The document summarizes homeostasis and temperature regulation in the human body. It discusses how homeostasis maintains stable internal conditions through negative feedback mechanisms. It describes temperature regulation mechanisms like vasodilation, sweating, and shivering that increase heat loss on hot days and decrease heat loss on cold days to maintain a constant body temperature. The skin plays an important role through blood flow regulation and sweat production.
The endocrine system helps regulate body activities through hormones. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland control other endocrine glands like the thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, gonads, thymus and pineal gland. The hypothalamus secretes hormones that signal the pituitary gland, which then secretes hormones that signal other glands. These glands secrete hormones like insulin, glucagon, thyroid hormones, estrogen and testosterone to regulate processes in the body including metabolism, growth, reproduction and behavior. Hormone levels are regulated through feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis.
Anatomy & Physiology of Renal System.pptxsodha ranbir
This content is helpful for first year students of GNM & B.Sc.(N).
This content provides you easy learning of anatomy & physiology of renal system / excretory system.
The document discusses homeostasis, which refers to the maintenance of stable internal conditions in the body despite changes in external factors. It describes key components of control systems that regulate homeostasis, including communication via nerves and hormones, control centers in the brain, receptors that detect changes, effectors that cause responses, and feedback loops. Negative feedback loops work to return the body to its normal set point after a deviation. Examples given include regulation of temperature, blood glucose levels, and hormone levels. Biological rhythms also cause some variables like hormone levels to fluctuate over time.
The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its basic functions and organization. It describes the different types of neurons (sensory, motor, interneurons), divisions of the nervous system (central, peripheral, somatic, autonomic), and components of neurons (cell body, dendrites, axon, myelin sheath). It also summarizes the mechanisms of the action potential, synaptic transmission, and refractory periods.
The document provides information about the nervous system. It discusses that the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS includes the autonomic nervous system and relays information between the CNS and the body. Within the CNS, the brain is the center of neural activity and integration. Neurons are the basic functional units that carry and transmit electrochemical signals throughout the nervous system.
The document discusses the gonads and sex hormones. It states that the gonads are the organs that produce gametes (sex cells) and steroid hormones. In males the gonads are the testes and in females they are the ovaries. Sex steroids control the development of sex organs and secondary sexual characteristics. Their production is regulated by hormones from the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The document then discusses factors that can affect sex hormone production and various conditions related to abnormal hormone levels.
The kidneys are essential excretory organs that filter waste from the blood to produce urine. The kidneys contain over 1 million tiny filtering units called nephrons. Blood enters nephrons via the glomerulus and is filtered, then most water and nutrients are reabsorbed. The loop of Henle and countercurrent mechanism allow concentration of urine. Hormones regulate water and electrolyte balance. The kidneys maintain acid-base balance and blood pressure while filtering wastes and drugs for excretion. Kidney disorders occur if filtration, reabsorption or other functions are disrupted.
The kidney removes waste from the body through excretion. It contains a cortex and medulla, and is made up of functional units called nephrons. Nephrons contain a glomerulus for ultrafiltration of blood and a tubule for reabsorption of needed substances like water and glucose before urine is formed. The kidney regulates water balance through processes like reabsorption and the hormone ADH to concentrate or dilute urine as needed.
The endocrine system helps regulate body activities through hormones. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland control other endocrine glands like the thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, gonads, thymus and pineal gland. The hypothalamus secretes hormones that signal the pituitary gland, which then secretes hormones that signal other glands. These glands secrete hormones like insulin, glucagon, thyroid hormones, estrogen and testosterone to regulate processes in the body including metabolism, growth, reproduction and behavior. Hormone levels are regulated through feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis.
Anatomy & Physiology of Renal System.pptxsodha ranbir
This content is helpful for first year students of GNM & B.Sc.(N).
This content provides you easy learning of anatomy & physiology of renal system / excretory system.
The document discusses homeostasis, which refers to the maintenance of stable internal conditions in the body despite changes in external factors. It describes key components of control systems that regulate homeostasis, including communication via nerves and hormones, control centers in the brain, receptors that detect changes, effectors that cause responses, and feedback loops. Negative feedback loops work to return the body to its normal set point after a deviation. Examples given include regulation of temperature, blood glucose levels, and hormone levels. Biological rhythms also cause some variables like hormone levels to fluctuate over time.
The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its basic functions and organization. It describes the different types of neurons (sensory, motor, interneurons), divisions of the nervous system (central, peripheral, somatic, autonomic), and components of neurons (cell body, dendrites, axon, myelin sheath). It also summarizes the mechanisms of the action potential, synaptic transmission, and refractory periods.
The document provides information about the nervous system. It discusses that the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS includes the autonomic nervous system and relays information between the CNS and the body. Within the CNS, the brain is the center of neural activity and integration. Neurons are the basic functional units that carry and transmit electrochemical signals throughout the nervous system.
The document discusses the gonads and sex hormones. It states that the gonads are the organs that produce gametes (sex cells) and steroid hormones. In males the gonads are the testes and in females they are the ovaries. Sex steroids control the development of sex organs and secondary sexual characteristics. Their production is regulated by hormones from the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The document then discusses factors that can affect sex hormone production and various conditions related to abnormal hormone levels.
The kidneys are essential excretory organs that filter waste from the blood to produce urine. The kidneys contain over 1 million tiny filtering units called nephrons. Blood enters nephrons via the glomerulus and is filtered, then most water and nutrients are reabsorbed. The loop of Henle and countercurrent mechanism allow concentration of urine. Hormones regulate water and electrolyte balance. The kidneys maintain acid-base balance and blood pressure while filtering wastes and drugs for excretion. Kidney disorders occur if filtration, reabsorption or other functions are disrupted.
The kidney removes waste from the body through excretion. It contains a cortex and medulla, and is made up of functional units called nephrons. Nephrons contain a glomerulus for ultrafiltration of blood and a tubule for reabsorption of needed substances like water and glucose before urine is formed. The kidney regulates water balance through processes like reabsorption and the hormone ADH to concentrate or dilute urine as needed.
This document discusses disorders of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. It begins by providing an overview of the anatomy and functions of the endocrine system. It then focuses on specific endocrine disorders, including those of the pituitary/hypothalamus such as obesity, pituitary adenomas, hypopituitarism, diabetes insipidus, and SIADH. It provides details on pituitary adenomas, Cushing's syndrome, acromegaly, prolactinoma, dwarfism, diabetes insipidus, and SIADH. In summary, this document reviews the anatomy and functions of the endocrine system and provides in-depth information on disorders of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
Gigantism is a rare condition caused by excessive growth hormone production, usually from a noncancerous pituitary tumor, resulting in abnormal growth and size in children. Symptoms include increased height and size of body parts like hands and feet. Diagnosis involves blood tests to measure growth hormone levels and MRI scans to detect pituitary tumors. Treatment aims to stop growth hormone overproduction and may include surgery to remove tumors, medication to shrink tumors or block hormone effects, and gamma knife radiosurgery for tumors not accessible by traditional surgery.
The hypothalamus is a small but important part of the brain that plays a key role in regulating many bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. It is located below the thalamus and connected to the pituitary gland. The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland by producing hormones that stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones for functions like metabolism, growth, reproduction and stress response. Diseases of the hypothalamus can disrupt important processes and glands it regulates, leading to disorders of appetite, sleep, temperature regulation and more.
# a breif detail about the anatomical and physiological of kidney.
# micturation reflex (the role of sympathetic, parasympathetic, and somatic nerves).
# the process of urine formation "filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion".
The adrenal glands are essential endocrine glands that secrete hormones that regulate fluid balance and the body's stress response. They consist of the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. The adrenal cortex secretes corticosteroids including mineralocorticoids like aldosterone and glucocorticoids like cortisol. Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels in the body to control blood pressure and volume. Cortisol regulates carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism and helps the body respond to stress. Dysfunction of the adrenal cortex can cause hypo- or hypersecretion of hormones with signs and symptoms like hypertension, hypokalemia, and adrenal crisis.
The endocrine system is made up of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. The major endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes. The pituitary gland is controlled by the hypothalamus and regulates other endocrine glands by producing hormones like TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH. The thyroid gland, located in the neck, produces the hormones T3 and T4 which increase metabolism under control of TSH from the pituitary.
The document summarizes homeostasis and temperature regulation in the human body. It discusses how homeostasis maintains stable internal conditions through negative feedback mechanisms. It describes temperature regulation mechanisms like vasodilation, sweating, and shivering that increase heat loss on hot days and decrease heat loss on cold days to maintain a constant body temperature. The skin plays an important role through blood flow regulation and sweat production.
Nurses are responsible for carefully monitoring patients and recording nursing care. This involves assessing the patient's condition, vital signs, equipment, environment and any changes. It is important to observe the patient's breathing, color, and level of consciousness. The nurse should also talk to the patient and examine them, checking for any abnormalities. The nurse checks and monitors any equipment being used, such as oxygen systems or IV lines. Recording accurate vital signs including temperature, pulse, respiration and blood pressure is essential for detecting changes in the patient's condition.
Anatomy and physiology of central nervous systemaparna jayara
1. The central nervous system comprises the brain and spinal cord. The brain is made up of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem.
2. The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and is divided into four lobes that control different functions. The cerebellum aids in movement coordination and balance. The brain stem connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls vital functions.
3. The brain requires a high blood flow to meet its metabolic demands, and precisely regulates blood flow through mechanisms such as autoregulation in response to changes in blood pressure, oxygen levels, and other factors. Disruptions to this regulation can impair brain function.
This document discusses male gonadal function and dysfunction, including causes and treatment of hypogonadism. It covers primary hypogonadism conditions like Klinefelter syndrome and secondary causes such as tumors or drugs. Diagnosis involves measuring testosterone, LH and FSH levels. Treatment options for hypogonadism include testosterone replacement therapy via patches, gels or injections, with monitoring of side effects like prostate issues.
60503_WBC manual count using hemocytometer.pdfmohanak
This document provides instructions for performing a manual white blood cell count using a hemocytometer. It outlines the objectives, principles, materials, methodology, and calculations involved. The key steps are diluting a blood sample by a factor of 1:20, loading the sample onto the hemocytometer, counting the cells within the four large squares, and using the dilution factor and volume factor to calculate the number of white blood cells per microliter. The goal is to accurately count and quantify WBC levels through reliable dilution and calculation methods.
F:\Biology Form 5\Chp 3 Coordination And Response\3 2 The Role Of The Human N...racheleasaw
The document summarizes the key roles and functions of the human nervous system. It discusses how the nervous system is organized into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord, which process sensory information, coordinate functions, and initiate motor responses. The PNS connects the CNS to receptors and effectors through nerves. Within the nervous system, neurons transmit signals as nerve impulses between the CNS, receptors, and effectors to coordinate senses, movement, and homeostasis.
The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter the blood to remove wastes and regulate fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance. The kidneys contain nephrons that filter blood in the glomerulus and reabsorb nutrients in the tubules. The remaining fluid becomes urine and drains into the bladder via the ureters. When full, the bladder empties urine through the urethra and out of the body. The urinary system works to regulate blood volume and pressure, maintain electrolyte and acid-base balance, conserve nutrients, and remove wastes and toxins from the body.
Gfr(glomerulur) filtration rate and its regulationsaif khan
The kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity, with the left kidney slightly higher than the right. Each kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons, the functional units that filter blood. The glomerulus is a ball of capillaries in each nephron that filters about 3-4 liters of blood per minute, producing 125 ml of filtrate per minute called glomerular filtration. Filtration occurs through endothelial cells in capillaries, the basement membrane, and epithelial cells lining Bowman's capsule. Key factors in filtration include hydrostatic and oncotic pressures between the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, maintaining a net filtration pressure of 8 mmHg for fluid to pass from the glomerulus
Hormones are chemical substances produced in the body that control and regulate the activity of certain cells or organs. They are classified based on their chemical nature as proteins, steroids, or amino acid derivatives. Hormones also bind to either intracellular or cell surface receptors and work through various second messenger systems to stimulate physiological processes. Key functions of hormones include growth, metabolism, reproduction, and mood control. Hormone levels are regulated through feedback mechanisms and various factors can influence their actions.
The document summarizes key aspects of the endocrine system. It describes how hormones are chemical messengers that influence metabolic activity by binding to receptors and initiating responses. The major endocrine glands - pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, pancreas, adrenal glands, testes, and ovaries - are described along with their locations, secretions, and functions in processes like reproduction, growth, metabolism regulation, and stress response. The hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system by secreting hormones that stimulate or inhibit pituitary secretions.
The document summarizes information about the pituitary gland, pituitary tumors, and their diagnosis and treatment. It describes the pituitary gland's location and functions. It discusses types of pituitary tumors including those that are secretory or non-secretory. It outlines signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests including blood tests, imaging, and treatment options for various types of pituitary tumors, which may include medication, surgery, or radiation therapy. Specialists who may be involved in diagnosis and treatment of pituitary tumors are also listed.
1. The document discusses homeostasis and temperature regulation in the human body. It defines homeostasis as the maintenance of constant internal conditions and describes how the skin, blood flow, sweating, and shivering help regulate body temperature.
2. The hypothalamus acts as the thermoregulatory center that detects temperature changes and coordinates responses like vasodilation and vasoconstriction to increase or decrease blood flow to the skin.
3. Other examples of homeostasis discussed include blood glucose regulation by the liver, pancreas, and hormones like insulin and glucagon. The kidneys also help regulate water, salts, and acid levels in the blood.
The document discusses homeostasis and temperature regulation in the human body. It defines homeostasis as the maintenance of a constant internal environment through negative feedback mechanisms. It describes how the body regulates temperature through receptors in the skin that detect temperature changes and signal the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus then initiates responses like vasodilation, sweating, shivering and changing metabolic rate to increase or decrease heat loss and maintain core body temperature.
The document discusses the composition and structure of Earth's atmosphere. It is composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, and trace amounts of other gases. The atmosphere is divided into five layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere - based on how properties like temperature and pressure change with altitude. Each layer has distinguishing characteristics, such as weather occurring in the troposphere and protective ozone existing in the stratosphere.
This document discusses disorders of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. It begins by providing an overview of the anatomy and functions of the endocrine system. It then focuses on specific endocrine disorders, including those of the pituitary/hypothalamus such as obesity, pituitary adenomas, hypopituitarism, diabetes insipidus, and SIADH. It provides details on pituitary adenomas, Cushing's syndrome, acromegaly, prolactinoma, dwarfism, diabetes insipidus, and SIADH. In summary, this document reviews the anatomy and functions of the endocrine system and provides in-depth information on disorders of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
Gigantism is a rare condition caused by excessive growth hormone production, usually from a noncancerous pituitary tumor, resulting in abnormal growth and size in children. Symptoms include increased height and size of body parts like hands and feet. Diagnosis involves blood tests to measure growth hormone levels and MRI scans to detect pituitary tumors. Treatment aims to stop growth hormone overproduction and may include surgery to remove tumors, medication to shrink tumors or block hormone effects, and gamma knife radiosurgery for tumors not accessible by traditional surgery.
The hypothalamus is a small but important part of the brain that plays a key role in regulating many bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. It is located below the thalamus and connected to the pituitary gland. The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland by producing hormones that stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones for functions like metabolism, growth, reproduction and stress response. Diseases of the hypothalamus can disrupt important processes and glands it regulates, leading to disorders of appetite, sleep, temperature regulation and more.
# a breif detail about the anatomical and physiological of kidney.
# micturation reflex (the role of sympathetic, parasympathetic, and somatic nerves).
# the process of urine formation "filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion".
The adrenal glands are essential endocrine glands that secrete hormones that regulate fluid balance and the body's stress response. They consist of the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. The adrenal cortex secretes corticosteroids including mineralocorticoids like aldosterone and glucocorticoids like cortisol. Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels in the body to control blood pressure and volume. Cortisol regulates carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism and helps the body respond to stress. Dysfunction of the adrenal cortex can cause hypo- or hypersecretion of hormones with signs and symptoms like hypertension, hypokalemia, and adrenal crisis.
The endocrine system is made up of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. The major endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes. The pituitary gland is controlled by the hypothalamus and regulates other endocrine glands by producing hormones like TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH. The thyroid gland, located in the neck, produces the hormones T3 and T4 which increase metabolism under control of TSH from the pituitary.
The document summarizes homeostasis and temperature regulation in the human body. It discusses how homeostasis maintains stable internal conditions through negative feedback mechanisms. It describes temperature regulation mechanisms like vasodilation, sweating, and shivering that increase heat loss on hot days and decrease heat loss on cold days to maintain a constant body temperature. The skin plays an important role through blood flow regulation and sweat production.
Nurses are responsible for carefully monitoring patients and recording nursing care. This involves assessing the patient's condition, vital signs, equipment, environment and any changes. It is important to observe the patient's breathing, color, and level of consciousness. The nurse should also talk to the patient and examine them, checking for any abnormalities. The nurse checks and monitors any equipment being used, such as oxygen systems or IV lines. Recording accurate vital signs including temperature, pulse, respiration and blood pressure is essential for detecting changes in the patient's condition.
Anatomy and physiology of central nervous systemaparna jayara
1. The central nervous system comprises the brain and spinal cord. The brain is made up of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem.
2. The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and is divided into four lobes that control different functions. The cerebellum aids in movement coordination and balance. The brain stem connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls vital functions.
3. The brain requires a high blood flow to meet its metabolic demands, and precisely regulates blood flow through mechanisms such as autoregulation in response to changes in blood pressure, oxygen levels, and other factors. Disruptions to this regulation can impair brain function.
This document discusses male gonadal function and dysfunction, including causes and treatment of hypogonadism. It covers primary hypogonadism conditions like Klinefelter syndrome and secondary causes such as tumors or drugs. Diagnosis involves measuring testosterone, LH and FSH levels. Treatment options for hypogonadism include testosterone replacement therapy via patches, gels or injections, with monitoring of side effects like prostate issues.
60503_WBC manual count using hemocytometer.pdfmohanak
This document provides instructions for performing a manual white blood cell count using a hemocytometer. It outlines the objectives, principles, materials, methodology, and calculations involved. The key steps are diluting a blood sample by a factor of 1:20, loading the sample onto the hemocytometer, counting the cells within the four large squares, and using the dilution factor and volume factor to calculate the number of white blood cells per microliter. The goal is to accurately count and quantify WBC levels through reliable dilution and calculation methods.
F:\Biology Form 5\Chp 3 Coordination And Response\3 2 The Role Of The Human N...racheleasaw
The document summarizes the key roles and functions of the human nervous system. It discusses how the nervous system is organized into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord, which process sensory information, coordinate functions, and initiate motor responses. The PNS connects the CNS to receptors and effectors through nerves. Within the nervous system, neurons transmit signals as nerve impulses between the CNS, receptors, and effectors to coordinate senses, movement, and homeostasis.
The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter the blood to remove wastes and regulate fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance. The kidneys contain nephrons that filter blood in the glomerulus and reabsorb nutrients in the tubules. The remaining fluid becomes urine and drains into the bladder via the ureters. When full, the bladder empties urine through the urethra and out of the body. The urinary system works to regulate blood volume and pressure, maintain electrolyte and acid-base balance, conserve nutrients, and remove wastes and toxins from the body.
Gfr(glomerulur) filtration rate and its regulationsaif khan
The kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity, with the left kidney slightly higher than the right. Each kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons, the functional units that filter blood. The glomerulus is a ball of capillaries in each nephron that filters about 3-4 liters of blood per minute, producing 125 ml of filtrate per minute called glomerular filtration. Filtration occurs through endothelial cells in capillaries, the basement membrane, and epithelial cells lining Bowman's capsule. Key factors in filtration include hydrostatic and oncotic pressures between the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, maintaining a net filtration pressure of 8 mmHg for fluid to pass from the glomerulus
Hormones are chemical substances produced in the body that control and regulate the activity of certain cells or organs. They are classified based on their chemical nature as proteins, steroids, or amino acid derivatives. Hormones also bind to either intracellular or cell surface receptors and work through various second messenger systems to stimulate physiological processes. Key functions of hormones include growth, metabolism, reproduction, and mood control. Hormone levels are regulated through feedback mechanisms and various factors can influence their actions.
The document summarizes key aspects of the endocrine system. It describes how hormones are chemical messengers that influence metabolic activity by binding to receptors and initiating responses. The major endocrine glands - pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, pancreas, adrenal glands, testes, and ovaries - are described along with their locations, secretions, and functions in processes like reproduction, growth, metabolism regulation, and stress response. The hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system by secreting hormones that stimulate or inhibit pituitary secretions.
The document summarizes information about the pituitary gland, pituitary tumors, and their diagnosis and treatment. It describes the pituitary gland's location and functions. It discusses types of pituitary tumors including those that are secretory or non-secretory. It outlines signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests including blood tests, imaging, and treatment options for various types of pituitary tumors, which may include medication, surgery, or radiation therapy. Specialists who may be involved in diagnosis and treatment of pituitary tumors are also listed.
1. The document discusses homeostasis and temperature regulation in the human body. It defines homeostasis as the maintenance of constant internal conditions and describes how the skin, blood flow, sweating, and shivering help regulate body temperature.
2. The hypothalamus acts as the thermoregulatory center that detects temperature changes and coordinates responses like vasodilation and vasoconstriction to increase or decrease blood flow to the skin.
3. Other examples of homeostasis discussed include blood glucose regulation by the liver, pancreas, and hormones like insulin and glucagon. The kidneys also help regulate water, salts, and acid levels in the blood.
The document discusses homeostasis and temperature regulation in the human body. It defines homeostasis as the maintenance of a constant internal environment through negative feedback mechanisms. It describes how the body regulates temperature through receptors in the skin that detect temperature changes and signal the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus then initiates responses like vasodilation, sweating, shivering and changing metabolic rate to increase or decrease heat loss and maintain core body temperature.
The document discusses the composition and structure of Earth's atmosphere. It is composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, and trace amounts of other gases. The atmosphere is divided into five layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere - based on how properties like temperature and pressure change with altitude. Each layer has distinguishing characteristics, such as weather occurring in the troposphere and protective ozone existing in the stratosphere.
This document discusses how human activities can impact ecosystems. It begins by outlining the learning outcomes which are to evaluate effects of deforestation, fishing, and water pollution, and to understand bioaccumulation. It then discusses how water pollution from untreated sewage, inorganic waste, and fertilizers can harm ecosystems by killing aquatic life and causing eutrophication. Specific examples of pollution disasters like mercury poisoning in Japan are provided. The document also discusses how insecticides can bioaccumulate up the food chain and pollution from sources like DDT, Chernobyl, and Fukushima. Methods of conservation like sustainable forestry and fishing are described. Main reasons for conservation include maintaining biodiversity and gene pools, food sources, and balanced ecosystems
1. The human body maintains homeostasis by regulating its internal temperature through various mechanisms controlled by the hypothalamus.
2. When body temperature rises, the hypothalamus triggers effectors like sweat glands and blood vessels in the skin to dilate, increasing heat loss through sweating and radiation.
3. If temperature continues to rise, other effectors like shivering and increased metabolic hormone release generate more heat to dissipate.
Organ system for internal transport (circulatory system)Cesar Rentino
The circulatory system transports blood, nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste products between tissues and organs of the body. It consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart pumps blood through arteries, which branch into smaller vessels and capillaries that allow for gas and nutrient exchange with tissues. Veins then return deoxygenated blood back to the heart. The circulatory system exists in both open and closed forms, with closed systems being more efficient for transport.
Chapter 12 Homeostasis Lesson 1 - The Need for Homeostasisj3di79
Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions even when external factors change. When the body's temperature rises too high, as with a fever, it can be risky because enzymes and chemical reactions in cells are sensitive to temperature changes. The body uses negative feedback loops to detect changes in conditions like temperature and correct them, such as activating mechanisms to lower a fever. Warm-blooded animals like humans maintain a constant internal temperature through homeostatic regulation, while cold-blooded animals' temperatures fluctuate with their environments.
The document discusses body temperature regulation in humans. It notes that core body temperature normally fluctuates about 1 degree Celsius daily and is lowest in the morning and highest in the late evening. It also outlines the various mechanisms the body uses to regulate temperature, including heat production and loss processes like radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation, and sweating.
The document provides information about Adidas, the largest sportswear manufacturer in Europe. It details the company's history, founders, mission, vision, core values, brand attributes, key markets, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats, target markets, product positioning, marketing mix, and strategies. The document segments Adidas's market and presents information in their balance scorecard, including objectives, targets, measurements, and budgets.
Homeostasis is vital for maintaining the healthy functioning of the body. If homeostasis did not occur, it could lead to illness or even death. The body has various mechanisms in place to try and cope and restore homeostasis if it is disrupted.
The document discusses homeostasis, which refers to the maintenance of stable internal conditions in the body despite external changes. It achieves this through negative feedback systems involving multiple organ systems. For example, temperature is regulated by sweating, vasodilation and vasoconstriction triggered by temperature sensors in the brain. Blood sugar levels are regulated by insulin and glucagon secretion from the pancreas. Kidneys also regulate fluid levels and remove wastes through processes like reabsorption and urine production.
The document discusses homeostasis and control systems in the human body. It explains that various internal variables like blood sugar, body temperature, and pH levels must stay within certain ranges to maintain homeostasis. When changes occur internally or externally, feedback systems work to regulate monitors, coordinating centers, and regulators to return levels to the normal range. Negative feedback is the most common type of response that works to reverse changes, while positive feedback reinforces changes. Multiple organ systems interact together to continuously monitor and adjust conditions to uphold homeostasis.
Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions such as temperature and pH levels. This stability is important for enzyme function. Negative feedback loops help restore homeostasis when a stimulus causes a change in the internal environment. Thermoregulation, blood glucose regulation, and blood pressure regulation are key examples of homeostatic mechanisms involving receptors, feedback, and corrective responses to stimuli. Imbalances in homeostasis can lead to medical conditions like diabetes, acidosis, gout, and hypo/hyperglycemia.
Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of stable internal conditions in the body despite changes in the external environment. It allows cells to function properly through regulatory processes like negative feedback. The skin, kidneys, liver, endocrine and nervous systems all work to keep conditions like temperature, pH, water concentration, and glucose levels within narrow limits. When deviations occur, feedback mechanisms activate processes like sweating or vasoconstriction to return the internal environment to its optimal range for cellular activity.
Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of stable internal conditions in the body despite changes in the external environment. It allows cells to function properly through regulatory processes like negative feedback. The skin, kidneys, liver, endocrine and nervous systems all work to keep conditions like temperature, pH, water concentration, and glucose levels within narrow limits. When deviations occur, feedback mechanisms activate processes like sweating or vasoconstriction to return the internal environment to its optimal range for cellular activity.
The document discusses homeostasis and the human urinary system. It defines homeostasis as the maintenance of stable internal conditions despite changes in the external environment. It describes how the body regulates key parameters like body temperature, blood sugar levels, blood pH, and water content through negative feedback mechanisms. The kidney and urinary system play important roles in regulating water balance and eliminating waste from the body.
Homeostasis refers to maintaining steady internal conditions in the body. The brain controls various processes to regulate temperature, blood sugar, water levels, and pH. Negative feedback mechanisms help control blood sugar levels through insulin and glucagon secretion from the pancreas. The skin, lungs, kidneys, and liver help excrete wastes from the body. The kidneys filter blood and reabsorb useful molecules while excreting wastes like urea into urine. The pituitary gland controls water levels through antidiuretic hormone secretion. Kidney dialysis can help remove wastes for patients with kidney failure until a transplant can be performed.
homeostasis bio chem.pptx..................kibebo6689
The document discusses homeostasis in humans, focusing on maintaining water concentration in the blood and blood sugar levels. It describes how the hypothalamus detects changes in water concentration and signals the pituitary gland to release anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), which acts on the kidneys to increase or decrease water reabsorption and maintain concentration. For blood sugar, the pancreas detects levels via receptors and secretes insulin or glucagon, which signal the liver to store or break down glycogen to glucose and keep blood sugar within normal ranges. Adrenaline also plays a role in blood sugar control.
The document discusses homeostasis, which is the maintenance of a constant internal environment in the body. It provides examples of homeostasis mechanisms for controlling body temperature, blood glucose levels, and water levels. Negative feedback loops work to maintain a stable internal state when environmental conditions change. The kidneys and hormones like insulin and glucagon help regulate glucose and water levels. Plants also use mechanisms like stomata to control water balance and maintain homeostasis.
Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions such as temperature and blood sugar levels. It is regulated through feedback mechanisms - primarily negative feedback loops that work to reduce the effect of a stimulus and return the body to its set point. Key components of homeostasis include receptors that detect changes, a control center that receives this information and communicates messages, and effectors that respond to bring the condition back into the normal range. Examples provided include regulation of blood pressure and temperature through negative feedback as well as the positive feedback loop involved in blood clotting.
Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of stable internal conditions in the body despite changes in the external environment. Key organs like the skin, kidneys, liver, and endocrine and nervous systems work together to regulate factors such as temperature, pH, water concentration, and glucose levels through negative feedback loops. When detected variations in these conditions occur, systems respond to counteract the change and restore homeostasis.
Homeostasis refers to maintaining stable internal conditions. Negative feedback loops work to return levels that deviate from a set point back to normal. One key example is thermoregulation, where the hypothalamus monitors core body temperature and triggers responses like sweating or shivering. Another is blood glucose regulation, where the pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon in response to glucose levels to maintain them between 80-100 mg/100mL. Diabetes occurs when this regulation fails due to insulin deficiency or resistance. The kidneys also help regulate water levels and remove waste through urine production controlled by ADH.
The adrenal glands sit atop the kidneys and have two functional parts - the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. The adrenal cortex is divided into three zones that each secrete different hormones. The medulla secretes catecholamines like epinephrine. These hormones work together and with the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis to regulate processes like glucose metabolism, immune function, and the stress response. Stress can stimulate the adrenals to secrete glucocorticoids and other hormones to mobilize energy and resources in the body.
OSMOREGULATION AND EXCRETION .Human osmoregulation is the process of maintaining water and mineral balance in the body.
Osmoregulation helps in maintaining a constant normal blood pressure
It is an important component of life as it maintains water and mineral balance at the cellular level.
Human excretory system The excretory system consists of a pair of kidneys, one pair of ureters, a urinary bladder and a urethra.
Kidneys are reddish brown, bean-shaped structures situated between the levels of the last thoracic and third lumbar vertebra close to the dorsal inner wall of the abdominal cavity. Each kidney of an adult human measures 10-12 cm in length, 5-7 cm in width, 2-3 cm in thickness with an average weight of 120-170 g.
Towards the center of the inner concave surface of the kidney is a notch called the hilum through which the ureter, blood vessels, and nerves enter.
Homeostasis, thermoregulation, osmoregulation, and excretion were discussed. Homeostasis involves sensors, effectors, and negative feedback to maintain steady internal conditions. Thermoregulation uses sweating, vasoconstriction/vasodilation, and shivering to control temperature. Osmoregulation relies on ADH, aldosterone, and ANH to regulate water and salt levels. Excretion eliminates nitrogenous and salt wastes via glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and secretion in the kidney nephron. Deterioration of excretion can cause kidney failure, gout, or kidney stones.
Homeostasis refers to the concept of maintaining stable internal conditions in living organisms. The document provides examples of how homeostasis regulates important internal factors like body temperature, water levels, glucose levels, and blood pressure. It explains that receptors detect changes in these conditions and negative feedback mechanisms kick in to return the levels back to normal. For instance, if body temperature rises, the hypothalamus triggers sweating and increased blood flow to the skin to cool down. Overall, homeostasis is how the body automatically counteracts disturbances to keep its internal environment in a stable state.
The hypothalamus regulates body temperature through negative feedback by sensing blood temperature and sending signals to alter processes like shivering, sweating and blood vessel constriction/dilation. The pancreas and liver also use negative feedback to keep blood glucose levels steady by secreting insulin and glucagon which signal the liver to store or release glucose as needed. Diabetes occurs when this process is disrupted, resulting in dangerous fluctuations in blood glucose.
The document discusses key concepts in ecology including food chains, food webs, energy transfer between trophic levels, and ecological pyramids. It begins with definitions of important terms like producers, consumers, decomposers, trophic levels, and food chains. It then explains that food webs represent complex feeding relationships between multiple interconnected food chains. Energy is lost at each trophic level, so food chains rarely exceed 3-4 levels. Ecological pyramids illustrate the transfer of numbers and biomass between trophic levels, with pyramids of numbers sometimes being inverted. Predator-prey relationships and population fluctuations over time are also summarized.
Hormones are chemical substances produced by endocrine glands that alter the activity of target organs. They are carried by the bloodstream and eventually destroyed by the liver. The chapter defines hormones and distinguishes between endocrine and exocrine glands. It describes the roles of important endocrine glands like the pancreas, thyroid, adrenal glands, and pituitary gland. The hormones insulin and glucagon regulate blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose uptake and storage or breakdown of glycogen. Diabetes occurs when insulin production is insufficient, leading to high blood glucose. The nervous and endocrine systems both coordinate responses but differ in how messages are transmitted and the speed and targets of their responses.
This document discusses the learning objectives for a lesson on molecular genetics. It covers DNA structure and function, genes, genetic transfer between organisms, and the effects of genetic engineering on society. Specifically, it aims to explain how the human insulin gene can be inserted into bacterial DNA to produce human insulin through fermentation. It also aims to discuss the social and ethical implications of genetic engineering using a real-world example.
Mitosis and meiosis are two types of cell division. Mitosis produces two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell and is important for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction. Meiosis produces four haploid gametes through two divisions. It reduces the chromosome number by half to ensure fertilization restores the diploid number. Meiosis leads to genetic variation between offspring through independent assortment and crossing over during prophase I.
Hormones are chemical substances produced by endocrine glands that alter the activity of target organs. There are two main types of glands - exocrine glands that secrete substances through ducts, and endocrine glands that secrete directly into the bloodstream. Key endocrine glands and their hormones are discussed, including the pancreas (insulin and glucagon), thyroid gland (thyroxine), and adrenal gland (adrenaline). Diabetes results from insufficient insulin production, leading to high blood glucose levels. Insulin regulates blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis. Adrenaline is released during stress and prepares the body for fight or flight through various effects like increased heart rate
The document provides information about the structure and function of the human eye. It describes the main layers of the eye - sclera, choroid, and retina. It explains how the eye focuses on near and distant objects through accommodation, involving the ciliary muscles, suspensory ligaments and lens. The pupil reflex and how the size of the pupil changes in response to light intensity is also discussed. Common eye conditions like short-sightedness and long-sightedness are mentioned.
This document provides information about the nervous system and reflex actions. It defines key terms like stimulus, receptors, central nervous system, effector, and the three types of neurons. It explains that the nervous system coordinates and regulates bodily functions through sensory neurons that detect stimuli, relay neurons that transmit signals within the central nervous system, and motor neurons that activate effectors. It describes reflex arcs and gives examples of spinal and cranial reflexes like the knee jerk reaction and pupil reflex. Finally, it outlines the sequence of events that occur in a reflex action from stimulus detection to response.
This document provides an overview of excretion and the urinary system prepared by Ms. Wong Fui Yen. It defines excretion and outlines the key excretory organs and their roles. It describes urine formation through ultrafiltration in the kidney nephrons and selective reabsorption. It also discusses osmoregulation through anti-diuretic hormone and kidney failure treatment using dialysis.
This document covers topics related to human reproduction, including:
1. It defines asexual and sexual reproduction, and describes the roles of gametes and fertilization in sexual reproduction.
2. It outlines the male and female reproductive systems, labeling and describing the functions of key organs like the testes, ovaries, uterus and more.
3. It discusses puberty, the menstrual cycle regulated by hormones, sexual intercourse, fertilization, embryo development, fetal development, and the roles of the amniotic sac, amniotic fluid, placenta and umbilical cord in pregnancy.
The document describes kinetic particle theory and the three states of matter - solids, liquids, and gases. It explains that in the kinetic particle model, all matter is made up of tiny particles in constant random motion. It compares properties like shape, volume, compressibility, and particle arrangement and movement in the three states. The document then discusses how changing temperature or pressure can cause changes in state, such as melting, boiling, freezing, and condensation. Heat is absorbed or released during these physical changes as the particle kinetic energy changes. In summary, the document provides an overview of kinetic particle theory and how it relates to the properties and changes between different states of matter.
The document describes acids and alkalis. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions in water and alkalis as substances that produce hydroxide ions in water. Examples of common acids and alkalis are provided. Key chemical properties of acids and alkalis such as their reactions with metals, carbonates, and each other are outlined. The document also discusses pH, indicators, and some applications of acids and alkalis in daily life.
This document discusses pH and indicators. It explains that pH is a measure of acidity or alkalinity on a scale from 0 to 14, with acids below 7 and alkalis above. It describes common tools to measure pH like pH papers, meters, and dataloggers. It also defines indicators as substances that change color based on pH and lists common natural and synthetic indicators like litmus, universal indicator, methyl orange, and phenolphthalein.
This document discusses acids and alkalis. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions in water and alkalis as substances that produce hydroxide ions in water. Examples of common acids and alkalis are provided. The properties of acids and alkalis are described, including their sour taste, corrosiveness, and ability to conduct electricity. Their chemical reactions with metals, carbonates, and each other are outlined. Indicators are described as substances that change color in acids and alkalis to show their pH.
This experiment is investigating how temperature affects the rate of dissolving.
The temperature of the water in each beaker should also be measured and recorded.
The factors that should be kept constant are the amount of water and vitamin C tablet used. The variable factor is the temperature of the water.
Two other factors that affect the rate of dissolving are the size of particles and stirring/agitation.
This document discusses methods for separating mixtures into their pure components. It describes techniques like filtration, crystallization, distillation, and paper chromatography. Filtration can separate insoluble solids from liquids. Crystallization involves evaporating a solution to leave behind crystals of the solute. Distillation separates liquids based on their boiling points. Paper chromatography uses a solvent to separate mixtures on a paper strip based on how far different substances travel up the paper. The document emphasizes that pure substances have fixed melting and boiling points, while mixtures can be separated into pure components using these techniques.
This document describes the key differences between elements, compounds, and mixtures. It states that elements are pure substances that cannot be broken down further, while compounds are formed by a chemical reaction and have a fixed composition. Mixtures have a variable composition and do not undergo chemical changes. Examples of each are provided. The document also discusses the properties of metals and nonmetals, and provides exercises to test the understanding of these concepts.
Kinetic Particle Theory describes the three states of matter and changes between them. It states that all matter is made of tiny particles in constant random motion. The states - solid, liquid, gas - differ in how the particles are arranged and how they move. In solids, particles are closely packed in an orderly arrangement and can only vibrate. In liquids, particles are closely packed randomly and can move past each other. Gases have particles far apart, moving freely in any direction. Changes of state occur when particles gain or lose kinetic energy from heat, allowing them to overcome or increase attractive forces between particles.
The document discusses the key nutrients that make up living organisms - carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and water. Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and include sugars like glucose. Proteins are composed of amino acids. Fats are formed from fatty acids and glycerol. Tests are described to identify each nutrient. Water makes up about 70% of the human body and is essential for transport, chemical reactions, and controlling temperature.
This document contains multiple Bible verses that discuss finding strength and comfort through God and faith. The verses discuss how God gives power to the weak, strengthens those who hope in Him, and is a refuge and strength in times of trouble. They also discuss taking pleasure in weaknesses because that allows God's power to be made perfect, and finding rest, peace, and overcoming fear and oppression through faith in God.
This document defines key transport processes in biology - diffusion, osmosis, and active transport - and provides examples of each in plants and humans. Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules from high to low concentration down a gradient. Osmosis is the specific case of diffusion where water moves through a semi-permeable membrane from high to low water potential. Active transport moves molecules against a concentration gradient and requires energy. The document discusses the roles of these processes in nutrient/gas exchange and describes demonstrations of osmosis in plant and animal cells under varying conditions.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
2. 12.1 The Need for Homeostasis
12.2 Structure of the Human Skin
12.3 Temperature Regulation
Chapter
12
Homeostasis
3. Learning Outcomes
After this section, you should be able to:
• define homeostasis and explain its importance in living
organisms;
• explain the concept of negative feedback;
• describe the maintenance of blood glucose levels; and
• describe the process of osmoregulation.
12.1 The Need for Homeostasis
4. Maintaining a constant internal environment
Homeostasis is the maintenance of internal conditions
of an organism at all times.
12.1 The Need for Homeostasis
Large external
fluctuations
External environment
Homeostatic
mechanism
Internal environment
Small internal
fluctuations
body cells
5. Importance of homeostasis
12.1 The Need for Homeostasis
A stable internal environment allows an organism to
be independent of changes in the external
environment.
6. Internal conditions that should be kept constant include:
• Temperature
• pH
• Water potential
• Concentration of metabolic wastes
• Blood glucose concentration
• Carbon dioxide concentration
12.1 The Need for Homeostasis
7. Temperature and pH level
• Enzymes require an optimum temperature and
pH to function properly.
• Below the optimum temperature, enzymes are
inactivated. Beyond the optimum temperature,
enzymes are denatured.
• Drastic changes in pH level in the blood affect the
activity of enzymes and the rate of cellular
reactions.
12.1 The Need for Homeostasis
8. Water potential
• The composition of tissue fluid has to be
maintained to ensure that the water potential of cells
is kept constant.
• Changes in the water potential affect the body cells.
• Body cells will either shrink or burst in solutions with
water potentials different from that in the cytoplasm.
12.1 The Need for Homeostasis
9. Blood glucose level
• Glucose in food is required for tissue respiration
which releases energy for cells to carry out their
activities.
• Glucose levels increase after a meal and decrease
following physical exertion.
• If blood glucose concentration changes drastically,
it can be dangerous.
12.1 The Need for Homeostasis
10. Principles of homeostasis
• A stimulus is a change from normal conditions in the
internal environment.
• Receptors detect stimulus.
• A corrective mechanism brings about the reverse
effect of the stimulus.
• Negative feedback ‘tells’ the receptors that the
condition has been restored back to normal state.
12.1 The Need for Homeostasis
11. What happens when a condition rises
above normal?
12.1 The Need for Homeostasis
Normal condition or set point
Stimulus
(increases above norm)
Receptor
(detects the stimulus)
Self-regulatory
corrective mechanism
Condition
decreases
Negative feedback
12. 12.1 The Need for Homeostasis
Stimulus
(decreases below norm)
Receptor
(detects the stimulus)
Self-regulatory
corrective mechanism
Negative feedback
Normal condition or set point
Condition
increases
What happens when a condition decreases
below normal?
13. brain
12.1 The Need for Homeostasis
Receptor
Hypothalamus in brain
detects stimulus
Stimulus
Water potential of blood
increases above the
norm
Water potential of
blood returns to
normal
Less water is
reabsorbed by
kidney tubules
Corrective Mechanism
Pituitary gland releases less
anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
More water is
excreted and urine
produced is more
dilute
Water potential of
blood decreases
Negative feedback
Regulating body water potential
14. brain
12.1 The Need for Homeostasis
Receptor
Hypothalamus in brain
detects stimulus
Stimulus
Water potential of blood
decreases below the
norm
Water potential of
blood returns to
normal
More water is
reabsorbed by
kidney tubules
Corrective Mechanism
Pituitary gland releases
more anti-diuretic hormone
(ADH)
Less water is
excreted and urine
produced is more
concentrated
Water potential of
blood increases
Negative feedback
Regulating body water potential
15. excess glucose glycogen
liver
pancreas
Regulating blood glucose concentration
12.1 The Need for Homeostasis
Receptor
Islets of Langerhans in
pancreas stimulated
Stimulus
Concentration of blood
glucose increases
above the norm
Concentration of
blood glucose
returns to normal
Permeability of cell
surface membrane
to glucose
increases
Corrective Mechanism
Islets of Langerhans
secretes more insulin,
which is transported by
blood to liver and muscles
Liver and muscles
convert excess
glucose to glycogen.
Glycogen is stored in
liver and muscles.
Concentration of
blood glucose
decreases and insulin
production falls.
Negative feedback
16. glycogen glucose
liver
pancreas
12.1 The Need for Homeostasis
Receptor
Islets of Langerhans in
pancreas stimulated
Stimulus
Concentration of blood
glucose decreases
below the norm
Concentration of
blood glucose
returns to normal
Corrective Mechanism
Islets of Langerhans secretes
more glucagon, which is
transported by blood to liver
and muscles.
Glucose is
released into the
bloodstream.
Concentration of
blood glucose
decreases and insulin
production falls.
Negative feedback
Glycogen stored in
liver is converted
to glucose.
Regulating blood glucose concentration
17. 12.1 The Need for Homeostasis
12.2 Structure of the Human Skin
12.3 Temperature Regulation
Chapter
12
Homeostasis
18. Learning Outcome
After this section, you should be able to:
• identify the different structures in the human skin
and understand their functions.
12.2 Structure of the Human Skin
20. • The dermis has
numerous blood
capillaries
supplying blood to
skin.
• When blood
vessels dilate,
more blood flows
to the skin
surface
(vasodilation).
12.2 Structure of the Human Skin
arterioles
capillaries
21. • When blood vessels
constrict, less blood
flows to the skin
surface
(vasoconstriction).
• Vasodilation and
vasoconstriction play
a role in the
regulation of body
temperature.
12.2 Structure of the Human Skin
22. • Hairs are embedded
within the dermis.
• Malpighian layer sinks
into dermis to form a
hair follicle.
12.2 Structure of the Human Skin
hair
hair follicle
23. • Hair papilla is found
at the base of the hair
follicle and consists of
blood capillaries and
nerves.
• Hair erector
muscles contract and
cause hairs to stand,
resulting in
appearance of goose
pimples.
12.2 Structure of the Human Skin
hair erector muscle
hair papilla
24. • Sweat gland is a
coiled tube formed by
the downgrowth of the
epidermis.
• It is richly surrounded
by blood capillaries.
• It secretes sweat
which flows through
the sweat duct and
sweat pore to the skin
surface.
12.2 Structure of the Human Skin
sweat gland
sweat pore
sweat duct
blood capillaries
25. 12.1 The Need for Homeostasis
12.2 Structure of Mammalian Skin
12.3 Temperature Regulation
Chapter
12
Homeostasis
26. 12.3 Temperature Regulation
Learning Outcomes
After this section, you should be able to:
• describe the role of the skin in the maintenance of
a constant body temperature in humans.
27. Heat gain by the body
12.3
• Heat produced is a result of metabolic activities in
the body.
• From the Sun and warm air on hot days.
• Intake of hot food and drinks.
• During physical exertion or exercise.
Temperature Regulation
28. Heat loss by the body
12.3
• From the skin surface via convection, radiation and
conduction.
• Evaporation of sweat.
• Expired air from lungs.
• Faeces and urine.
Temperature Regulation
29. How the body temperature is regulated
12.3
Normal body
temperature (37°C)
Body temperature rises
(heat gain greater than
heat loss)
Body temperature falls
(heat loss greater than
heat gain)
• Reduce heat production
• Increase heat loss to
surroundings
• Increase heat production
• Decrease heat loss to
surroundings
Temperature Regulation
30. 12.3
brain
Receptor
Temperature receptors in
skin and hypothalamus
of brain stimulated
Stimulus
Blood and skin
temperatures increase
Blood and skin
temperatures return
to normal
Corrective Mechanism
• Vasodilation of arterioles
near skin’s surface
• Increased production of
sweat
• Increased rate of breathing
• Metabolic rate decreases
Increased heat
loss and reduced
heat production
Body
temperature
decreases
Negative feedback
What happens on a hot day?
skin
Temperature Regulation
31. 12.3
arteriole
capillaries
skin surface
Arterioles
in skin
dilate
1
More blood flows
to capillaries in
skin
2
3
Greater heat loss
4
Vasodilation
1. Dilation of arterioles
2. More blood flows to
the capillaries
3. When shunt vessels
constrict, more blood
flows to capillaries.
4. More heat is lost
from skin by
radiation, convection
and conduction.
Shunt vessel
constricts
shunt
vessel
Temperature Regulation
32. Increased production of sweat
12.3
• Sweat glands become more active.
• More sweat is produced.
• As sweat evaporates from the surface of the skin,
heat is lost from the body via latent heat of
vaporisation.
more sweat
produced
more active
sweat gland
Temperature Regulation
33. Relaxation of hair erector muscles
12.3
• Hair erector muscles relax when body temperature
increases.
• Hairs lie flat, allowing air to circulate over skin. This
removes heat.
hairs lie flat
Temperature Regulation
34. Reduced metabolic rate
12.3
• Rate of metabolic activities slow down.
• Less heat is produced within body.
Temperature Regulation
35. 12.3
brain
Receptor
Temperature receptors in
skin and hypothalamus
of brain stimulated
Stimulus
Blood and skin
temperatures decrease
Blood and skin
temperatures return
to normal
Corrective Mechanism
• Vasoconstriction of arterioles
near skin’s surface
• Decreased production of
sweat
• Metabolic rate increases
• Shivering
Decreased heat
loss and
increased heat
production
Body
temperature
increases
Negative feedback
What happens on a cold day?
skin
Temperature Regulation
36. 12.3
Arterioles
in skin
constrict
1
Less blood flows
to capillaries in
skin
2
3
Less heat loss
4
Vasoconstriction
• Arterioles in skin
constrict.
• Less blood flows to
capillaries in the skin
• When shunt vessels
dilate, less blood flows
to capillaries.
• Less heat is lost from
skin by radiation,
convection and
conduction.
Shunt vessel
dilates
Temperature Regulation
arteriole
capillaries
skin surface
shunt
vessel
37. Decreased production of sweat
12.3
• Sweat glands become less active.
• Less sweat is produced.
• Less latent heat is removed when sweat
evaporates.
less sweat
produced
less active
sweat gland
Temperature Regulation
38. Contraction of hair erector muscles
12.3
• Hair erector muscles contract when body temperature
decreases.
• Hairs “stand up”, trapping an insulating layer of warm
air over skin.
hairs “stand
up”
Temperature Regulation
39. Increased metabolic rate
12.3
• Rate of metabolic activities increase.
• More heat is produced within body.
Shivering
• Occurs when more heat production is needed to
prevent drop in temperature.
• Reflex contraction of the body muscles generates
heat which increases body temperature to normal.
Temperature Regulation
Editor's Notes
Notes:
The external environment is the environment in which an organism lives.
In a mammal, the internal environment consists of the blood and tissue fluid.
Note:
Cells are made of biological molecules such as proteins, which make them very sensitive to slight fluctuations in temperature and pH.
Note:
Point out that an animal cell will swell or even burst when it is placed in a solution of high water potential. When it is placed in a solution of low water potential, it will shrink in size.
Notes:
Water potential of blood can increase due to an increased intake of water.
The pituitary gland protrudes from the hypothalamus which is found at the base of the brain.
Notes:
Water potential of blood can decrease due to loss of water through profuse sweating.
Note:
Blood glucose concentration increases some time after a meal.
The increased permeability of the cell surface membranes of the liver and muscle cells is caused by insulin.
This enables glucose to be taken up more quickly by the liver and muscles.
Note:
Blood glucose concentration decreases during vigorous muscular contraction or during starvation.
Note:
Click on the Video-URL button to be directed to a website where an animation on the structure of the human skin can be found.
This animation introduces the main characteristics of the different layers of the skin. (The animation lasts for about 55 seconds.)
Note:
Vasodilation causes a person to blush or flush after vigorous exercise.
Note:
Vasoconstriction causes a person to become pale.
Note:
A hair follicle is a hollow tube
Note:
Ask students to think about why they experience pain when a hair is pulled out but no pain is experienced when their hair is cut by a hair stylist. Follow up by explaining that when the cells covering the hair papilla are pushed upwards, they die and harden, forming hair. Thus, the hair shaft consists of dead cells. This is why no pain is experienced when hair is being cut. However, when hair is pulled out, it tugs onto the hair papilla where nerves are found, thus causing pain.
Notes:
Point out that the skin is considered an excretory organ because along with sweat, a small amount of urea is removed through sweating.
When sweat evaporates from the body surface, it removes heat from the body and thus produces a cooling effect on the body.
Note:
Heat loss at the skin surface occurs mainly by convection and radiation.
Notes:
When the temperature receptors in the skin sense a change in the temperature, nerve impulses are sent to the brain. This stimulates the hypothalamus to send nerve impulses to relevant parts of the body.
Note:
Latent heat is the energy that is absorbed or released when a substance undergoes a change of state.
Note:
The relaxation of the hair erector muscles does not have much effect in increasing heat loss in humans.
Note:
We can counter the heat by putting on clothing made of materials that absorb sweat better, moving to a cool place or drinking cold water.
Note:
The contraction of the hair erector muscles does not have much effect in increasing heat production in humans.
Note:
We can counter the cold by putting on extra clothing, moving to a warmer place or drinking warm water.