3. .
Ex.No:01 ALGAE 02
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OSCILLATORIA
OSCILLATORIA – A FILAMENT
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Slide is Identified as Oscillatoria – a Filament
REASONS FOR IDENTIFICATION:
• It is a Fresh water Free Floating Blue Green Algae.
• Plant Body is Unbranched Filamentous called TRICHOME
• Cells are Prokaryotic and are Broader than their Height.
• Presence of some Biconcave Dead cells called Necridia.
• Presence of Hormogone or Hormogonium between the Necridia
of Filament.
• Presence of Outer Chromoplasm with Many Thylakoids.
• Presence of Inner Centroplasm with Nuclear Material - DNA.
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Ex.No:02 0 4
00-00-00 OEDOGONIUM
OEDOGONIUM – A FILAMENT
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Slide is Identified as Oedogonium- a Filament
REASONS FOR IDENTIFICATION:
• It is a Fresh Water Attached Form of Green Algae.
• Plant Body is Unbranched Filamentous.
• Cells are Eukaryotic and Cylindrical.
• Presence of a Reticulate Chloroplast with many Pyrenoids.
• Presence of Hapteron or Hold Fast for attachment.
• Presence of Cell Cap in some of the Cells of Filament.
• Presence of Antheridia and Oogonia in mature Filament.
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OEDOGONIUM 06
OEDOGONIUM – NANNANDRIUM
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Slide is Identified as Oedogonium-
Nannandrium.
REASONS FOR IDENTIFICATION:
• The Dwarf Male Filament of Oedogonium is called
Nannandrium.
• Presence of many Male Filaments on the Supporting Cell
or Oogonium.
• Presence of a Single Basal Stalk Cell with 2-3 Antheridia
in mature Nannandrium.
• Each Antheridium Produces Two Male Gametes called
Antherozoids.
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9. .
. Ex.No-03 08
00-00-00 SARGASSUM
SARGASSUM – HABIT
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Sargassum-Habit.
REASONS FOR IDENTIFICATION:
• It is an Attached Form of Marine Brown Algae.
• Presence of Broad and Discoid Hold Fast for Attachment.
• Presence of Stem like Stipe consists of Main Axis and Lateral
Branches
• Presence of Secondary Lateral branches called Leaves.
• Presence of Stalked Air Bladders for Buoyancy.
• Presence of Highly branched Reproductive branches called
Receptacles.
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SARGASSUM 10
SARGASSUM MALE CONCEPTACLE
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Slide is Identified as Sargassum-V.S of Male Conceptacle.
REASONS FOR IDENTIFICATION:
• The Male Conceptacles are embedded in the Receptacle.
• Each Conceptacle is Flask shaped cavity with Ostiole.
• Presence of many Branched and Unbranched filamentous structure called
Paraphyses.
• Presence of many Male Sex Organs called Antheridia at the tips of Branched
Paraphyses.
• Each Antheridium Produces 64 Male Gametes called Antherozoids.
SARGASSUM FEMALE CONCEPTACLE
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Slide is Identified as Sargassum – V.S of Female
Conceptacle.
REASONS FOR IDENTIFICATION:
• The Female Conceptacles are embedded in the Receptacle.
• Each Conceptacle is Flask Shaped Cavity with Ostiole.
• Presence of many Unbranched Filamentous structure called Paraphyses.
• Presence of many Female Sex Organs called Oogonia in between Paraphyses.
• Each Oogonium Produces only one Functional Female Gamete called Egg or
Ovum.
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13. .
Ex.No:04 FUNGI 12
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ASPERGILLUS
ASPERGILLUS HYPHAE WITH CONIDIOPHORE
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Slide is Identified as Aspergillus Hyphae with
Conidiophore.
REASONS FOR IDENTIFICATION:
• It is Mould type of Fungi, commonly called Green Mould
• The Plant Body is Mycelium and it’s made up of Hyphae
• Vegetative Hyphae are Branched, Septate and Horizontal.
• Reproductive Hyphae or Conidiophore are Unbranched,
Aseptate and Vertical.
• Presences of many Bottle Shaped cells on the Vesicle are called
Sterigmata.
• Presence of many Conidiospores or conidia in chain at the tip of
Conidiophore.
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Ex.No:05 14
00-00-00 PUCCINIA
PUCCINIA UREDOSORUS
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Slide is Identified as Puccinia - V.S of
Uredosorus.
REASONS FOR IDENTIFICATION:
• The Uredostage is reported in Primary Host Wheat.
• Uredostage Hyphae are Endoparasitc, Intercellular, Branched,
Septate and Dikaryotic.
• Presence of many Reddish Brown Streaks on the upper surface
of Wheat leaf called Uredosori.
• Presence of many Uredospores in each Uredosorus.
• Uredospores are Unicellular, Dikaryotic and Oval Shaped.
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PUCCINIA 16
PUCCINIA TELEUTOSORUS
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Slide is Identified as Puccinia - V.S of
Teleutosorus.
REASONS FOR IDENTIFICATION:
• The Teleutostage is reported in Primary host Wheat.
• Teleutostage Hyphae are Endoparasitc, Intercellular, Branched,
Septate and Dikaryotic.
• Presence of many Black Streaks on the surface of Leaf Sheaths
and Stem of Wheat called Teleutosori.
• Presence of many Teleutospores in each Teleutosorus.
• Teleutospore are Bicelled, Dikaryotic and Spindle shaped.
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Ex.No:06 BRYOPHYTES 18
00-00-00 FUNARIA
FUNARIA GAMETOPHYTE WITH SPOROPHYTE
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Funaria – Gametophyte
with Sporophyte.
REASONS FOR IDENTIFICATION:
• Funaria is a Moss type of Bryophytes and also called Cord Moss
• The plant body is Haploid Gametophyte and it consists of
• Stem
• Leaves and
• Rhizoids
• Presence of Green, Erect and Branched Stem
• Presence of Green, Sessile and Oval shaped Leaves with
Distinct Midrib.
• Presence of Branched and Multicellular Root like Structures
called Rhizoids.
• Presence of Antheridial and Archegonial Branches in same Plant
• Presence of Sporophyte with Foot, Seta and Capsule in
Archegonial Branch
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V.S OF ANTHERIDIAL HEAD OF FUNARIA 20
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Slide is Identified as Funaria- V.S of Antheridial
Head.
REASONS FOR IDENTIFICATION:
• The Tip of Antheridial Branch of Funaria is called Antheridial
Head.
• Presence of many Antheridia along with Paraphyses and also
surrounded by Perichaetial leaves.
• Presence of Club shaped Antheridium
• Presence of Androcyte Mother Cells in Antheridium which
protected by a Jacket layer
• Each Fertile Androcyte Mother Cell produces Two Male
Gametes called Antherozoids.
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FUNARIA V.S OF ARCHEGONIAL HEAD 22
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Slide is Identified as Funaria- V.S of
Archegonial Head.
REASONS FOR IDENTIFICATION:
• The Tip of Archegonial Branch of Funaria is called Archegonial
Head.
• Presence of many Archegonia along with Paraphyses and also
surrounded by Perichaetial leaves.
• Presence of Flask shaped Archegonium with short Stalk
• Presence of a Ventral Canal Cell and a female gamete called Egg in
Swollen Venter of Archegonium.
• Presence of 8-12 Neck Canal Cells in Narrow Neck of Archegonium.
• Presence of 4 Lid or Cover Cells in the mouth of the Neck.
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FUNARIA L.S OF CAPSULE 24
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Slide is Identified as Funaria – L.S of Capsule.
REASONS FOR IDENTIFICATION:
• It is a Pear-Shaped part of Sporophyte of Funaria.
• Presence of Lower Sterile Part is called Apophysis.
• Presence of Middle Fertile Part is called Theca .
• Presence of Cap like Terminal part is called Lid.
• Presence of Spore Sac in Theca.
• The Spore Sac contains many Spore Mother Cells.
• Each Spore Mother Cell undergoes Meiosis to from Four
Haploid Spores
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27. .
Ex.No:07 PTERIDOPHYES 26
00-00-00 SELAGINELLA
SELAGINELLA -HABIT
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Selaginella Habit.
REASONS FOR IDENTIFICATION:
• Selaginella is Perennial Herb and commonly called Spike Moss.
• Presence of Prostrate and Dichotomously Branched Stem
• Presence of Heterophyllous Leaves
• Presence of tongue shaped structure called Ligule at the base of
leaf.
• Presence of Adventitious Root System for Fixation and
Absorption.
• Presence of Rhizophores from the forking place of stem.
• Presence of Reproductive Structures at the tip of branches
called Cones or Strobilus
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SELAGINELLA 28
SELAGINELLA T.S OF STEM
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen for Section is Selaginella Stem.
REASONS FOR IDENTIFICATION:
• Presence of Multicellular Unilayer Epidermis.
• Presence of Cuticle and Absence of Stomata.
• Presence of Outer Hypodermis made up of Sclerenchyma Cells
in Cortex
• Presence of Middle Parenchyma Cells in Cortex
• Presence of Inner Modified Endodermis with many Air
Chambers by Trabeculae.
• Presence of Protostele that is xylem is surrounded by phloem.
• Presence of Exarch and Diarch Xylem .
• Presence of Tracheids in xylem.
• Presence of Sieve Cells in Phloem.
• Absence of Pith.
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SELAGINELLA 30
SELAGINELLA L.S OF CONE
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Slide is Identified as Selaginella- L.S of Cone.
REASONS FOR IDENTIFICATION:
• Cones are Asexual Reproductive Structures of Selaginella
present at the tip of branches.
• Presence of Numerous Spirally Arranged Sporophylls in Cone
axis of Cone
• Presence of Microsporangium in its axils of Microsporophyll.
• Presence of Megasporangium in its axils of Megasporophyll.
• Presence of Ligule at the base of Both Sporangium.
• In Microsporangium, the Microspore Mother Cells Undergoes
Meiosis and Produce Numerous Haploid Microspores.
• In Megasporangium, the Single Functional Megaspore Mother
Cell Undergoes Meiosis to Produce Only 4 Haploid
Megaspores.
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33. .
Ex.No:08 GYMNOSPERM 32
00-00-00 PINUS
PINUS -LONG SHOOT WITH DWARF SHOOT
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as PINUS -LONG
SHOOT WITH DWARF SHOOT
REASONS FOR IDENTIFICATION:
• Pine Tree is a Conical, Tall, and Evergreen .
• The Branches are Two types namely
Long Shoots and
Dwarf shoots
• The Long Shoots develops from the Main Stem and also called
Branches of Unlimited Growth.
• The Long Shoot is covered by Scale Leaves.
• The Dwarf Shoots develops from the Long Shoot and also
called Branches of Limited Growth
• The Dwarf Shoot is covered by Scale Leaves and End with
Foliage Leaves or Pine Needles.
• The Dwarf Shoot with many Pine Needles is called Spur Shoot
or Foliar Spur
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PINUS 34
PINUS T.S OF NEEDLE
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen for Section is Pinus Needle.
REASONS FOR IDENTIFICATION:
• Presence of outer Multicellular Unilayer Epidermis.
• Presence of Thick Cuticle
• Presence of Sunken Stomata.
• Presence of Outer Hypodermis made up of 2-3 layers of
Sclerenchyma cells in Mesophyll.
• Presence of Arm Parenchyma cells in the Middle of Mesophyll.
• Presence of Two Resin Canals in Mesophyll.
• Presence of Multilayered Pericycle.
• Presence of Two Open and Collateral Vascular Bundles.
• Presence of Phloem towards Upper side, Xylem towards Lower
side and Cambium present between Xylem and Phloem of each
Vascular Bundle.
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PINUS 36
PINUS MALE CONES or L.S OF MALE CONE
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Pinus-Male Cone
REASONS FOR IDENTIFICATION:
• Male Cones are Male Reproductive Organs of Pinus.
• Formed in Clusters at the Tip of Long Shoot.
• Made up of numerous Microsporophyll that arranged spirally
in Cone Axis of Cone.
• Presence of Two Megasporangia in Each Microsporophyll on
its lower side.
• Presence of numerous Microspore Mother Cells in each
Microsporangium.
• The Microspore Mother Cells undergo meiosis and produce
numerous Haploid Winged Microspores.
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PINUS 38
PINUS FEMALE CONES or L.S OF FEMALE CONE
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Pinus-Female Cone
REASONS FOR IDENTIFICATION:
• Female Cones are Female Reproductive Organs of Pinus.
• Present at the base of Long Shoot in Few Numbers.
• Presence of numerous Megasporophylls, arranged spirally in
Cone Axis of Cone.
• Each Megasporophyll made up of Bract Scale and Ovuliferous
Scale.
• Presence of Two Megasporangia or Ovules at the base on its
upper surface of Ovuliferous Scale
• Presence of only one Functional Megaspore in Each
Megasporangium.
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PINUS 40
PINUS L.S OF OVULE
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Pinus-Female Cone
REASONS FOR IDENTIFICATION:
• The Megasporangium or Ovule consists of
Outer Integument and
Inner Nucellus
• The Inner Nucellus is a Nutritive Tissue.
• The Integument Leaves an Opening is called Micropyle
• The Female Gametophyte Develops inside the Nucellus with
3 to 5 Female Sex Organs called Archegonia towards the
Micropylar end.
• Each Archegonium is Flask Shape and it consists of Venter and
Neck
• Venter is a Basal Swollen Part and it has a Ventral Canal Cell
and an Egg
• Egg is Haploid and Non-Motile Female Gamete.
• Neck is a Short Upper Part Has No Neck Canal Cell.
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EX.NO:09 HYDROPHYTES 44
00-00-00
FREE FLOATING HYDROPHYTES
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Eichhornia
ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION:
• It is Free Floating Hydrophytes.
• It contacts Water and Atmosphere.
• Presence of Well Developed Adventitious Roots for Balancing
the Plants in Water.
• Presence of Swollen Petioles For Floating the Plants in Water.
• Presence of Root Pockets For Balancing the Plants in Water.
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47. . 46
SUBMERGED FREE FLOATING HYDROPHYTES
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Ceratophyllum.
ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION:
• It is Submerged Floating Hydrophytes.
• It contacts only water.
• Presence of Dissected Leaves that used to Avoid Damages from
Water Current.
• Absence of Roots due to the entire body contact only with water
and involved in Absorption.
• Presence of Slender Stem that used to Avoid Damages from
Water Current by easily bending.
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48
ROOTED FLOATING HYDROPHYTES
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Lotus
ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION:
• It is Rooted Floating Hydrophytes.
• It contacts with soil, water and air.
• Presence of Underground Stem.
• Presence of Long Petiole that used to bring out the Leaves on
the surface of Water.
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50
ROOTED SUBMERGED HYDROPHYTES
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Vallisneria.
ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION:
• It is Rooted Submerged Hydrophytes.
• It contacts soil and water.
• Presence of Ribbon Shaped Leaves that used to Avoid Damages
from Water Current.
• Presence of Poorly Developed Roots for Fixation.
• Presence of Slender Stolen Stem that used to Avoid Damages
from Water Current.
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52
ROOTED EMERGENT HYDROPHYTES
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Sagittaria.
ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION:
• It is Rooted Emergent Hydrophytes.
• It contacts soil, water and air.
• Presence of Heterophyllous Leaves.
• Presence of Arrow Shaped normal Leaves above the Water
Level.
• Presence of Strap Shaped Modified Leaves below the Water
Level that used to Avoid Damages from Water Current.
• Presence of Well Developed Roots for Fixation and Absorption.
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EX.NO:10 T.S OF EICHHORNIA PETIOLE (T.S) 54
00-00-00
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen for Section is Eichhornia Petiole.
REASONS FOR IDENTIFICATION:
• Presence of Well Developed Epidermis made of Thin Walled
Cells
• Presence of Thin Cuticle.
• Presence of Well Developed Multilayered Hypodermis made of
Parenchyma Cells
• Presence of Loosely Packed Parenchyma Cells in Cortex with
Many Air Chambers.
• Presence of Poorly Developed Vascular Bundles Scattered in
Cortex.
• Presence of Not Well Differentiated Xylem and Phloem in each
Vascular Bundle.
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EX.NO:11 T.S OF HYDRILLA STEM 56
00-00-00
HYDRILLA STEM (T.S)
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen for Section is Hydrilla Stem.
REASONS FOR IDENTIFICATION:
• Presence of Loosely Packed Epidermis made of Thin Walled
Cells
• Absence of Cuticle.
• Absence of Stomata.
• Presence of Few layered Hypodermis made of Parenchyma
Cells
• Presence of Loosely Packed Parenchyma Cells in Cortex with
Many Air Chambers.
• Presence of Poorly Developed Vascular Tissue.
• Presence of Not Well Differentiated Xylem and Phloem in
Vascular Tissue.
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EX. NO:12 XEROPHYTES 58
00-00-00
DROUGHT ESCAPING XEROPHYTES
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Solanum xanthocarpum
ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION:
• It is a Drought Escaping Xerophytes
• It is an Annual Plant, Complete their Life Cycle in Favorable
Season.
• During Rainy Season, it germinate from Seeds, Grow,
Reproduce and Die
• It Escapes from Dry season in the form of Seed with thick Seed
Coat.
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61. . 60
DROUGHT ENDURING XEROPHYTES
STEM SUCCULENT
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Opuntia
ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION:
• It is a Stem Succulent Drought Enduring Xerophytes.
• It is a Perennial Plant.
• It Undergo the Dry Seasons by Storage of water during rainy
season.
• It has Water Storing Parenchymatous Tissue in Stem.
• The Stem is Succulent due to the storage of water in the Stem.
• The leaves are modified into Spines for reduce transpiration
• The Succulent Stem becomes Flat, Green and Carry the
Function of leaves called Phylloclade.
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63. .
62
DROUGHT ENDURING XEROPHYTES
LEAF SUCCULENT
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Aloe
ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION:
• It is a Leaf Succulent Drought Enduring Xerophytes.
• It is a Perennial Plant.
• It Undergo the Dry Seasons by Storage of water during rainy
season.
• It has Water Storing Parenchymatous Tissue in Leaves.
• The Leaves are Succulent due to the storage of water.
.
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DROUGHT ENDURING XEROPHYTES 64
ROOT SUCCULENT
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Asparagus
ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION:
• It is a Root Succulent Drought Enduring Xerophytes.
• It is a Perennial Plant.
• It Undergo the Dry Season by Storage of water during rainy
season.
• It has Water Storing Parenchymatous Tissue in Roots.
• The Roots are Succulent due to the storage of water.
.
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DROUGHT RESISTANT XEROPHYTES 66
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Casuarina
ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION:
• It is a Drought Resistant Xerophytes or True Xerophytes
• It is a Perennial Plant.
• It Resist Extreme Drought, by Developing Special adaptation in
their Morphology, Anatomy and Physiology.
• Leaves are modified in to Scales to Reduce Transpiration.
• The main stem is Woody.
• The Branches are Green and involved in Photosynthesis.
• Stomata are Sunken in Branches.
.
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69. . 68
EX.NO:13 T.S OF NERIUM LEAF
00-00-00
T.S OF NERIUM LEAF
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen for Section is Nerium Leaf.
REASONS FOR IDENTIFICATION:
• Presence of Multilayered Epidermis made of Thick Walled
Cells
• Presence thick Cuticle.
• Presence of Sunken Stomata in Lower Epidermis
• Presence of Trichomes in Stomata.
• Presence of Well Developed Mesophyll and Differentiated in to
Upper Palisade Parenchyma and Lower Spongy Parenchyma.
• Presence of Well Developed Vascular Tissue and
Differentiated in to Xylem and Phloem
.
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EX.NO:14 T.S OF CASURAINA STEM
00-00-00 70
T.S OF CASURAINA STEM
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen for Section is Casuarina Stem.
REASONS FOR IDENTIFICATION:
• Presence of Well Developed Epidermis made of Thick Walled
Cells
• Presence thick Cuticle.
• Presence of Sunken Stomata.
• Presence of Epidermal Hairs in Stomata.
• Presence of Multilayered Hypodermis made of Sclerenchyma
Cells
• Presence of Closely Packed Parenchyma Cells in Cortex.
• Presence of Many Well Developed Vascular Bundles arranged
in Regular Rings.
• Presence of Well Differentiated Xylem, Cambium and Phloem
in each Vascular Bundle.
• Presence of Pith.
.
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EX.NO:15
00-00-00 HALOPHYTES 72
PNEUMATOPHORE
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Pneumatophore
of Rhizophora
ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION:
• Pneumatophore is an additional Aerial Root for Respiration.
• The Pneumatophores are Aerial Negatively Geotropic roots that
develops from the horizontal lateral roots and Comes out of the
surface of water or mud
• Presence of Lenticels or Pneumatothodes in Pneumatophore for
Gas exchange during Respiration
• Presence of Arenchyma tissue in Pneumatophores for Storage
and diffusion of Air to the Lower part of root.
.
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75. . 74
VIVIPAROUS GERMINATION
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Viviparous Germination
in Avicennia
ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION:
• The Seeds Starts to Germinate when they Attached to the Plant
is called Viviparous germination
• In Mangrove Halophytes, the Saline Water is Unsuitable for
Seed Germination and Early Growth of Seedlings
• The Embryo of the Seed Grows and Develops in to Seedlings
with in the Fruit when the Fruit is Attached to the Plant
• The Seedling consists of a Club shaped Hypocotyle and a
Downwardly Pointed Radicle
• After the Hypocotyle attain the length of 50-75 cm, the
Seedlings fall vertically down and fixed in the soil or mud and
grow
• The upper part of the Hypocotyle produces new shoot and the
Radicle Produces New Roots of the Seedlings with in Few
Hours
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