This presentation simplifies the understanding of Bones, different disorders related to bones, its prevention and care. It also explains the Must have diet and must avoid food.

2. Human Bone Structure
• At the time of birth there are 300-350 bones which
fuse together as baby grows
• An infant has 270 bones where a fully grown adult
has 206 bones
• 106 are in hands and feet only
• The longest bone in your body, the femur
(thighbone), is about 1/4 of your height
• The smallest is the stapes (or stirrup) in the ear,
which is about 1/10 of an inch
• Adult human bones account for 14% of an adult’s
body weight

3. Fusing of Bones

4. Classification of Bones
Classification on the basis of Shape
• Long bones: has an elongated shaft or diaphysis
and two expanded ends (epiphyses) which are
smooth and articular.
Examples of typical long bones are humerus,
radius, ulna, femur, tibia and fibula, metacarpals,
metatarsals and phalanges
• Short bone: Their shape is usually cuboid,
cuneiform, trapezoid, or scaphoid. Examples:
carpal and tarsal bones
• Flat Bones: They resembles shallow plates and
form boundaries of certain body cavities.
Examples: bone in the vault of the skull, ribs,
sternum and scapula
• Irregular Bones vertebra, hip bone, and bones in
the base of the skull

5. Classification of Bones
• Pneumatic Bones : Certain irregular bones contain large air spaces
lined by epithelium.
Examples: maxilla, sphenoid, ethmoid, etc. they make the skull
light in weight, help in resonance of voice, and act as air
conditioning chambers for the inspired air.
• Sesamoid Bones: These are bony nodules found embedded in the
tendons or joint capsules.
E.g. patella, pisiform, fabella, etc.
Possible Functions
• To resist pressure
• To minimize friction
• To alter the direction of pull of the muscle; and
• To maintain the local circulation
Accessory(Supernumerary) Bones: These are not always present. They
may occur as ununited epiphyses developed from extra centres of
ossification. Examples: sutural bones, os trigonum, os vesalianum, etc.

6. Bone Disorders
Osteoporosis (porous bone)
• Bone-thinning disease afflicting
• 50% of women over age 65
• 20% of men over age 70
• Disease makes bones fragile and bones can easily fracture
• Estrogen aids in health and normal density of a female
skeleton
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
• Sometimes known as Brittle Bone Disease
• An autosomal dominant genetic disorder that causes
people to be born without the appropriate amount or
quality of collagen

7. Bone Disorders
Arthritis
• Inflammation of joints and the breakdown of
cartilage, which normally protects the joint,
allowing for smooth movement
• 1 in 3 adult Americans suffer from some form of
arthritis
• Affects about twice as many women as men
• Over 100 different types
• The most widespread crippling disease in the US

8. Bone Disorders
Clinical Forms of Arthritis
• Gouty arthritis
– Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of uric acid
crystals from the blood
– Can usually be controlled with diet
• Osteoarthritis
– Most common chronic arthritis
– Probably related to normal aging processes
• Rheumatoid arthritis
– An autoimmune disease (the immune system attacks the
joints)
– Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain
joints
– Often leads to deformities

9. Bone Disorders
• Rickets
– Rickets is a softening of bones in immature mammals
due to deficiency or impaired metabolism of vitamin,
phosphors or calcium.
– Mostly a childhood disease leading to fractures and
deformity
• Paget’s Disease
– It is a chronic disorder that can result in enlarged and
misshapen bones
– The excessive breakdown and formation of bone
tissue causes affected bone to weaken, resulting in
pain, misshapen bones, fractures, and arthritis in the
joints near the affected bones.

10. Food for Healthy Bones
Calcium supports bone and Vitamin D improves
calcium absorption and bone growth
• Yogurt: Most people get their vitamin D
through exposure to sunlight, but certain
foods, like yogurt, are fortified with vitamin D.
• Milk: There’s a reason milk is the poster child
for calcium. Eight ounces of fat-free milk will
provide you with 30% of your daily dose of
calcium
• Sardines: These tiny fish, often found in cans,
have surprisingly high levels of both vitamin D
and calcium.
• Eggs: Though eggs only contain 6% of your
daily vitamin D, they’re a quick and easy way
to get it. Just don’t opt for egg whites—they
may cut calories, but the vitamin D is in the
yolk.

11. Foods for Healthy Bone
• Salmon: 3-ounce piece of sockeye salmon
contains more than 100% of your vitamin D.
• Spinach: One cup of cooked spinach contains
almost 25% of your daily calcium, plus fiber,
iron, and vitamin A.
• Tuna: Three ounces of canned tuna contains
154 IU, or about 39% of your daily dose of the
sunshine vitamin.
• Broccoli: contains high levels of both calcium
and Vitamin K, both of which are important for
bone health and prevention of osteoporosis.

12. Foods To Avoid
• Caffeine: It interrupts your calcium absorption.
Calcium is pulled to urine when intake of caffeine
is high.
• Soda: When consumed in excess, phosphorus, in
the form of flavoring agent phosphoric acid in
many colas, might interfere with calcium
absorption.
• Salt: The more salt we consume, the more calcium
we shed in urine and sweat
• Alcohol: A drink a day for women and upto two a
day for men seems to offer some protection for
bones. However too much of alcohol can
contribute to loss of bone, also increases your
likelihood for bone-breaking falls, especially
among the elderly.

13. Bone Care Specialty at Wockhardt Hospital
• Bone and Joint Care program at Wockhardt
Hospitals makes it a centre for excellence in
orthopedics with highly skilled clinical expertise.
• Our Hospitals provide cutting-edge diagnostic and
operating facilities such as computerized
navigation, imaging and treatment in orthopedics.
• A comprehensive support of Rheumatology
Services makes it a complete program. Application
of Minimal Access Surgery minimizes the extensive
drawbacks of surgery, reducing hospital stay, blood
transfusion and results in faster recovery.

14. Services at Wockhardt Hospital for Bone & Joint Care
• Total Knee Replacement
• Total Hip Replacement
• Pediatric Orthopedics
• Sports Medicine
• Rheumatology Services
• Complex Trauma Services
• Orthopedic Oncology

15. Bibliography
• http://www.health.com/health/gallery/0,,20365458_last,00.html
• http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/15/bone-health-diet_n_3040203.html
• http://www.interactive-biology.com/3869/overview-of-three-common-bone-
disorders-osteoarthritis-rheumatoid-arthritis-and-osteoporosis/
• http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Bone/Pagets/
• http://boneandspine.com/musculoskeletal-anatomy/classification-of-human-
bones/
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone
Disclaimer: The information provided in this presentation is for education purpose only. It shouldn’t be considered as expert or medical
advice from Wockhardt Hospitals

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