The document discusses various adaptations of plants to different ecological conditions. It describes five types of hydrophytes: free floating (eichhornia), submerged free floating (ceratophyllum), rooted floating (lotus), rooted submerged (vallisneria), and rooted emergent (sagittaria). It also discusses adaptations of xerophytes to drought, including drought escaping (solanum xanthocarpum), stem succulent (opuntia), leaf succulent (aloe), root succulent (asparagus), and drought resistant (casuarina). Finally, it examines halophyte adaptations like pneumatophores in rhizophora and viviparous germination in

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PLANT ECOLOGY

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EX.NO:09 HYDROPHYTES 44
00-00-00
FREE FLOATING HYDROPHYTES
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Eichhornia
ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION:
• It is Free Floating Hydrophytes.
• It contacts Water and Atmosphere.
• Presence of Well Developed Adventitious Roots for
Balancing the Plants in Water.
• Presence of Swollen Petioles For Floating the Plants in
Water.
• Presence of Root Pockets For Balancing the Plants in
Water.

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EICHHORNIA 45

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SUBMERGED FREE FLOATING HYDROPHYTES
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Ceratophyllum.
ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION:
• It is Submerged Floating Hydrophytes.
• It contacts only water.
• Presence of Dissected Leaves that used to Avoid Damages
from Water Current.
• Absence of Roots due to the entire body contact only with
water and involved in Absorption.
• Presence of Slender Stem that used to Avoid Damages from
Water Current by easily bending.

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CERATOPHYLLUM 47

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ROOTED FLOATING HYDROPHYTES
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Lotus
ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION:
• It is Rooted Floating Hydrophytes.
• It contacts with soil, water and air.
• Presence of Underground Stem.
• Presence of Long Petiole that used to bring out the Leaves
on the surface of Water.

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LOTUS 49

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ROOTED SUBMERGED HYDROPHYTES
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Vallisneria.
ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION:
• It is Rooted Submerged Hydrophytes.
• It contacts soil and water.
• Presence of Ribbon Shaped Leaves that used to Avoid
Damages from Water Current.
• Presence of Poorly Developed Roots for Fixation.
• Presence of Slender Stolen Stem that used to Avoid
Damages from Water Current.

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VALLISNERIA 51

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ROOTED EMERGENT HYDROPHYTES
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Sagittaria.
ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION:
• It is Rooted Emergent Hydrophytes.
• It contacts soil, water and air.
• Presence of Heterophyllous Leaves.
• Presence of Arrow Shaped normal Leaves above the Water
Level.
• Presence of Strap Shaped Modified Leaves below the
Water Level that used to Avoid Damages from Water
Current.
• Presence of Well Developed Roots for Fixation and
Absorption.

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SAGITTARIA 53

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EICHHORNIA PETIOLE (T.S)
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen for Section is Eichhornia Petiole.
REASONS FOR IDENTIFICATION:
• Presence of Well Developed Epidermis made of Thin Walled
Cells
• Presence of Thin Cuticle.
• Presence of Well Developed Multilayered Hypodermis made
of Parenchyma Cells
• Presence of Loosely Packed Parenchyma Cells in Cortex
with Many Air Chambers.
• Presence of Poorly Developed Vascular Bundles Scattered
in Cortex.
• Presence of Not Well Differentiated Xylem and Phloem in
each Vascular Bundle.

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T.S of EICHHORNIA PETIOLE 55

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HYDRILLA STEM (T.S)
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen for Section is Hydrilla Stem.
REASONS FOR IDENTIFICATION:
• Presence of Loosely Packed Epidermis made of Thin Walled
Cells
• Absence of Cuticle.
• Absence of Stomata.
• Presence of Few layered Hypodermis made of Parenchyma
Cells
• Presence of Loosely Packed Parenchyma Cells in Cortex
with Many Air Chambers.
• Presence of Poorly Developed Vascular Tissue.
• Presence of Not Well Differentiated Xylem and Phloem in
Vascular Tissue.

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T.S of HYDRILLA STEM 57

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EX. NO:10 XEROPHYTES 58
29-01-21
DROUGHT ESCAPING XEROPHYTES
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Solanum xanthocarpum
ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION:
• It is a Drought Escaping Xerophytes
• It is an Annual Plant, Complete their Life Cycle in Favorable
Season.
• During Rainy Season, it germinate from Seeds, Grow,
Reproduce and Die
• It Escapes from Dry season in the form of Seed with thick
Seed Coat.

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Solanum xanthocarpum

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DROUGHT ENDURING XEROPHYTES
STEM SUCCULENT
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Opuntia
ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION:
• It is a Stem Succulent Drought Enduring Xerophytes.
• It is a Perennial Plant.
• It Undergo the Dry Seasons by Storage of water during
rainy season.
• It has Water Storing Parenchymatous Tissue in Stem.
• The Stem is Succulent due to the storage of water in the
Stem.
• The leaves are modified into Spines for reduce transpiration
• The Succulent Stem becomes Flat, Green and Carry the
Function of leaves called Phylloclade.

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Opuntia

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DROUGHT ENDURING XEROPHYTES
LEAF SUCCULENT
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Aloe
ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION:
• It is a Leaf Succulent Drought Enduring Xerophytes.
• It is a Perennial Plant.
• It Undergo the Dry Seasons by Storage of water during
rainy season.
• It has Water Storing Parenchymatous Tissue in Leaves.
• The Leaves are Succulent due to the storage of water.

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ALOE

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DROUGHT ENDURING XEROPHYTES
ROOT SUCCULENT
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Asparagus
ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION:
• It is a Root Succulent Drought Enduring Xerophytes.
• It is a Perennial Plant.
• It Undergo the Dry Season by Storage of water during rainy
season.
• It has Water Storing Parenchymatous Tissue in Roots.
• The Roots are Succulent due to the storage of water.

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Asparagus

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DROUGHT RESISTANT XEROPHYTES
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Casuarina
ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION:
• It is a Drought Resistant Xerophytes or True Xerophytes
• It is a Perennial Plant.
• It Resist Extreme Drought, by Developing Special
adaptation in their Morphology, Anatomy and Physiology.
• Leaves are modified in to Scales to Reduce Transpiration.
• The main stem is Woody.
• The Branches are Green and involved in Photosynthesis.
• Stomata are Sunken in Branches.

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Casuarina

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T.S OF NERIUM LEAF
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen for Section is Nerium Leaf.
REASONS FOR IDENTIFICATION:
• Presence of Multilayered Epidermis made of Thick Walled
Cells
• Presence thick Cuticle.
• Presence of Sunken Stomata in Lower Epidermis
• Presence of Trichomes in Stomata.
• Presence of Well Developed Mesophyll and Differentiated in
to Upper Palisade Parenchyma and Lower Spongy
Parenchyma.
• Presence of Well Developed Vascular Tissue and
Differentiated in to Xylem and Phloem

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T.S OF NERIUM LEAF

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T.S OF CASURAINA STEM
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen for Section is Casuarina Stem.
REASONS FOR IDENTIFICATION:
• Presence of Well Developed Epidermis made of Thick
Walled Cells
• Presence thick Cuticle.
• Presence of Sunken Stomata.
• Presence of Epidermal Hairs in Stomata.
• Presence of Multilayered Hypodermis made of
Sclerenchyma Cells
• Presence of Closely Packed Parenchyma Cells in Cortex.
• Presence of Many Well Developed Vascular Bundles
arranged in Regular Rings.
• Presence of Well Differentiated Xylem, Cambium and
Phloem in each Vascular Bundle.
• Presence of Pith.

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T.S OF CASURAINA STEM

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EX.NO:00
05-02-21 HALOPHYTES 72
PNEUMATOPHORE
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Pneumatophore of
Rhizophora
ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION:
• Pneumatophore is an additional Aerial Root for Respiration.
• The Pneumatophores are Aerial Negatively Geotropic roots
that develops from the horizontal lateral roots and Comes
out of the surface of water or mud
• Presence of Lenticels or Pneumatothodes in
Pneumatophore for Gas exchange during Respiration
• Presence of Aerenchyma tissue in Pneumatophores for
Storage and diffusion of Air to the Lower part of root.

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Rhizophora -Pneumatophore

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VIVIPAROUS GERMINATION
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Viviparous
Germination in Avicennia
ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION:
• The seeds starts to germinate when they attached to the
Plant is called Viviparous germination
• In Mangrove halophytes, the Saline Water is Unsuitable for
seed germination and early growth of seedlings.
• The Embryo of the seed grows and develops in to seedlings
with in the Fruit when the fruit is attached to the plant.
• The seedling consists of a Club shaped Hypocotyle and a
downwardly pointed Radicle
• After the Hypocotyle attain the length of 50-75 cm, the
seedlings fall vertically down and fixed in the soil or mud
and grow
• The upper part of the Hypocotyle produces new shoot and
the radicle produces new roots of the seedlings with in few
hours.

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Viviparous Germination in Avicennia