The document provides an overview of glomerular disease, including anatomy and function of the kidney and nephron, general pathogenesis, clinical syndromes and presentations, and specific glomerular diseases. It discusses topics like minimal change disease, membranous nephropathy, nephrotic syndrome, acute glomerulonephritis, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, and chronic glomerulonephritis. Treatment approaches for various conditions are also summarized.
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritisajith joseph
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) is a syndrome of the kidney that is characterized by a rapid loss of renal function,[4][5] (usually a 50% decline in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) within 3 months)[5] with glomerular crescent formation seen in at least 50%[5] or 75%[4] of glomeruli seen on kidney biopsies. If left untreated, it rapidly progresses into acute renal failure[6] and death within months. In 50% of cases, RPGN is associated with an underlying disease such as Goodpasture syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus or granulomatosis with polyangiitis; the remaining cases are idiopathic. Regardless of the underlying cause, RPGN involves severe injury to the kidneys' glomeruli, with many of the glomeruli containing characteristic glomerular crescents (crescent-shaped scars)
most of the glomerular diseases , either primary or secondary..touching all the aspects including light microscopy, electron microscopy and immunoflourescence.
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritisajith joseph
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) is a syndrome of the kidney that is characterized by a rapid loss of renal function,[4][5] (usually a 50% decline in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) within 3 months)[5] with glomerular crescent formation seen in at least 50%[5] or 75%[4] of glomeruli seen on kidney biopsies. If left untreated, it rapidly progresses into acute renal failure[6] and death within months. In 50% of cases, RPGN is associated with an underlying disease such as Goodpasture syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus or granulomatosis with polyangiitis; the remaining cases are idiopathic. Regardless of the underlying cause, RPGN involves severe injury to the kidneys' glomeruli, with many of the glomeruli containing characteristic glomerular crescents (crescent-shaped scars)
most of the glomerular diseases , either primary or secondary..touching all the aspects including light microscopy, electron microscopy and immunoflourescence.
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis in childrenNishatTasnim46
Rapidly progressive or crescentic glomerulonephritis is a medical emergency and diagnostic challenge in paediatric population. There is a significant risk of development of complications such as CKD in the long term. This seminar was prepared to increase knowledge about early diagnosis and management of this condition in a tertiary level hospital.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
24. Characteristics of Glomerular Diseases Parameter Glomerular Tubulointerstitial Proteinuria MW of Protein Renal morphology RBC Morphology Massive>++ >1.5~2.0g/d Large/Medium/Small Symmetry dysmorphic Small amount<2+ <1.0g/d Small Asymmetry normal
25. Hematuria Isomorphic nonglomerular erythrocytes. The arrows indicate the so-called crenated erythrocytes 皱缩红细胞 , which are a frequent finding in nonglomerular hematuria. Dysmorphic glomerular erythrocytes . The dysmorphism consists mainly in irregularities of the cell membrane. Inset , Acanthocytes 棘红细胞 with their typical ring-formed cell bodies with one or more blebs 水泡 of different sizes and shapes. Examination of the urine sediment by a phase constrast microscope Dysmorphic glomerular erythrocytes>8000/ml,Acanthocytes>5%
29. How are glomurular diseases diagnosed ? Usually by history, physical findings, Urinalysis and other laboratory data. Occasionally a renal biopsy must be performed !
58. Introduction Incidence: Etiology: Clinical Features: Clinical Course: Loss of net negative charge on capillary basement membrane. Nephrotic syndrome. Prominent proteinuria & edema No hypertension Sensitive to steroid, relapse may occur. 80% of nephrotic syndrome in children Minimal Change Disease
59.
60. Why is a thorough Clinical evaluation important in patients with the nephrotic syndrome ! Many such patients have an occult malignancy !
65. CASE III EM: subepithelial electron dense material
66. It’s Clearly a case Of carcinoma related Membranous nephropathy !
67.
68. Introduction Membranous Nephropathy Incidence: Etiology: Path: Clinical Course: Immune complex disease. May associated with carcinomas, infections, drugs, and heavy metals. Some adults develop ESRD. Diffuse, uniform basement membrane thickening with subepithelial projections (“spikes”). Commonly occurred in middle&old-aged people
73. How to use glucosteroids(1) 0.25mg/kg.d Slow the speed of tapering 1mg/kg.d×8w 0.5mg/kg.d Taper 5mg per 1-2week Maintenance for 1 year
74. How to use glucosteroids(1) 0.25mg/kg.d Slow the speed of tapering 1mg/kg.d×8w 0.5mg/kg.d Taper 5mg per week Maintenance for 1 year Sufficient initial dose
75. How to use glucosteroids(3) 0.25mg/kg.d Slow the speed of tapering 1mg/kg.d×8w 0.5mg/kg.d Taper 5mg per week Maintenance for 1 year Sufficient initial dose Slow tapering
76. How to use glucosteroids 0.25mg/kg.d Slow the speed of tapering 1mg/kg.d×8w 0.5mg/kg.d Taper 5mg per week Maintenance for 1 year Sufficient initial dose Slow tapering Long maintenance
77.
78.
79. 急性肾小球肾炎 Acute GN Endocapillary proliferation:A diffuse proliferative and exudative glomerulonephritis :infiltration of the glomerular tuft by neutrophils and monocyte
![Glomerular disease ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)