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4 2 pteridophytes -selaginella

Spike moss (Selaginella) is a small perennial herb that reproduces sexually and asexually. It produces cones with microsporophylls and megasporophylls that bear microsporangia and megasporangia containing haploid microspores and megaspores. The microspores and megaspores are released and can grow into new spike moss plants. Selaginella also reproduces vegetatively through adventitious branches, tubers, and bulbils that detach and form new individuals. The plant body has roots, stems, leaves, and rhizophores. The internal structures include epidermis, cortex, and a protostelic stele in

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ANCILLARY BOTANY PLANT DIVERSITY 4-2 PTERIDOPHYTES -SELAGINELLA BOTRVMSBKCAPK
SELAGINELLA POINTS TO REMEMBER ⚫ Commonly called Spike Moss. ⚫ Plant body is Diploid Sporophyte. ⚫ Perennial Herb. ⚫ Presence of Unbranched Root like Structures called Rhizophores. ⚫ Rhizophore is Monarch ⚫ Have Two Sub-Genus called Homoeophyllum and Heterophyllum. ⚫ Leaves are Ligulate. ⚫ Leaf has Ligule. ⚫ Stele is Protostele ⚫ Sporangia are Eusporangiate type. ⚫ Selaginella is Heterosporous Pteridophytes. ⚫ Selaginella is Ligulate Pteridophytes. BOTRVMSBKCAPK
SELAGINELLA SYSTEMATIC POSITION SYSTEMATIC POSITION ▪ DIVISION : LYCOPHYTA ▪ CLASS : LIGULOPSIDA ▪ ORDER : SELAGINELLA ▪ FAMILY : SELAGINELLACEAE ▪ GENUS : SELAGINELLA ▪ SPECIES : 700 BOTRVMSBKCAPK
SELAGINELLA STRUCTURE OF PLANT BODY STRUCTURE OF SELAGINELLA or STRUCTURE OF PLANT BODY of SELAGINELLA or STRUCTURE OF SPOROPHYTIC BODY OF SELAGINELLA ⚫ Selaginella is commonly called Spike Moss. ⚫ It is Live in Moist and Shady Places of Forest. ⚫ The Plant Body is Diploid Sporophyte. ⚫ The Sporophyte is Perennial Herb consists of ▪ Root ▪ Stem ▪ Leaves ▪ Rhizophores and ▪ Cones BOTRVMSBKCAPK
SELAGINELLA STRUCTURE OF PLANT BODY BOTRVMSBKCAPK
SELAGINELLA STRUCTURE OF PLANT BODY BOTRVMSBKCAPK ROOT • It is Adventitious Root System. • It is used for Fixation and Absorption. STEM • Stem is Erect or Prostrate and Herbaceous. • Branches are Dichotomous
SELAGINELLA STRUCTURE OF PLANT BODY RHIZOPHORE ⚫ It is a Leafless, Cylindrical, Positively Geotropic structure End with Adventitious Roots. ⚫ It develops from the Forking Places of Stem. ⚫ It is used for Additional Support. LEAVES ⚫ The Leaves are Small (Microphyllous), Sessile and Arranged in Spirally on the Stem. ⚫ Each leaf has only an unbranched mid vein. ⚫ Each Leaf Produces a Tongue shaped Membranous structure on the Dorsal side at the Base called Ligule. So the leaves are called ligulate. ⚫ The ligules secretes water that protect the sporangia and young leaves from dryness. BOTRVMSBKCAPK
SELAGINELLA STRUCTURE OF PLANT BODY BOTRVMSBKCAPK CONES or STROBILI • Cones are Spore Producing Reproductive Structures formed at the Tip of Branches. • Each cone or strobilus contains many Sporophylls. • Each Sporophyll has Spore producing special structure called Sporangium.
SELAGINELLA INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF STEM INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF SELAGINELLA STEM The Transverse Section (T.S) of Selaginella stem shows Epidermis Cortex and Stele. EPIDERMIS • It is an Outer Most Multicellular Unilayer. • Cuticle is Present. • Stomata are Absent. • It Gives Protection to the Internal Tissues. BOTRVMSBKCAPK
SELAGINELLA INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF STEM CORTEX ⚫ It is a Tissue Present Below the Epidermis. ⚫ It is made up of ▪ Outer Sclerenchyma ▪ Middle Parenchyma and ▪ Inner Endodermis. ⚫ The outer Sclerenchyma is also called Hypodermis, it gives mechanical support. ⚫ The Parenchyma Cells of Cortex Involved in Storage. ⚫ In Young Stem, the Endodermis is Unilayer. ⚫ In Old Stem, the Endodermis is modified into radially elongated cells called Trabeculae that form many air chambers or lacuna in the inner part of cortex. BOTRVMSBKCAPK
SELAGINELLA INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF STEM STELE ⚫ It is an innermost conductive tissue. ⚫ Stele is Protostele that is xylem is surrounded by phloem. ⚫ Stele may be ▪ Monostelic - presence of one stele ▪ Distelic - presence of two steles ▪ Tristelic - presence of three steles ⚫ Stele consists of ▪ Pericycle and ▪ Vascular tissue. ⚫ Pericycle is a multicellular Unilayer and it encloses the vascular tissue ⚫ Vascular Tissue consists of ▪ Xylem and ▪ Phloem BOTRVMSBKCAPK
XYLEM ⚫ Xylem is made up of ▪ Tracheids and ▪ Xylem parenchyma and ▪ Xylem Fiber ⚫ Xylem is consists of ▪ Protoxylem and ▪ Metaxylem ⚫ The Metaxylem present at the Centre and Protoxylem towards outside. So the Xylem is Exarch. ⚫ The Protoxylem ends with two points. So the Xylem is Diarch. PHLOEM ⚫ Phloem is made up of ▪ Sieve cells and ▪ Phloem parenchyma and ▪ Phloem Fiber PITH -Pith is absent. SELAGINELLA INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF STEM BOTRVMSBKCAPK
SELAGINELLA INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF RHIZOPHORE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF SELAGINELLA RHIZOPHORE The T.S of Selaginella Rhizophore shows ▪ Epidermis ▪ Cortex and ▪ Stele. BOTRVMSBKCAPK
SELAGINELLA INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF RHIZOPHORE EPIDERMIS ⚫ It is an Outer Most Multicellular Unilayer. ⚫ Cuticle is Present. ⚫ Stomata are Absent. ⚫ It gives Protection to the internal tissue. CORTEX ⚫ It is a tissue present below the epidermis. ⚫ It is made up of ▪ Outer Sclerenchyma ▪ Middle Parenchyma and ▪ Inner Endodermis. ⚫ The Inner Most Cells of cortex are arranged in a layer is called Endodermis. BOTRVMSBKCAPK
SELAGINELLA INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF RHIZOPHORE STELE ⚫ It is an innermost conductive tissue. ⚫ Stele is Protostele that is xylem is surrounded by phloem. ⚫ It consists of ▪ Pericycle and ▪ Vascular Tissue ⚫ Pericycle is multicellular Unilayer that enclose the vascular tissue. ⚫ Vascular Tissue is consists of ▪ Xylem and ▪ Phloem ⚫ Xylem is Exarch & Monarch BOTRVMSBKCAPK
SELAGINELLA INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF ROOT INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF SELAGINELLA ROOT The T.S of Selaginella Root shows • Epidermis • Cortex and • Stele. BOTRVMSBKCAPK
SELAGINELLA INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF ROOT EPIDERMIS ⚫ It is an outer most multicellular Unilayer. ⚫ Some Epidermal cells Extent outsides to form Unicellular Root Hairs. ⚫ Root Hairs are involved in absorption ⚫ It gives protection to the internal tissue. CORTEX ⚫ It is a tissue present below the epidermis. ⚫ It is made up of ⚫ Outer Sclerenchyma ⚫ Middle Parenchyma and ⚫ Inner Endodermis. ⚫ The inner most cells of cortex are arranged in a layer is called endodermis. BOTRVMSBKCAPK
SELAGINELLA INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF ROOT STELE ⚫ It is an innermost conductive tissue. ⚫ Stele is Protostele that is xylem is surrounded by phloem. ⚫ It consists of ▪ Pericycle and ▪ Vascular Tissue ⚫ Pericycle is multicellular unilayer that enclose the vascular tissue. ⚫ Vascular Tissue is consists of ▪ Xylem and ▪ Phloem ⚫ Xylem is Exarch & Monarch BOTRVMSBKCAPK
SELAGINELLA INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF LEAF . BOTRVMSBKCAPK INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF SELAGINELLA LEAF The T.S of Selaginella Leaf shows Epidermis Mesophyll and Stele
SELAGINELLA INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF LEAF EPIDERMIS ⚫ It is an outer most multicellular unilayer. ⚫ It is of two types ▪ Upper Epidermis and ▪ Lower Epidermis ⚫ Cuticle is present. ⚫ Stomata are present in the lower epidermis. ⚫ The epidermal cells contains chloroplast ⚫ It gives protection to the internal tissue and also involved in photosynthesis BOTRVMSBKCAPK
SELAGINELLA INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF LEAF MESOPHYLL ⚫ It is a tissue present between upper and lower epidermis. ⚫ It is made up of Chlorenchyma Cells with many air spaces. ⚫ It is involved in photosynthesis. STELE ⚫ It is an innermost conductive tissue. ⚫ Stele is Protostele that is xylem is surrounded by phloem. ⚫ It consists of ▪ Bundle sheath and ▪ Vascular Tissue ⚫ Bundle sheath is multicellular unilayer and it encloses the vascular tissue. ⚫ Vascular Tissue is consists of ▪ Xylem and ▪ Phloem BOTRVMSBKCAPK
SELAGINELLA REPRODUCTION REPRODUCTION Selaginella Reproduced by ▪ Vegetative Reproduction and ▪ Asexual Reproduction VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION It takes place by ▪ Adventitious Branches ▪ Tubers and ▪ Bulbils BOTRVMSBKCAPK
SELAGINELLA REPRODUCTION ADVENTITIOUS BRANCHES • Branches which Develops other than Normal Origin are called Adventitious Branches. • In Selaginella, Adventitious Branches are Develops from the Prostrate Stem. • Later, these branches are detached from the parent plant and live as Individual Plants. BOTRVMSBKCAPK
SELAGINELLA REPRODUCTION TUBERS ⚫ Enlarged underground structures due to the storage of food are called Tubers. ⚫ Tubers are develops on the Root or Underground branches of Selaginella ⚫ During unfavorable season, when the aerial parts die, the tubers are retain under the soil in dormant condition ⚫ Later, in favorable season the tubers germinate into new plants. BULBILS ⚫ The Aerial Resting Buds are called Bulbils. ⚫ Bulbils are develops on the aerial branches ⚫ Later, these buds detached and grown in to new plants. BOTRVMSBKCAPK
SELAGINELLA REPRODUCTION -ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION ⚫ The Plant Body of Selaginella is a Diploid Sporophyte ⚫ It reproduces asexually by spores through the special structure called Cones or Strobili ⚫ Selaginella is a Heterospores, it Produces Two Types of Spores namely ▪ Microspores and ▪ Megaspores. ⚫ BOTRVMSBKCAPK
SELAGINELLA REPRODUCTION -ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION CONE OR STROBILUS • Cones are asexual reproductive structure formed at the tip of branches • Cone is conical in shape and it has multicellular stalk. • Each cone consists of cone axis with numerous spirally arranged Sporophylls • The Sporophylls are two types • Microsporophylls and • Megasporophylls BOTRVMSBKCAPK
SELAGINELLA REPRODUCTION -ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION . BOTRVMSBKCAPK CONE MICROSPOROPHYLLS MEGASPOROPHYLLS MICROSPORE MOTHER CELLS MEGASPORE MOTHER CELL MEGASPORANGIUM MICROSPORANGIUM MICROSPORES MEGASPORES
SELAGINELLA REPRODUCTION -ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION ⚫ A cone is made up of Microsporophylls or Megasporophylls or Microsporophylls and Megasporophylls. ⚫ The Microsporophyll produce Microsporangium in its axil and Megasporophyll produce Megasporangium in its axil. ⚫ Both Sporangia have multicellular stalk and Eusporangiate type. ⚫ In Microsporangium, the Microspore Mother Cells Undergo Meiosis and Produce Numerous Haploid Microspores. ⚫ In Megasporangium, the Single Functional Megaspore Mother Cell Undergoes Meiosis to Produce 4 Haploid Megaspores. ⚫ The mature micro and mega sporangium dehisce by vertical slit and liberate spores. BOTRVMSBKCAPK
SELAGINELLAL REPRODUCTION -ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION MICROSPORES ⚫ The Microspores is Small, Spherical and Unicellular. ⚫ Microspore Consists of ▪ Spore Wall and ▪ Protoplasm. ⚫ The Protoplasm Contains Dense Cytoplasm and a Haploid Nucleus. MEGASPORES ⚫ The Megaspore is Big, Spherical and Unicellular. ⚫ Megaspore Consists of ▪ Spore Wall and ▪ Protoplasm. ⚫ Protoplasm Contains Dense Cytoplasm and a Haploid Nucleus with large vacuole present below the nucleus. BOTRVMSBKCAPK
SELAGINELLA GAMETOPHYTIC BODY -REPRODUCTION GAMETOPHYTIC BODY ⚫ The Gametophytic Body of Selaginella is Small and Haploid ⚫ The Gametophytic Body of Selaginella is Dioecious that is the Male and Female Gametophytes are Separated REPRODUCTION OF GAMETOPHYTIC BODY OF SELAGINELLA Gametophytic body Reproduce by ▪ Sexual Reproduction SEXUAL REPRODUCTION ⚫ Sexual Reproduction is Oogamous type. BOTRVMSBKCAPK
SELAGINELLA GAMETOPHYTIC BODY -REPRODUCTION MALE GAMETOPHYTE • The microspore germinates and develops in to male gametophyte of Selaginella. • The male gametophyte is small, non-green and contain only one Antheridium. BOTRVMSBKCAPK
SELAGINELLA GAMETOPHYTIC BODY -REPRODUCTION GERMINATION OF MICROSPORE ⚫ The microspore is a first cell of male gametophyte ⚫ The microspore divides to form two cells namely ▪ Prothallial Cell and ▪ Antheridial Cell ⚫ The Prothallial Cell is a Vegetative Cell of Male Gametophyte. ⚫ The Antheridial Cell divides and gives rise to Male Sex Organ called Antheridium. ⚫ The Antheridial Cell divides repeatedly to form 12 cells in which central 4 are primary Androgonial Cells and outer 8 are Jacket Layer cells of Antheridium BOTRVMSBKCAPK
SELAGINELLA GAMETOPHYTIC BODY -REPRODUCTION GERMINATION OF MICROSPORE ⚫ The mature Male Gametophyte is made up of ▪ One Prothallial cell ▪ Four Androgonial cells and ▪ Eight Jacket cells ⚫ Usually the microspores are liberated in 13-Celled condition from the microsporangium ⚫ The Development of Male Gametophyte Starts inside the Microspore which presents inside the Microsporangium up to 13- Celled stage and then Released from Microsporangium. ⚫ The further Development of Male Gametophyte takes place on the Soil. BOTRVMSBKCAPK
SELAGINELLA GAMETOPHYTIC BODY -REPRODUCTION ANTHERIDIUM ⚫ It is small globular structure and made up of ▪ One Prothallial cell ▪ Four Androgonial cells and ▪ Eight Jacket cells ⚫ The central Androgonial cells divides repeatedly to form 256 Androcytes or Antherozoidal Mother Cells. ⚫ Later, each Androcyte modify in to Biflagellate Male Gamete called Antherozoid. BOTRVMSBKCAPK
SELAGINELLA GAMETOPHYTIC BODY -REPRODUCTION FEMALE GAMETOPHYTE • The Megaspore germinates and develops into Female Gametophyte. • The Female Gametophyte is Large, Green and contains few Female Sex Organs called Archegonia. BOTRVMSBKCAPK
SELAGINELLA GAMETOPHYTIC BODY -REPRODUCTION GERMINATION OF MEGASPORE ⚫ The Megaspore is a First Cell of the Female Gametophyte ⚫ The nucleus of megaspore undergoes free nuclear division to form many nuclei ⚫ Later, the multicellular gametophyte is formed after the cell wall formation ⚫ The mature female gametophyte consists of two regions namely ▪ Generative Region and ▪ Nutritive Region BOTRVMSBKCAPK
SELAGINELLA GAMETOPHYTIC BODY -REPRODUCTION GERMINATION OF MEGASPORE ⚫ The Upper Generative Region is involved in Photosynthesis and also contains few Rhizoids and few Female Sex Organs called Archegonia. ⚫ The Lower Nutritive Region is involved in Storage of Food Materials. ⚫ The two regions is separated by a thick wall called diaphragm ⚫ The Germination and Development of Female Gametophytic Body takes place inside the Megaspore that present inside the Megasporangium up to the formation Female Sex Organs. ⚫ The Further Development takes place in soil. BOTRVMSBKCAPK
SELAGINELLA GAMETOPHYTIC BODY -REPRODUCTION ARCHEGONIUM ⚫ It is a Flask shaped structure consists of two parts namely ▪ Venter and ▪ Neck. ⚫ The Venter is embedded in the gametophyte and the Neck is project outside. ⚫ The Lower Venter is Swollen and it contains ▪ A Ventral Canal Cell and ▪ A Female Gamete called Egg. ⚫ The Upper Neck is Short Narrow and it contains a Neck Canal Cell. BOTRVMSBKCAPK
SELAGINELLA GAMETOPHYTIC BODY -REPRODUCTION FERTILIZATION ⚫ Water is Essential for Fertilization ⚫ At maturity, the Neck Canal Cell and a Venter Canal Cell are disorganise to form mucilage mass. ⚫ The mucilage mass absorb water and ooze out to form a passage for the entry of male gametes. ⚫ Many male gametes Antherozoids are enter in to Archegonium and any one fuse with the female gamete Egg to form Diploid Zygote. ⚫ Later, the Zygote develops in to multicellular Embryo. BOTRVMSBKCAPK
SELAGINELLA GAMETOPHYTIC BODY -REPRODUCTION . BOTRVMSBKCAPK EMBRYO The mature Embryo consists of 4 parts namely Suspensor Shoot Apex Foot and Root Apex
SELAGINELLA GAMETOPHYTIC BODY -REPRODUCTION ⚫ The suspensor keeps the embryo with in the female gametophyte. ⚫ The foot provides nourishment from the gametophyte to the embryo ⚫ The primary root that grows down wards and fixing the embryo in to the soil ⚫ The shoot apex that develops in to the young Sporophytic plant ⚫ Finally, the embryo develops in to diploid Sporophytic body of Selaginella. BOTRVMSBKCAPK
LIFE CYCLE OF SELAGINELLA LIFE CYCLE ⚫ The Life Cycle of Selaginella is Alternations of Generation and it consists of Two Bodies namely ▪ Sporophytic Body and ▪ Gametophytic Body ⚫ In which spores producing Sporophytic Body and gametes producing Gametophytic Body are Depends each other and Alternate with one another. BOTRVMSBKCAPK
LIFE CYCLE OF SELAGINELLA . BOTRVMSBKCAPK SELAGINELLA SPOROPHYTIC BODY MEGASPORANGIUM MICROSPOROPHYLL CONE MEGASPOROPHYLL MICROSPORES MEGASPORES MICROSPORANGIUM EMBRYO MALE GAMETOPHYTE FEMALE GAMETOPHYTE ANTHERIDIUM ARCHEGONIA ZYGOTE EGG ANTHEROZOID ADVETITIOUS BRANCHES BUBILS TUBERS