones contain osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Structurally, bones have an outer periosteum layer, inner cortical bone, and a medullary cavity. Long bones have a diaphysis shaft and epiphyses ends. Cartilage contains chondrocy
The document discusses the skeletal system and connective tissues. It covers the definitions of osteology and arthrology, the study of bones and joints. The skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilage, ligaments and other connective tissues. Cartilage is weaker but more flexible than bone. There are three types of cartilage - hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage. Bones provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage and blood cell formation. The two types of ossification that form bones are intramembranous and endochondral ossification.
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that make up two divisions: the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thorax, while the appendicular skeleton includes the upper and lower limbs. Bones can be classified by their shape as long, short, flat, or irregular. Each bone has specific structures including compact and spongy bone, periosteum, endosteum, and markings for muscle attachments. Bones provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell production. They continuously remodel in response to hormones and mechanical stresses.
The document discusses the classification and structure of bones. Bones are classified based on their shape as long, short, flat, irregular, or sesamoid. Long bones have a shaft and expanded ends, and contain mostly compact bone. Short bones are cube-shaped with mostly spongy bone. Flat bones are thin with layers of compact bone around spongy bone. Irregular bones have irregular shapes. Microscopically, bones contain compact and spongy bone. Compact bone is dense with concentric circles while spongy bone has trabeculae and spaces. Bones provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell production.
This document discusses the skeletal system and bone structure. It describes the types of bone tissue as compact bone and spongy bone. Compact bone forms the dense outer shell and is made up of microscopic bone units called osteons. Spongy or trabecular bone forms a lattice within bones and is composed of thin struts called trabeculae. The document outlines the cells involved in bone formation and resorption, including osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, and osteoprogenitor cells. It also discusses bone development through intramembranous and endochondral ossification.
This document provides conversion steps to change 42 liters to quarts. It states that 1 liter equals 33.81 fluid ounces, and there is no direct conversion between liters and quarts. It then shows that fluid ounces can be converted to pints, which can then be converted to quarts, allowing liters to be fully converted to the required unit of quarts.
This document provides an overview of concepts related to motion and equilibrium from a physics textbook. It discusses Aristotle's early ideas about motion, Galileo's concept of inertia based on experiments showing objects in motion tend to stay in motion, and mass as a measure of an object's inertia. The document also covers net force, equilibrium, types of forces including friction and support forces, and concepts such as speed, velocity, and acceleration.
Anemia is a condition where the blood has a low ability to carry oxygen due to having too few red blood cells or hemoglobin. There are several types of anemia including iron-deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia, and sickle-cell anemia. Sickle-cell anemia is caused by an abnormal hemoglobin that causes red blood cells to become sickle-shaped, rupture easily, and block blood vessels. Blood doping artificially increases red blood cell counts and oxygen delivery but risks health issues. Leukocytes, or white blood cells, are the only complete cells in blood and include granulocytes like neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and others that fight infection and disease
The document summarizes key information about the components and functions of blood. It describes the three main components of blood as plasma, buffy coat, and erythrocytes. Plasma is the liquid portion that transports cells, nutrients, waste, etc. The buffy coat contains white blood cells and platelets. Erythrocytes are red blood cells that contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. The functions of blood include distribution of materials, regulation of pH and temperature, and protection from infection and blood loss. Anemias occur when the blood has a low oxygen-carrying capacity due to issues like blood loss, lack of nutrients, or bone marrow disorders.
The document discusses the origins and early evolution of life on Earth. It describes some of the conditions on the early Earth and how simple organic compounds may have formed through atmospheric reactions, hydrothermal vents, or delivery by meteorites. It also discusses experiments that demonstrate how self-assembly of these molecules could have led to the first protocells and metabolism, as well as the possible emergence of RNA prior to DNA as the genetic material. The document then covers the divergence of bacteria and archaea, the rise of oxygen due to cyanobacteria, the appearance of eukaryotes, and current hypotheses about the endosymbiotic origins of organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Common joint injuries include cartilage tears, ligament sprains, and dislocations. Cartilage tears can cause locking or binding of the joint and are repaired through arthroscopic surgery. Ligament sprains occur when ligaments are stretched or torn, and require immobilization or surgical repair. Dislocations involve bones being forced out of alignment, accompanied by sprains and inflammation.
Inflammatory and degenerative joint conditions include bursitis, tendonitis, and various forms of arthritis. Bursitis and tendonitis involve inflammation of the bursa and tendon sheaths, usually from overuse. Arthritis encompasses over 100 diseases that damage joints, with osteoarthritis being the most common and involving breakdown of cartilage
Synovial joints have six general features including articular cartilage, a joint cavity, an articular capsule, synovial fluid, ligaments, and blood vessels. They allow movements like gliding, angular movements like flexion and extension, and rotation. Stability is influenced by factors like bone shape, ligaments, and muscle tone. There are six types of synovial joints classified by their shape and motion: plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball-and-socket.
Cartilaginous joints unite bones through cartilage and have little movement. There are two types: synchondroses unite bones through a hyaline cartilage plate and are immovable, examples include epiphyseal plates in children; symphyses unite bones through fibrocartilage and allow some movement, examples include intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis.
Fibrous joints are immovable joints joined by dense connective tissue fibers. There are three types: sutures which are rigid interlocking skull joints that allow growth; syndesmoses where bones are connected by ligaments of varying fiber length, allowing some movement; and gomphoses which are peg-in-socket joints like teeth in sockets held by the periodontal ligament.
Joints are where two or more bones meet, giving mobility to the skeleton while holding it together. There are two main classifications of joints - structural and functional. Structurally, joints are classified into three types based on the material binding them and whether a cavity is present: fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial. The document will focus on the clearer structural classifications.
The document describes several synovial joints: the knee, shoulder, elbow, and hip. The knee is the largest and most complex joint, consisting of the femoropatellar joint and medial/lateral tibiofemoral joints. The shoulder has the most freedom of movement but lacks stability. The elbow acts as a hinge joint for flexion/extension. The hip is a ball-and-socket joint with the spherical femoral head fitting into the deep acetabulum.
The document describes several synovial joints, focusing on the knee, shoulder, and elbow joints. It provides details on:
- The knee joint is the largest and most complex joint, consisting of the femoropatellar joint and medial/lateral tibiofemoral joints. It allows flexion/extension and some rotation. Cruciate ligaments and menisci help stabilize the joint.
- The shoulder joint is the most freely moving but least stable joint, with a large humeral head fitting into a shallow glenoid cavity. Rotator cuff muscles and the long head of the biceps brachii provide stability.
- The elbow joint is a hinge joint formed by the tro
Synovial joints have six general features including articular cartilage, a joint cavity, an articular capsule, synovial fluid, ligaments, and blood vessels. They allow movements like gliding, angular movements like flexion and extension, and rotation. Stability is influenced by factors like bone shape, ligaments, and muscle tone. There are six types of synovial joints classified by their shape and motion: plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball-and-socket.
Fractures occur when bones break. There are three classifications of fractures based on the position of bone ends, completeness of the break, and whether the skin is penetrated. Treatment involves realigning the broken bone ends through closed or open reduction and immobilizing the bone to heal. Bone repair occurs in four stages - hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling to reconstruct the original bone structure.
Bone remodeling occurs continuously as old bone is removed by osteoclasts and new bone is deposited by osteoblasts. Approximately 5-7% of bone mass is remodeled each week, with spongy bone being replaced about every 3-4 years and compact bone every 10 years. Bone remodeling is regulated by two control loops - hormonal control of blood calcium levels including PTH and calcitonin, and response to mechanical stress based on Wolff's law where bones remodel in response to stresses placed upon them.
Bone development occurs through two main processes: endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification. Endochondral ossification forms bones below the skull through replacement of cartilage models with bone tissue in a multi-step process beginning in the second month of development. Intramembranous ossification forms some flat bones of the skull through the direct development of bone within fibrous membranes in mesenchymal tissue. Postnatal bone growth continues through adolescence via growth at the epiphyseal plates of long bones.
The document discusses three major bone diseases: osteomalacia/rickets caused by vitamin D deficiency which results in soft, weak bones; osteoporosis where bone resorption exceeds formation leading to loss of bone mass and increased fracture risk, particularly in postmenopausal women; and Paget's disease where bone formation and resorption are excessive and disorganized. It also covers age-related changes to bone such as increased formation in childhood balancing resorption in adulthood, and declining bone density with age beginning in the fourth decade of life.
The document summarizes the classification of bones in the human skeleton. It is divided into two parts:
1) The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs attached to the axial skeleton by girdles.
2) Bones are also classified by their shape into four categories: long bones are longer than wide and found in the limbs, short bones are cube-shaped in the wrist and ankle, flat bones are thin and curved like those in the skull, and irregular bones have complicated shapes like the vertebrae and hip bones.
Bones have seven key functions: to provide support for the body and soft organs, protect vital organs like the brain and spinal cord, serve as levers for muscle movement, store minerals and growth factors like calcium and phosphorus, allow for blood cell formation in red bone marrow, store fat for energy, and help regulate hormones through the production of osteocalcin.
An asteroid impact 65.5 million years ago may have caused a mass extinction event that resulted in the simultaneous loss of many lineages from Earth. This event is marked by a unique global rock layer known as the K-Pg boundary, which formed 65.5 million years ago and implies an abrupt transition in the fossil record at the time of mass extinction.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
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Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.