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4 1 pteridophytes -general characters & economic importance

Pteridophytes are primitive vascular plants that reproduce via spores and have an alternation of generations life cycle. They have both a sporophytic and gametophytic body. The sporophyte is the diploid plant body that produces haploid spores via sporangia on sporophylls. The spores develop into the gametophyte body, which produces male and female gametes that undergo fertilization to form a zygote and begin the cycle again. Pteridophytes have economic importance as food, fertilizer, dyes, fibers, perfumes, timber, gold indicators, and ornamental plants.

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Ancillary Botany PLANT DIVERSITY PTERIDOPHYTES GENERAL CHARACTERS & ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE BOTRVMSBKCAPK
PTERIDOPHYTES POINTS TO REMEMBER ⚫ Vascular Cryptogams. ⚫ Pteridophyte is Greek Word. ⚫ Pteron means Feather. ⚫ Phyta means Plants. ⚫ Plants have Feather like Leaves called FRONDS. ⚫ Primitive Vascular Plants. ⚫ Seedless Plants. ⚫ Spore Producing Vascular Plants. ⚫ Dominated in Devonian and Carboniferous periods of PALAEOZOIC ERA. ⚫ Life Cycle – Alternation of Generation. ⚫ Plant body is Diploid Sporophyte. ⚫ Spore producing structure called Sporangia. ⚫ Spore producing leaves called Sporophyll. ⚫ Gametophytic Body also called Prothallus. ⚫ The Zygote develops in to Multicellular Embryo. BOTRVMSBKCAPK
PTERIDOPHYTES GENERAL CHARACTERS GENERAL CHARACTERS OF PTERIDOPHYTES DEFINITION ⚫ Pteridophytes are Seedless Primitive Vascular Plants Reproduced by Spores. HABITAT ⚫ Terrestrial Habitat - Live in Moist and Shady Place of Land. ⚫ Some species are Epiphytes ⚫ Some are xerophytes, they also called Resurrection plants- it coil and shrink in drought and expand in moist condition. BOTRVMSBKCAPK
PTERIDOPHYTES GENERAL CHARACTERS PLANT BODY SPOROPHYTIC BODY It is Diploid Plant Body consists of ⚫ Root ⚫ Stem and ⚫ Leaves ROOT ⚫ Roots are Adventitious. STEM ⚫ Stem is Aerial or Underground, Erect or Weak and Herbaceous or Woody. ⚫ Vascular Tissues are Well Developed. ⚫ Xylem has Tracheids, Xylem Parenchyma and Xylem Fibers. Vessels are absent ⚫ Phloem has Sieve cells, Phloem Parenchyma and Phloem Fibers. Sieve tubes and Companion cells are absent BOTRVMSBKCAPK
PTERIDOPHYTES GENERAL CHARACTERS LEAVES ⚫ Leaves are Homophyllous or Heterophyllous. ⚫ Leaves are Microphyllous or Megaphyllous. ⚫ Megaphyllous Leaves are called Fronds. BOTRVMSBKCAPK
PTERIDOPHYTES GENERAL CHARACTERS Microphyllous Megaphyllous BOTRVMSBKCAPK
PTERIDOPHYTES GENERAL CHARACTERS REPRODUCTION It Takes Place by ▪ Vegetative Reproduction and ▪ Asexual Reproduction VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION Vegetative Reproduction Takes Place by ▪ Bulbils ▪ Adventitious Buds ▪ Fragmentation ▪ Gemmae and ▪ Tubercles. BOTRVMSBKCAPK
PTERIDOPHYTES GENERAL CHARACTERS ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION • Asexual Reproduction Takes Place by Spores. • Spore producing special structures are called Sporangia. Sporangia producing leaves are called Sporophylls. • Sporophylls are combined to form a structure called Cone or Strobilus. • Cones are Reproductive Structure. • Spores are Haploids formed from Diploid Spore Mother Cells after Meiosis. • Spores are Homosporous or Heterosporous. • Spores are Germinate into Haploid Gametophytes. BOTRVMSBKCAPK
PTERIDOPHYTES GENERAL CHARACTERS ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION ⚫ Sporangia producing leaves are called Sporophylls. ⚫ Sporophylls are combined to form a structure called Cone or Strobilus. ⚫ Cones are Reproductive Structure. ⚫ Spores are Haploids formed from Diploid Spore Mother Cells after Meiosis. ⚫ Spores are Homosporous or Heterosporous. ⚫ Spores are Germinate into Haploid Gametophytes. BOTRVMSBKCAPK
PTERIDOPHYTES GENERAL CHARACTERS GAMETOPHYTIC BODY ⚫ It is Haploid and Simple. ⚫ It is Monoecious or Dioecious. REPRODUCTION It Reproduced by ▪ Sexual Method SEXUAL REPRODUCTION ⚫ Sexual Reproduction is Oogamous type. ⚫ Sex organs are Multicellular and Protected by Sterile Layer called Jacket Layer. . BOTRVMSBKCAPK
PTERIDOPHYTES GENERAL CHARACTERS ANTHERIDIA • Antheridia are Male Sex Organs. • Antheridium is Globular in Shape. • It Produces many Male Gametes called Antherozoids or Spermatozoids from Antherozoids Mother Cells. • Antherozoids are Haploid and Biflagellate. BOTRVMSBKCAPK
PTERIDOPHYTES GENERAL CHARACTERS ARCHEGONIA • Archegonia are Female Sex Organs. • Archegonium is Flask shaped. • It Produces single Female Gamete called Egg. • Archegonium consists of • Venter and • Neck • Venter is a Basal swollen part contains • A Ventral Canal Cell and • A Female gamete called Egg • Egg is Haploid and Non-Motile. • Neck is an upper narrow part contains one to Few Neck Canal Cells. BOTRVMSBKCAPK
PTERIDOPHYTES GENERAL CHARACTERS FERTILIZATION ⚫ Water is Essential for Fertilization ⚫ The Diploid Zygote is formed by the Fusion of Male and Female Gametes. ⚫ The Zygote develops into Embryo and then Diploid Sporophytic Body. BOTRVMSBKCAPK
PTERIDOPHYTES GENERAL CHARACTERS LIFE CYCLE ⚫ It is Alternations of Generation and it consists of Two Bodies namely ▪ Sporophytic Body and ▪ Gametophytic Body ⚫ In which spores producing Sporophytic Body and gametes producing Gametophytic Body are Depends each other and Alternate with one another. BOTRVMSBKCAPK
PTERIDOPHYTES LIFE CYCLE . BOTRVMSBKCAPK SPOROPHYTIC BODY (PLANT BODY) SPORES GAMETOPHYTIC BODY GAMETES ZYGOTE EMBRYO
PTERIDOPHYTES ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF PTERIDOPHYTES AS FOOD ⚫ Young Leaves of Ferns Like Nephrolepis, Diplazium, Helminthostachys and Stenochlaena are cooked and eaten by Indian Tribals. ⚫ The Starchy Paste of the Sporocarps of Water Fern Marsilea is made in to cakes called "Nardoo" and is eaten by the natives of Australia. ⚫ The spores of Lycopodium are Rich in Fat. ⚫ Azolla is directly used as Chicken Feed. AGRICULTURE USES ⚫ Azolla pinnata is used as Biofertilizer in Paddy Field. Marsilea Sp. Azolla Sp. BOTRVMSBKCAPK
PTERIDOPHYTES ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE INDUSTRIAL USES Dying Industries ⚫ The Leaves of the Fern Sphenomeris are used to produce Red Dye. ⚫ The Rhizomes of the Fern Pteridium are used for producing dark Yellow Dye. Fiber Industries ⚫ Fibers obtained from some Ferns as Osmunda and Ciborium are used for making Mats, Baskets and Stuffing and Packing Materials. Perfume Industries ⚫ Certain Ferns like Angiopteris, Adiantum and Polypodium are used to Prepare Perfumes. BOTRVMSBKCAPK
PTERIDOPHYTES ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE BOTRVMSBKCAPK Timber Industries Tree ferns like Cyathea, Thyrsopteris, Alsophila, Dicksonia are used as Timber. Polishing Industries The ‘horse-tails' genus Equisetum used for Polishing Woods and Utensils. DICKSONIA Sp. Cyathea Sp.
PTERIDOPHYTES ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE BOTRVMSBKCAPK GOLD INDICATOR The Species Equisetum arvense grown abundant in Gold Deposited Soil and the Species Generally known as 'Gold Indicator', Equisetum Sp.
PTERIDOPHYTES ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE BOTRVMSBKCAPK AS ORNAMENTAL PLANTS Ferns like Nephrolepis, Azolla, Salvinia, Equisetum, Angiopteris, Osmunda, Microsorum, Pteris, Adiantum, Cyathea, Ampelopteris, Christella, Diplazium and Tectaria which are generally grown in the Gardens and Houses as Potted Plants for Aesthetic Purposes. Adiantum Sp. Fern