This document discusses operational amplifier (op-amp) parameters. It describes that an ideal op-amp has infinite input impedance and gain, zero output impedance and noise, and no offset voltage. However, practical op-amps have finite parameters including limited gain, nonzero output impedance and noise, and input offset voltage. It then defines and explains key op-amp parameters such as common-mode rejection ratio, input offset voltage, bias current, impedance, slew rate, and how they characterize real op-amp performance compared to ideal specifications.

1. Analog Integrated CircuitsAnalog Integrated Circuits
ECL 515 / ECL(X) 315ECL 515 / ECL(X) 315
Op amp Parameters
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Sem-VII 90 INAC-L & X
AT2015
Prof.Satheesh Monikandan.B
HOD-ECE
Indian Naval Academy, Ezhimala
sathy24@gmail.com

2. Introduction
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Op-amp schematic symbol
 One Output Terminal
 Two Input Terminals
 Inverting input
 Non-inverting input
 Two Power Supply (PS)
 +V : Positive PS
 -V : Negative PS

3. 3
Applications of Op-Amp
 To provide voltage amplitude changes
(amplitude and polarity)
 Comparators
 Oscillators
 Filters
 Sensors
 Instrumentation amplifiers

4. Stages of an op-amp
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INPUT
STAGE OUTPUT
STAGE
GAIN STAGE

5. Infinite input impedance
Zero output impedance
Infinite open-loop gain
Infinite bandwidth
Zero noise contribution
Zero DC output offset
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Ideal Op-Amp Practical Op-Amp
 Input impedance 500k-2MΩ
 Output impedance 20-100 Ω
 Open-loop gain (20k to 200k)
 Bandwidth limited (a few kHz)
 Has noise contribution
 Non-zero DC output offset
Properties

6. 6
 Zero Noise Contribution
 In an ideal op amp, all noise voltages produced are external
to the op amp. Thus any noise in the output signal must have
been in the input signal as well.
 The ideal op amp contributes nothing extra to the output
noise.
 In real op-amp, there is noise due to the internal circuitry of
the op-amp that contributes to the output noise.

7. Op-Amp Parameters
COMMON-MODE REJECTION (CMRR)
COMMON-MODE INPUT VOLTAGE
INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE
INPUT BIAS CURRENT
INPUT IMPEDANCE
INPUT OFFSET CURRENT
OUTPUT IMPEDANCE
SLEW RATE
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8. Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)
The ability of amplifier to reject the common-mode
signals (unwanted signals) while amplifying the
differential signal (desired signal).

Ratio of open-loop gain, Aol to common-mode gain, Acm
CMRR=
Aol
Acm
CMRR=20 log
( Aol
Acm
)
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 The higher the CMRR, the better, in which the open-loop
gain is high and common-mode gain is low.
 CMRR is usually expressed in dB & decreases with
frequency.

9. 9
 Input Offset Voltage
 Ideally, output of an op-amp is 0 Volt if the input is 0 Volt.
 Realistically, a small dc voltage will appear at the output
when no input voltage is applied.
 Thus, differential dc voltage is required between the inputs
to force the output to zero volts.
 This is called the Input Offset Voltage, Vos. Range between
2 mV or less.

10. Input Bias Current
Ideally should be zero.
The dc current required by the inputs of the amplifier to
properly operate the first stage.
Is the average of both input currents.
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11. Input Impedance
Is the total resistance between the inverting and
non-inverting inputs.
Differential input impedance : total resistance
between the inverting and non-inverting inputs.
Common-mode input impedance: total resistance
between each input and ground.
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12. Input Offset Current
It is the difference of input bias currents.
Ios=∣I1−I2∣
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V os=I1 Rin−I2 Rin=(I 1−I 2)Rin
V os=Ios Rin
V out(error)=Av Ios Rin
Input offset current Offset voltage
Thus, error

13. Slew Rate
It is the maximum rate of change of the output
voltage in response to a step input voltage.
SlewRate=
ΔV out
Δt 13
where ΔVout =+V max−(−V max )

14. Slew Rate
It’s a measure of how fast the output can “follow”
the input signal.
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15. Example
Determine the slew rate:
SlewRate=
ΔV out
Δt
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SlewRate=
+9V−(−9V)
1μs
=18V / μs