The document discusses the Poaceae (grass) family, listing many common plants in the family such as rice, wheat, corn, sugarcane, and bamboo. It provides descriptions of morphological characteristics including stems, leaves, inflorescence, flowers, and fruits. Key diagnostic features are presented along with the systematic position and economic importance of grasses as a source of food, fodder, fuel, and construction materials. Specific details are given on the spikelet structure of rice and technical descriptions of rice, wheat, sorghum, pearl millet and other important grass species.

1. ANCILLARY BOTANY
PLANT TAXONOMY
1-9
-POACEAE
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2. POACEAE - GRASS FAMILY
COMMON PLANTS
COMMON PLANTS
⚫ AVENA SATIVA -OATS -KADAIKKANNI
⚫ ORYZA SATIVA -PADDY -NEL
⚫ TRITICUM VULGARE -WHEAT -KOTHUMAI
⚫ ZEA MAYS -CORN (MAIZE) -MAKKACHOLAM
⚫ HORDEUM VULGARE -BARLEY -VALKOTHUMAI
⚫ PENNISETUM TYPHOIDES -PEARL MILLET -KAMBU
⚫ ELEUSINE CORACANA -FINGER MILLET -KAPAI/KELVARAGU/RAGI
⚫ SETARIA ITALICA FOXTAIL MILLET -THINAI
⚫ ANDROPOGON SORGHUM GREAT MILLET (SORGHUM) –CHOLAM
⚫ SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM -SUGARCANE -KARUMBU
⚫ BAMBUSA BAMBOS -BAMBOO -MUNGIL
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3. POACEAE - GRASS FAMILY
COMMON PLANTS
⚫ CYNODON DACTYLON -DHUB GRASS -ARUGAM PULLU
⚫ CYMBOPOGON CITRATUS -LEMON GRASS -KARPURA PULLU
⚫ DESMOSTACHYA BIPINNATA -SACRIFICIAL GRASS -DARBHAIPUL
⚫ ANDROPOGON Sp. –Bluestem Grass
⚫ VETEVERIA ZIZANIOIDES -VETIVER (CUSCUS GRASS ) - VETIVER
⚫ DENDROCALAMUS Sp. - Solid Bamboos
⚫ MELOCALAMUS Sp. -Climbing Bamboos
⚫ DESMOSTACHYA BIPINNATA -SACRIFICIAL GRASS
⚫ SPINIFEX Sp. –Beach Spinifex
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4. POACEAE
ORYZA SATIVA -PADDY
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5. POACEAE
TRITICUM VULGARE -WHEAT
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6. POACEAE
ANDROPOGON SORGHUM –SORGHUM
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7. POACEAE
PENNISETUM TYPHOIDES -Pearl Millet
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8. POACEAE - GRASS FAMILY
AVENA SATIVA -OATS
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9. POACEAE - GRASS FAMILY
ELEUSINE CORACANA -FINGER MILLET
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10. POACEAE - GRASS FAMILY
SETARIA ITALICA -FOXTAIL MILLET
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11. POACEAE - GRASS FAMILY
HORDEUM VULGARE -BARLEY
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12. POACEAE - GRASS FAMILY
ZEA MAYS -CORN
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13. POACEAE - GRASS FAMILY
CYNODON DACTYLON -DHUB GRASS
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14. POACEAE
SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM -SUGARCANE
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15. POACEAE
BAMBUSA BAMBOS-BAMBOO
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16. POACEAE
DENDROCALAMUS Sp. MELOCALAMUS Sp
(Solid Bamboos) (Climbing Bamboos)
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17. POACEAE
DESMOSTACHYA BIPINNATA -SACRIFICIAL GRASS
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18. POACEAE
CYMBOPOGON CITRATUS -INDIAN LEMON GRASS
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19. POACEAE
ANDROPOGON Sp. –Bluestem Grass
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20. POACEAE
VETEVERIA ZIZANOIDES -VETIVER
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21. POACEAE
SPINIFEX Sp. –Beach Spinifex
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22. POACEAE
SYSTAMATIC POSITION
SYSTAMATIC POSITION
⚫ CLASS : MONOTYLEDONS
⚫ SERIES : GLUMACEAE
⚫ FAMILY : POACEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
⚫ GENUS : 620
⚫ SPECIES :10,000
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23. POACEAE
DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS
DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS OF POACEAE
⚫ Stem is Cylindrical and Hollow.
⚫ Leaves are Alternate Distichously and Ligulate.
⚫ Spikelet Inflorescence.
⚫ Presence of Lodicule.
⚫ Anthers are Versatile.
⚫ Stigma is Feathery.
⚫ Fruit is Caryopsis.
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24. POACEAE
GENERAL CHARACTERS
DISTINGUISHING / GENERAL CHARACTERS OF POACEAE
⚫ PLANTS are Mostly Annual, Biennial or Perennial Herbs, and Few
Arborescent Trees.
⚫ ROOT is Adventitious Fibrous.
⚫ STEM is Aerial, Erect, Unbranched, Herbaceous or Woody, Hollow or
Solid.
⚫ LEAVES are Simple, Ligulate, Alternate Distichous and Parallel
Venation. Leaf has Leaf Sheath and Long Narrow Leaf Blade.
⚫ INFLORESENCE is Racemose-Spike or Panicle.
⚫ FLOWERS are Pedicellate, Bracteate(Lemma), Bracteolate(Palea),
Bisexual or Unisexual, Trimerous, Actinomorphic and Hypogynous.
⚫ PERIANTH is made up of 2-3 Tepals and may Reduced in to Lodicules.
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25. POACEAE
GENERAL CHARACTERS
⚫ ANDROECIUM
⚫ Made up of 3 or 6 Stamens and are Free.
⚫ ANTHERS are Dithecous, Versatile and Dehisce
longitudinally
⚫ GYNOECIUM
⚫ OVARY is Monocarpellary, Unilocular, and Superior with
One Ovule on Basal Placentation.
⚫ STYLE is Branched in to Two.
⚫ STIGMA is Feathery.
⚫ POLLINATION is Anemophily.
⚫ FRUIT is Dry Indehiscent – Caryopsis.
⚫ SEEDS are Endospermous.
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26. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF POACEAE
-VEGETATIVE MORPHOLOGY
VEGETATIVE MORPHOLOGY
DISTRIBUTION
⚫ The Family Poaceae (Gramineae) is Commonly Called Grass
Family. It Consists of 620 Genera and 6000 Species and
The members are Cosmopolitan Distribution, excepts Polar
and other Cold Regions.
HABIT
⚫ Annual Herbs - Oryza
⚫ Perennial Herbs - Grasses
⚫ Arborescent Tree- Bambusa
HABITAT
⚫ Mesophytes
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27. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF POACEAE
-VEGETATIVE MORPHOLOGY
ROOT
• Adventitious Fibrous Root
System.
STEM
• In Sugarcane, the Stem is
Aerial, Erect, Herbaceous,
Cylindrical and Solid
• In Bambusa, the Stem is Aerial,
Erect, Woody, Cylindrical and
Hollow except at Nodes
• In Grasses, the Stem is Sub-
Aerial –Runner.
• Stem is Branching by Tillers.
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28. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF POACEAE
-VEGETATIVE MORPHOLOGY
• LEAVES
• Simple, Sessile, Ligulate,
Alternate Distichous and
Parallel Venation.
• The Leaf Base Forming
Leaf Sheath Around the
Stem.
• The Leaf Lamina is
Linear or Lanceolate.
• In Bambusa, the Leaf is
Petiolate.
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29. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF POACEAE
REPRODUCTIVE MORPHOLOGY
REPRODUCTIVE MORPHOLOGY
INFLORESENCE
⚫ Racemose – Terminal Panicle consists of Smaller Units called
Spikelets.
FLOWER
⚫ Pedicellate, Bracteate(Lemma), Bracteolate(Palea), Bisexual or
Unisexual, Trimerous, Actinomorphic and Hypogynous.
⚫ In Zea mays, Flowers are Unisexual.
PERIANTH
⚫ Tepals- 2 - Many, Reduced in to Wedge Shaped, Hyaline,
Hygroscopic Lodicules.
⚫ In Oryza sativa, Lodicules are Two
⚫ In Bambusa, Lodicules are Three
⚫ In Ochlandra, Lodicules are Numerous.
⚫
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30. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF POACEAE
REPRODUCTIVE MORPHOLOGY
ANDROECIUM
⚫ STAMENS are 3- 6 and Polyandrous.
⚫ Stamens are 3 – Triticum
⚫ Stamens are 6 –Oryza, Bambusa, Zea
⚫ In Ochlandra, Stamens are Numerous and
Monoadelphous.
⚫ In Uniola, Androecium made up of Single Stamen.
⚫ ANTHERS are Dithecous, Versatile and Dehisce
longitudinally
⚫
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31. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF POACEAE
REPRODUCTIVE MORPHOLOGY
GYNOECIUM
⚫ OVARY is Monocarpellary, Unilocular, Superior with One Ovule on
Basal Placentation.
⚫ STYLE is Terminal, Simple or Branched into 2-3.
⚫ STIGMA is Feathery.
POLLINATION
⚫ Flowers are Small and Numerous. So, the Pollination is carried by
Wind (Anemophily).
FRUIT
⚫ Fruit is Dry Indehiscent – Caryopsis. The Pericarp is fused with the
Seed Coat, called Bran.
SEEDS
⚫ Seed has a Large Endosperm with a minute Embryo.
⚫ Embryo has a Single Cotyledon called Scutellum.
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32. POACEAE
TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF ORYZA Sp.
TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF ORYZA Sp.
HABIT
⚫ Cultivated Annual Herb for Food.
HABITAT
⚫ Mesophytes-Tropical to Temperate.
ROOT
⚫ Adventitious Fibrous Root System.
STEM
⚫ Aerial, Erect, Cylindrical and Hollow except at Nodes.
⚫ Stem is Branching by Tillers.
LEAVES
⚫ Simple, Ligulate, Alternate and Parallel Venation.
⚫ Leaf has Leaf Sheath and Leaf Lamina is Linear.
⚫
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34. POACEAE
TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF ORYZA Sp.
INFLORESENCE
⚫ Racemose – Terminal Panicle consists of Smaller Units called
Spikelets.
FLOWER
⚫ Pedicellate, Bracteate(Lemma), Bracteolate(Palea), Bisexual,
Trimerous, Actinomorphic and Hypogynous.
PERIANTH
⚫ Tepals- 2, Reduced in to Lodicules.
ANDROECIUM
⚫ STAMENS are 6 and Polyandrous.
⚫ ANTHERS are Dithecous, Versatile and Dehisce longitudinally
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35. POACEAE
TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF ORYZA Sp.
GYNOECIUM
⚫ OVARY is Monocarpellary, Unilocular, and Superior with One
Ovule on Basal Placentation.
⚫ STYLE is Branched in to Two.
⚫ STIGMA is Feathery.
POLLINATION is Anemophily.
FRUIT is Dry Indehiscent – Caryopis Enclosed by Glume and
Palea.
SEEDS are Endospermous
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36. POACEAE
SPIKELET OF PADDY
SPIKELET OF PADDY
• The Spikelet has a Short
Central Axis called Rachilla.
• The Spikelet consists of
• 5 - Glumes
• 2 - Lodicules
• 6 - Stamens and
• 1 - Pistil.
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37. POACEAE
SPIKELET OF PADDY
⚫ The Lower Most Two Bracts in Rachilla are Small, Membranous and
United called Sterile Glume - I and Sterile Glume - II.
⚫ The Middle Two Bracts in Rachilla are Empty and Boat shaped
called Sterile Glume - III and Sterile Glume - IV.
⚫ The Fifth Bract having a Flower in its axil is called Fertile Glume -V or
Lemma and the Bracteole that opposite to the Lemma is called Palea.
⚫ The Flower has 2-Lodicules, 6 Stamens and a Pistil
⚫ Lodicules are Two Wedge shaped Membranous Reduced Perianth.
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38. POACEAE
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF POACEAE
CEREAL PLANTS
⚫ AVENA SATIVA -OATS
⚫ ORYZA SATIVA -PADDY
⚫ TRITICUM VULGARE -WHEAT
⚫ ZEA MAYS -CORN
⚫ HORDEUM VULGARE -BARLEY
⚫ PENNISETUM TYPHOIDES -PEARL MILLET
⚫ ELEUSINE CORACANA -FINGER MILLET
⚫ SETARIA ITALICA -FOXTAIL MILLET
⚫ ANDROPOGON SORGHUM -ANDROPOGON
⚫ Grains are used as Staple Food for Mankinds.
⚫ Straw of Plants are used as Fodder for Cattle.
⚫ Grains are also used to prepare Alcoholic Beverages like Arrack,
Whisky and Rum.
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39. POACEAE
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
ELEUSINE CORACANA -FINGER MILLET
⚫ Seeds are used for Cold, Fever, Burning Sensation, Breathing Difficulties,
Thirst, Strangers (Slow and Painful Discharge of Urine)
SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM -SUGARCANE
⚫ Plant is Cultivate for Sugar and Juices.
CYNODON DACTYLON -DHUB GRASS
⚫ Whole plant is used for Thirst, Fever, Burning Sensation, Scabies, Skin
Diseases, Chronic Diarrhoea, Dysentery, Wounds and Hemorrhage.
⚫ Grass are grown to Form Play Grounds and Lawns in Gardens, Parks etc.,
BAMBUSA BAMBOS -BAMBOO
⚫ Roots are used for Leprosy, Ringworm and Skin Diseases.
⚫ Leaves are used for Piles, Diarrhoea and Skin Diseases.
⚫ The Stem is used for Construction, Making Boats etc
⚫ Plant is used in the Manufacture of Papers.
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40. POACEAE
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
DESMOSTACHYA BIPINNATA -SACRIFICIAL GRASS
⚫ Roots are used for Asthma, Tuberculosis, Jaundice, Pain in the
Urinary Bladder.
VETEVERIA ZIZANOIDES -VETIVER
⚫ The Essential Volatile Aromatic Oil is extracted from the Root
and used as Perfumes.
CYMBOPOGON CITRATUS -INDIAN LEMON GRASS
⚫ Lemon Grass Oil is obtained from the Leaves and used in
Perfumes.
⚫ Plant is Aromatic, Carminative, Stimulant and used for
Stomachache, Vomiting and Arthritis. It is also Repels
Mosquitoes.
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41. POACEAE
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
ANDROPOGON Sp. -Bluestem Grass
⚫ Grass Oil Extracted from the Plant and used in Perfumes.
DENDROCALAMUS Sp. -Solid Bamboos
MELOCALAMUS Sp. -Climbing Bamboos
⚫ The stem is used for making Furniture.
SPINIFEX Sp. -Beach Spinifex
⚫ Commonly Grown in Sea-Shores. It is a good Sand Binder and
Reduce Soil Erosion.
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