3.3 form 4 converging lens
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Lenses bend light to form images, either converging or diverging. Convex lenses are thick in the middle and thin at the edges, converging light, while concave lenses are thin in the middle and thick at the edges, diverging light. Ray diagrams illustrate the path of light through lenses using lines representing rays and key points like the optical center, principal axis, focal points, and images. Images can be magnified or diminished, inverted or upright, and real or virtual depending on their position relative to the lens and focal points. Magnification is calculated by comparing the size of the image to the object.
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This document provides an overview of lenses and mirrors, including their properties and how they form images. Spherical lenses can be converging or diverging, and spherical mirrors can be concave or convex. Ray diagrams are used to show how light rays refract or reflect and form real or virtual images of different sizes and orientations depending on the type of lens or mirror and the position of the object. Key terms like focal length and magnification are also defined.
Lenses And Mirrors
The document discusses different types of lenses including convex and concave lenses. It describes key lens features such as focal length and principal plane. Characteristics of images formed by convex and concave lenses are provided, including whether images are real or virtual, upright or inverted, and enlarged or reduced. Examples of optical instruments that use lenses like cameras, telescopes, microscopes and projectors are outlined. Defects in vision and lenses are also summarized.
Light
1. The document discusses the properties and behavior of light as it interacts with mirrors and lenses. It defines key terms used to describe concave and convex mirrors such as focal length, radius of curvature, and center of curvature.
2. Rules are provided for how light rays behave when hitting different types of mirrors, such as rays parallel to the principal axis passing through the focal point after reflecting off a concave mirror.
3. Examples are given of how the position, size, and nature of images formed by mirrors depend on the position of the object, such as a concave mirror always producing a diminished, virtual image between the focal point and mirror.
Lenses 2
1) The document discusses ray diagrams for convex lenses, including two rules - parallel rays are refracted through the principal focus, and rays passing through the lens center travel straight.
2) It provides an example ray diagram showing the image of an object placed 30cm from a lens with a 10cm focal length. The diagram illustrates the object, lens center, focal points, and ray paths.
3) Measurements from the example diagram show the image is inverted, diminished, and forms 15cm from the lens. The magnification is calculated from these measurements.
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The document discusses electric current, resistance, electromotive force, and some basic circuit concepts:
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3) An electromotive force is a device that provides electric potential difference (voltage) to push current through a circuit against resistance. Batteries and generators are common sources of electromotive force.
4.3.c form 4 circuit components
This document summarizes various circuit components including direct current (DC), alternating current (AC), fuses, resistors, capacitors, diodes, transistors and other components. It describes what each component is, how it works, and examples of its uses in circuits. Key components covered are fixed and variable resistors, fuses, voltmeters, ammeters, plugs, capacitors, thermistors, diodes, and transistors. Resistor color codes and examples are provided. The functions of transistors as switches and for amplification are also summarized.
4.3.b form 4 parallel circuits
1) Electrical components in a parallel circuit provide separate conducting paths for current. Current divides between the paths, but voltage remains equal across all components.
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3) Current can be different in each branch of a parallel circuit, while the total current equals the sum of the individual branch currents.
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4.2 form 4 static_electricity
Static electricity is a stationary electric charge built up on the surface of materials. It is caused by electrons being transferred between two objects during friction. There are two types of charges - positive and negative. Atoms contain protons which have a positive charge and electrons which have a negative charge. The laws of electrostatics state that like charges repel and unlike charges attract. Materials that allow charge to pass through are conductors, while insulators do not. When a charged object is brought near an uncharged object, the electric field can induce charges in the uncharged object. Some applications of static electricity include electrostatic precipitators, printers, and photocopiers. Grounding neutralizes charged objects by connecting them to the earth.
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3.4 form 4 electromagnetic spectrum
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3.4 form 4 dispersion of light
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3.2 form 4 light
Light travels as waves and can undergo various phenomena including reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference. Reflection occurs when light hits a surface, causing it to bounce off at the same angle. Refraction happens when light passes from one medium to another of different density, causing it to change speed and bend. This bending is described by Snell's law. Total internal reflection occurs when light passes from a denser to less dense medium at an angle greater than the critical angle, causing it to reflect back inside the denser medium. This principle is applied in devices like optical fibers.
3.2 form 3 light
Light travels as waves and can undergo various interactions as it travels, such as reflection, refraction, and interference. Reflection occurs when light bounces off a surface, following the law that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Refraction happens when light passes from one medium to another of different density, causing it to change speed and bend according to Snell's law. Refraction is responsible for phenomena like dispersion and the apparent bending of objects in water.
3.1 form 4 general wave properties
Waves are disturbances that transfer energy through a medium from one point to another. They can be transverse waves, where the disturbance is perpendicular to the direction of travel, or longitudinal waves, where the disturbance is parallel. Waves have properties like wavelength, amplitude, frequency, and speed. The speed of a wave depends on its frequency and wavelength and can be calculated using the formula that the speed equals the frequency multiplied by the wavelength. Waves undergo behaviors like reflection, refraction, and diffraction as they interact with barriers and changes in their medium.
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3.3 form 4 converging lens
- 1. Lenses
- 2. Lenses bend light to form images. There are 2 types of lenses: Converging and Diverging lenses. CONVEX LENS A converging lens is also known as a convex lens It is thick on the middle and thin on the edges DIVERGING LENS A diverging lens is also known as a concave lens It is thin on the middle and thick on the edges
- 4. Ray diagrams
- 5. Parts of a ray diagram Optical centre: is the center of the lens. Principal axis: is a straight line passing through the optical centre. It is not refracted. Optical axis: is the line perpendicular to the principal axis and passing through the optical centre. It is used to show the position of the lens. Principal focus: it is the point at which the rays of light meet (converge) after passing through the lens. It is also called the Focal point. Since the lens can converge light on both sides, it has focal points on either sides. Focal length: is the distance between the optical center and the focal point.
- 6. Images An image that is: smaller than the object is diminished larger than the object is magnified Upside down is inverted Standing upright is upright On the same side of the lens as the object is virtual On the other side of the lens is real
- 7. Magnification The magnification of a lens is calculated as: Magnification = height or size of image (I) height or size of object (O)
- 8. Exercise Use a hand lens to draw an image of the given spacemen. Calculate the magnification.
- 9. Drawing ray diagrams Object located beyond 2F 1. Draw the principal and optical axes. 2. Locate the first and second focal points: F and 2F on either sides of the optical axes. 3. Draw you object beyond 2F and label it ‘O’ 4. Draw a ray from the top of the object and passing through the optical center. Label it R1. 5. Draw a second ray, R2, parallel to the principal axis up to the optical axis and then passing through F. 6. Draw a third ray, R3, passing through F up to the optical axis and then parallel to the principal axis. 7. All the three rays meet at the image location. 8. Measure the height of the object and image. 9. Calculate magnification. 10. What are the features of the image formed?
- 10. Prep work Draw ray diagrams for the object located on the following positions; 1. At 2F 2. Between 2F and F 3. At F 4. Between F and optical centre. State the properties of the images formed and calculate magnification.
- 11. Thank you!