4.3.b form 4 combined circuits
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This document covers combination circuits, which have multiple current paths and resistors that can be in series or parallel. It defines combination circuits and lists the rules for series and parallel circuits. It also provides examples of solving combination circuits by simplifying, reducing, and redrawing equivalent circuits before applying Ohm's law to solve for values.
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A series circuit has one path for electrons to flow between any two points, so if one component breaks the entire circuit is broken. A parallel circuit has multiple paths so if one component breaks the other paths remain intact. In a series circuit, the current through each resistor is the same while the overall resistance is the sum of individual resistances. In a parallel circuit, the voltage across each resistor is the same while the overall resistance is calculated by taking the inverse of the sum of the inverses of individual resistances. Electric power represents the rate of energy conversion and is measured in watts, while electric energy represents the presence and flow of electric charge and is measured in watt-hours by electric meters.
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Dhiman debnath rollno1023
Resistors in series and parallel circuits were discussed. In a series circuit, the total resistance is equal to the sum of the individual resistances. In a parallel circuit, the total resistance is lower than the individual resistances. Examples of circuit analysis problems involving calculating equivalent resistances and currents/voltages in various components were provided. The effects of the internal resistances of ammeters, voltmeters and cells on circuit measurements were also explained.
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Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
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4.3.b form 4 combined circuits
- 2. Unit 8 Combination Circuits Objectives: • Define a combination circuit. • List the rules for parallel circuits. • List the rules for series circuits. • Solve for combination circuit values.
- 3. Unit 8 Combination Circuits Characteristics • There are multiple current paths. • Resistors may be in series or parallel with other resistors. • A junction is where three or more paths come together. • The total power is the sum of the resistors’ power.
- 4. Unit 8 Combination Circuits A simple combination circuit.
- 5. Unit 8 Combination Circuits Series Circuit Rules 1. The current is the same at any point in the circuit. 2. The total resistance is the sum of the individual resistances. 3. The sum of the voltage drops or the individual resistors must equal the applied (source) voltage.
- 6. Unit 8 Combination Circuits Parallel Circuit Rules 1. The voltage across any circuit branch is the same as the applied (source) voltage. 2. The total current is the sum of the current through all of the circuit branches. 3. The total resistance is equal to the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the branch resistances.
- 7. Unit 8 Combination Circuits Simplifying the Circuit • Resistors in series can be combined to form an equivalent resistance. • Resistors in parallel can be combined to form an equivalent resistance. • The equivalent resistances are used to draw simplified equivalent circuits.
- 8. Unit 8 Combination Circuits Solving Combination Circuits E = ? V I = 1 A R = ? Ω E1 = ? V I1 = ? A R1 = 325 Ω E2 = ? V I2 = ? A R2 = 275 Ω E3 = ? V I3 = ? A R3 = 150 Ω E4 = ? V I4 = ? A R4 = 250 Ω
- 9. Unit 8 Combination Circuits Reducing Combination Circuits Combine R1 & R2, and R3 & R4. R = ? Ω R1 = 325 Ω R2 = 275 Ω R3 = 150 Ω R4 = 250 Ω
- 10. Unit 8 Combination Circuits Reducing Combination Circuits Redraw simplified circuit. R1 + R2 = R1&2 = 600 ohms R3 + R4 = R3&4 = 400 ohms R = ? Ω R1&2 = 600 Ω R3&4 = 400 Ω Calculate total resistance
- 11. Unit 8 Combination Circuits Solving Combination Circuits Solve for the applied voltage using Ohm’s law. Note that the I (total) was given data. E (source) = I (total) x R (total) = 1 x 240 = 240 V E = 240 V I = 1 A R = 240 Ω R1&2 = 600 Ω R3&4 = 400 Ω
- 12. Unit 8 Combination Circuits Solving Combination Circuits Solve for the branch currents using Ohm’s law. E (source) = E1&2 = E3&4 I1&2 = E1&2 / R1&2 = 240/600 = 0.4 A E = 240 V I = 1 A R = 240 Ω E = 240 V I = 0.4 A R1&2 = 600 Ω R3&4 = 400 Ω
- 13. Unit 8 Combination Circuits Solving Combination Circuits Solve for the branch currents using Ohm’s law. E (source) = E1&2 = E3&4 I3&4 = E3&4 / R3&4 = 240/400 = 0.6 A E = 240 V I = 1 A R = 240 Ω E1&2 = 240 V I = 0.4 A R1&2 = 600 Ω E3&4 = 240 V I = 0.6 A R3&4 = 400 Ω
- 14. Unit 8 Combination Circuits Solving Combination Circuits Expand the circuit back to the original circuit. Branch currents remain the same. E = 240 V I = 1 A R = 240 Ω E1 = ? V I1 = 0.4 A R1 = 240 Ω E2 = ? V I2 = 0.4 A R2 = 240 Ω E3 = ? V I3 = 0.6 A R3 = 240 Ω E4 = ? V I4 = 0.6 A R4 = 240 Ω
- 15. Unit 8 Combination Circuits Solving Combination Circuits Solve for each voltage drop using Ohm’s law. E1 = I1 x R1 = 0.4 x 325 = 130 V E = 240 V I = 1 A R = 240 Ω E1 = 130 V I1 = 0.4 A R1 = 325 Ω E2 = ? V I2 = 0.4 A R2 = 275 Ω E3 = ? V I3 = 0.6 A R3 = 150 Ω E4 = ? V I4 = 0.6 A R4 = 250 Ω
- 16. Unit 8 Combination Circuits Solving Combination Circuits Solve for each voltage drop using Ohm’s law. E2 = I2 x R2 = 0.4 x 275 = 110 V E = 240 V I = 1 A R = 240 Ω E1 = 130 V I1 = 0.4 A R1 = 325 Ω E2 = 110 V I2 = 0.4 A R2 = 275 Ω E3 = ? V I3 = 0.6 A R3 = 150 Ω E4 = ? V I4 = 0.6 A R4 = 250 Ω
- 17. Unit 8 Combination Circuits Solving Combination Circuits Solve for each voltage drop using Ohm’s law. E3 = I3 x R3 = 0.6 x 150 = 90 V E = 240 V I = 1 A R = 240 Ω E1 = 130 V I1 = 0.4 A R1 = 325 Ω E2 = 110 V I2 = 0.4 A R2 = 275 Ω E3 = 90 V I3 = 0.6 A R3 = 150 Ω E4 = ? V I4 = 0.6 A R4 = 250 Ω
- 18. Unit 8 Combination Circuits Solving Combination Circuits Solve for each voltage drop using Ohm’s law. E4 = I4 x R4 = 0.6 x 250 = 150 V E = 240 V I = 1 A R = 240 Ω E1 = 130 V I1 = 0.4 A R1 = 325 Ω E2 = 110 V I2 = 0.4 A R2 = 275 Ω E3 = 90 V I 3= 0.6 A R3 = 150 Ω E4= 150 V I4 = 0.6 A R4 = 250 Ω
- 19. Unit 8 Combination Circuits Review: 1. The three rules for series circuits are: a. The current is the same at any point in the circuit. b. The total resistance is the sum of the individual resistances. c. The applied voltage is equal to the sum of the voltage drops across the individual components.
- 20. Unit 8 Combination Circuits Review: 2. The three rules for parallel circuits are: a. The total voltage is the same as the voltage across any branch. b. The total current is the sum of the individual currents. c. The total resistance is the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the branch resistances.
- 21. Unit 8 Combination Circuits Review: 3. Combination circuits are circuits that contain both series and parallel branches. 4. A node is where three or more paths come together. 5. The total power is the sum of all the circuit resistors’ power.
- 22. Unit 8 Combination Circuits Review: 6. When solving combination circuits, simplify, reduce, and redraw equivalent value circuits. 7. Apply the series rules and the parallel rules selectively to various parts of the combination circuit.
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