IB Chemistry on Periodic Trends, Effective Nuclear Charge and Physical properties.
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The document summarizes key concepts about the periodic table including periods, groups, and blocks. It explains that periods are horizontal rows based on the same principal quantum number, while groups are vertical columns with the same number of valence electrons. Blocks refer to different regions (s, p, d, f) based on which orbitals are being filled with electrons. It provides examples of trends in ionization energy and atomic radius across periods and down groups.
![s block elements
• s orbitals partially fill
1
H
He
p block elements
• p orbital partially fill
5
1s2
n = 2 period 2
B
[He] 2s2 2p1
6
1s1
2
Periodic Table – s, p d, f blocks elements
C
[He] 2s2 2p2
7
N
[He] 2s2 2p3
3
Li
[He] 2s1
8
O
[He] 2s2 2p4
4
Be
[He] 2s2
9
F
[He] 2s2 2p5
11
Na
[Ne] 3s1
10
Ne
[He] 2s2 2p6
12
Mg
[Ne] 3s2
13
Al
[Ne] 3s2 3p1
14
20
K
Ca
[Ne] 3s2 3p2
[Ar]
15
P
[Ne] 3s2 3p3
[Ar]
4s2
16
S
[Ne] 3s2 3p4
17
19
Si
4s1
CI
[Ne] 3s2 3p5
18
Ar
[Ne] 3s2 3p6
d block elements
• d orbitals partially fill
• transition elements
21
Sc
[Ar] 4s2 3d1
22
Ti
[Ar] 4s2 3d2
23
V
[Ar] 4s2 3d13
24
Cr
[Ar] 4s1 3d5
25
Mn
[Ar] 4s2 3d5
26
Fe
[Ar] 4s2 3d6
27
Co
[Ar] 4s2 3d7
28
Ni
[Ar] 4s2 3d8
29
Cu
[Ar] 4s1 3d10
30
Zn
[Ar] 4s2 3d10
f block elements
• f orbitals partially fill
Video on electron configuration
Click here electron structure
Click here video on s,p,d,f notation
Click here video s,p,d,f blocks,](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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IB Chemistry on Periodic Trends, Effective Nuclear Charge and Physical properties.
- 1. Periodic Table of elements – divided to Groups, Periods and Blocks Period- Horizontal row • 7 periods/row • Same number of shell Groups – Vertical column • Same number of valence electron • Same number outmost electrons Group 1 Block – different region in periodic table • s, p, d, f blocks • s block- elements with valence e in s sublevel • p block – elements with valence e in p sublevel 18 Periods 1 7 Excellent site from periodic videos Click here to view s block - s orbitals partially fill d block • d orbitals partially fill p block • p orbital partially fill f block • f orbital partially fill
- 2. s block elements • s orbitals partially fill 1 H He p block elements • p orbital partially fill 5 1s2 n = 2 period 2 B [He] 2s2 2p1 6 1s1 2 Periodic Table – s, p d, f blocks elements C [He] 2s2 2p2 7 N [He] 2s2 2p3 3 Li [He] 2s1 8 O [He] 2s2 2p4 4 Be [He] 2s2 9 F [He] 2s2 2p5 11 Na [Ne] 3s1 10 Ne [He] 2s2 2p6 12 Mg [Ne] 3s2 13 Al [Ne] 3s2 3p1 14 20 K Ca [Ne] 3s2 3p2 [Ar] 15 P [Ne] 3s2 3p3 [Ar] 4s2 16 S [Ne] 3s2 3p4 17 19 Si 4s1 CI [Ne] 3s2 3p5 18 Ar [Ne] 3s2 3p6 d block elements • d orbitals partially fill • transition elements 21 Sc [Ar] 4s2 3d1 22 Ti [Ar] 4s2 3d2 23 V [Ar] 4s2 3d13 24 Cr [Ar] 4s1 3d5 25 Mn [Ar] 4s2 3d5 26 Fe [Ar] 4s2 3d6 27 Co [Ar] 4s2 3d7 28 Ni [Ar] 4s2 3d8 29 Cu [Ar] 4s1 3d10 30 Zn [Ar] 4s2 3d10 f block elements • f orbitals partially fill Video on electron configuration Click here electron structure Click here video on s,p,d,f notation Click here video s,p,d,f blocks,
- 3. Periodicity Predicted pattern/trends in physical/chemical properties across period. Physical properties Chemical properties Physical change - without change in molecular composition. – appearance change - composition remain unchanged. Element properties • • • • • Atomic properties • • • • Color, texture, odor Density, hardness, ductility Brittleness, Malleability Melting /boiling point Solubility, polarity • • Ionization energy Periodic Trends Across period 2/3 Down group 1/17 Atomic/ionic radii Gp 1 period 2 period 3 Ionization energy Atomic radii Ionic radii Electronegativity Melting point Electronegativity Gp 17 Chemical change – diff composition from original substances - chemical bonds broken/ formed - new products formed
- 4. Why IE increases across the period? Why IE decreases down a group ? Ionization energy (IE) 1st Ionization energy Min energy to remove 1 mole e from 1 mole of element in gaseous state M(g) M+ (g) + e 2nd Ionization energy Min energy to remove 1 mole e from 1 mole of +1 ion to form +2 ion M+(g) M2+ (g) + e Ionization energy Factors affecting ionization energy 1 2 Distance from nucleus 3 Nuclear charge electron +3 +4 +5 +6 Effective Nuclear Charge (ENC)/(Zeff) • Screening effect/shielding • Effective nuclear charge (ENC)/(Zeff) (Zeff) = Nuclear charge (Z) – shielding effect • Net positive charge felt by valence electrons. Nuclear charge increase Distance near to nucleus – IE High Distance far away nucleus – IE Low Nuclear charge high (more proton) – IE High Nuclear charge low (less proton) – IE Low +6 Inner electron – shield valence e from positive nuclear charge Distance near Nuclear charge Higher electron/electron repulsion Strong electrostatic forces attraction bet nucleus and e Strong electrostatic forces attraction bet nucleus and e Easier valence e to leave IE – High IE – High IE – Low
- 5. IE drop from Be to B and N to O Ionization Energy- Period 2 Why IE increases across the period 2? IE increases across period 2 Nuclear charge increase Strong electrostatic forces attraction bet nucleus and e IE – High Li Be B C N O F Ne 2p 2s 1s 1s2 2s1 1s2 2s2 1s2 2s2 2p1 1s2 2s2 2p2 IE drop from Be to B 1s2 2s2 2p3 1s2 2s2 2p4 IE drop from N to O Electron in p sublevel of B – further away from nucleus 2 electrons in same p orbital - Greater e/e repulsion Weak electrostatic force attraction between nucleus and electron Easier to remove e IE - Low IE - Low period 2 1s2 2s2 2p5 1s2 2s2 2p6
- 6. IE drop from Mg to AI and P to S Ionization Energy- Period 3 Why IE increases across the period 3? IE increases across period 3 Nuclear charge increase Strong electrostatic forces attraction bet nucleus and e IE – High Na Mg AI Si P S CI Ar 3p 3s [Ne] 3s1 [Ne] 3s2 [Ne] 3s2 3p1 [Ne] 3s2 3p2 IE drop from Mg to AI [Ne] 3s2 3p3 [Ne] 3s2 3p4 IE drop from P to S Electron in p sublevel of AI – further away from nucleus 2 electrons in same p orbital - Greater e/e repulsion Weak electrostatic force attraction between nucleus and electron Easier to remove e IE - Low IE - Low Period 3 [Ne] 3s2 3p5 [Ne] 3s2 3p6
- 7. IE for Period 2 and 3 Ionization Energy- Period 2 and 3 Why IE period 3 lower than 2? Period 3 – 3 shells/energy level Period 3 Valence e further from nucleus High shielding effect – more inner e Weaker electrostatic forces attraction bet nucleus and e IE – Lower period 2 Li Be B C N O F Ne 2p 2s 1s 1s2 2s1 1s2 2s2 1s2 2s2 2p1 1s2 2s2 2p2 1s2 2s2 2p3 1s2 2s2 2p4 1s2 2s2 2p5 1s2 2s2 2p6 Period 3 Na Mg AI Si P S [Ne] 3s2 3p1 [Ne] 3s2 3p2 [Ne] 3s2 3p3 [Ne] 3s2 3p4 CI Ar 3rd level 3p 3s 2p 2s 1s [Ne] 3s1 [Ne] 3s2 [Ne] 3s2 3p5 [Ne] 3s2 3p6
- 8. IE for Ne and Ar Ionization Energy- Period 2 and 3 Why Ne and Ar have HIGH IE ? Full electron configuration, 2.8/2.8.8 neon argon Most energetically stable structure Difficult to lose electron IE – High period 2 Li Be B C N O F Ne 2p 2s 1s 1s2 2s1 1s2 2s2 1s2 2s2 2p1 1s2 2s2 2p2 1s2 2s2 2p3 1s2 2s2 2p4 1s2 2s2 2p5 1s2 2s2 2p6 Period 3 Na Mg AI Si P S [Ne] 3s2 3p1 [Ne] 3s2 3p2 [Ne] 3s2 3p3 [Ne] 3s2 3p4 CI Ar 3p 3s 2p 2s 1s [Ne] 3s1 [Ne] 3s2 [Ne] 3s2 3p5 [Ne] 3s2 3p6
- 9. Atomic Radius Distance between nucleus and outmost electrons. Atomic radius ✗ ✔ Atom not like a ball – can’t measure its radius directly Uncertain about position of electron – uncertain of atomic radius Uncertain abt electron position How to measure atomic radius? Half the distance bet nuclei of two closest identical atoms. Atomic Radius Covalent Molecule Noble gas Monoatomic atoms Depend on type of bonding – covalent or metallic Metallic elements Ionic compounds ½ bond length ½ bond length ½ bond length Covalent Radius ½ bond length of 2 atom Van Der Waals radius ½ bond length of nuclei atoms not bonded together (noble gas) Click here video on atomic radius Metallic radius ½ bond length bet nuclei of neighbouring metal ions Click here video on atomic radius Ionic radius Measure indirectly using internucleus distance Click here video on atomic radius
- 10. Effective Nuclear Charge (ENC)/(Zeff) • Screening effect/shielding • Effective nuclear charge (ENC)/(Zeff) (Zeff) = Nuclear charge (Z) – shielding effect • Net positive charge felt by valence electrons. Effective nuclear charge Effective nuclear charge magnesium (2.8.2) net +2 10 inner electron shield 12+ protons Valence electron feel a net (12-10 = +2) Calculate Z(eff) and atomic radius for Li Effective nuclear charge, (Zeff) = +2 1 2 Calculate Z(eff) for Li Formula ionization energy Fcentripetal Fcoulomb Lithium (2.1) Z2 IE 1312 2 n 2nd energy level n=2 Z2 521 1312 2 2 Z eff 1.26 1st IE Li = 521kJ/mol 2 inner electron shield 3+ protons Calculate atomic radius Li using Z(eff) R mv 2 kqZ 2 r R 2 mh kqZ m2 2 R 2 R h2 R m 2 kqZ R 168pm h h p mv h v m v h mR 2nd energy level n=2 n2 2 2R R m = mass electron -9.1 x 10-31 h = plank constant – 6.626 x 10-34 k = coulomb constant – 9.0 x 109 q = charge electron – 1.6 x 10-19 Z = effective nuclear charge - +1.26 Valence electron felt a net (3-2) = +1 Z(eff) = +1.26 NOT +1 (calculation shown above) Click here video ENC Li Click here video calculating radius Li
- 11. Atomic Radius (Covalent radius) Atomic Radius- Period 2/3 Why atomic radius decrease across period 2/3 Atomic radius decrease across period 2/3 Effective Nuclear charge increase Strong electrostatic forces attraction bet nucleus and e Size decrease Gp 17 Li +3 Be +4 C +6 N +7 F +9 O +8 Effective Nuclear charge increase period 2 Na +11 period 3 B +5 Mg +12 AI +13 Si +14 P +15 S +16 CI +17 Effective Nuclear charge increase Why atomic radius increase down Gp 17? Screening/shielding effect increase Inner shell electrons electron electron repulsion increase Number shell increase Valence e further away from nucleus Atomic radius High
- 12. Positive Ions (+) Atomic and Ionic Radius- Period 2/3 Ionic radii Positive ion (+) smaller Negative Ions (-) Ionic radii Negative ion (-) bigger Decrease in number of shells – loss of electron Increase in number of shells – gain of electron Less electron electron repulsion Increase electron electron repulsion Size decrease Size increase Comparison bet atomic/ionic radii Comparison bet atomic/ionic radii Ionic radii Ionic radii Atomic radii Atomic radii Na Mg AI 2.8.1 2.8.2 2.8.3 Na+ 2.8 Mg2+ 2.8 AI3+ 2.8 Atomic radii - 3 shells Ionic radii - 2 shells S 2.8.6 S2- 2.8.8 Atomic radii CI 2.8.7 CI- 2.8.8 - 3 shells Ionic radii - 2 shells
- 13. Electronegativity Electronegativity (EN) Tendency of atom to attract/pull shared/bonding electron to itself EN value higher – pull/attract electron higher (EN value from 0.7 – 4) • • Shared electron cloud closer to O • • EN highest EN lowest • • Electronegativity EN increase up a Group EN increase across a Period Size Factors affecting EN value Size of atom/distance – small size/distance – stronger attraction for electron Nuclear charge – higher nuclear charge – stronger attraction for electron Gp 17 EN decrease down gp 17 F Size increase Nuclear charge CI Attraction electron decrease EN increase across period 2 Li +3 EN lower Be +4 B +5 C +6 N +7 O +8 Br F +9 Period 2 I EN increase across period 2 Nuclear charge increase Strong attraction for electron EN increase
- 14. • • Melting point across Period 2/3 Melting point down Gp 1/17 Melting Point • • Temp when solid turn to liquid (temp remain constant) Energy absorb to overcome forces attraction bet molecule Period 2/3 Melting Point Gp 1 Gp 17 Factors affecting melting point Type of bonding/forces Structure Metallic/Non Metallic structure Covalent structure Simple molecular structure Ionic structure Metallic Bonding Melting point across Period 2 and 3 Giant molecular structure period 2 C period 3 B Si Be Mg Li Na N O F Ne AI P S Covalent Bonding CI Ionic Bonding
- 15. Melting point for metallic/non metallic Melting point across Period 2 Melting Point C period 2 B Be Li N O F Ne Li Be B C N O F Ne m/p (/C) 180 1280 2300 3730 -210 -218 -220 -249 structure metallic metallic Giant covalent Giant covalent Simple molecular Simple molecular Simple molecular metallic metallic Giant covalent Giant covalent Simple covalent Simple covalent Simple covalent Across period 2 m/p increase from Li – C m/p drop from N – Ne Metallic – non metallic Mono atomic bonding • • • Simple covalent Metallic bonding Giant covalent Simple covalent Van der waals forces bet molecules Strong attraction bet nucleus with sea of electrons High m/p Macromolecular structure with strong covalent bonds Highest m/p Simple molecular weak Van Der Waals forces attraction bet molecules Low m/p
- 16. Melting point for metallic/non metallic Melting point across Period 3 Melting Point Period 3 Si Mg AI Na Na Mg P S AI CI Ar Si P S CI Ar m/p (/C) 98 650 660 1423 44 120 -101 -189 structure metallic metallic metallic Giant covalent Simple molecular Simple molecular Simple molecular metallic metallic metallic Giant covalent Simple covalent Simple covalent Simple covalent Across period 3 m/p increase from Na – Si m/p drop from P – Ar Metallic – non metallic Mono atomic bonding • • • Simple covalent Metallic bonding Giant covalent Simple covalent Van der waals forces between molecules Strong attraction bet nucleus with sea of electrons High m/p Macromolecular structure with strong covalent bonds Highest m/p Simple molecular weak Van Der Waals forces attraction bet molecules Low m/p
- 17. Atomic Radius- Group 1 and 17 Ionization Energy – Group 1 and 17 Atomic Radius Atomic Radius Atomic Radius Gp 1 shell Melting point – Group 1 and 17 Atomic Radius Ionization Energy Gp 17 shell Melting point Gp 1 Gp 17 Gp 1 Gp 17 Li F Li 2.1 F 2.7 Li F Na 2.8.1 CI 2.8.7 Na CI Na CI K 2.8.8.1 2.8.18.7 K Br K Br Rb I Rb 2.8.8.18.1 Br 2.8.18.18.7 I Why atomic radius increase ? Number shell increase Valence e further away from nucleus Atomic radius High Rb I IE decrease down group Number shell/energy level increase Valence e further away from nucleus Weak forces attraction bet nucleus and e IE – Low m/p down Gp 1 Size increase Attraction bet nucleus and sea electrons decrease Metallic bonding Melting point m/p increase Gp 17 Size increase VDF increase IMF attraction bet molecules increase Melting point