Improved chulhas are scientifically designed, environmental friendly cookstoves with a thermal efficiency of about 20 per cent or more as compared to 5% to 10% efficiency of traditional chulhas.
The document discusses different types of biomass gasifiers. It explains that gasifiers convert carbon-containing materials into a combustible gas through a thermo-chemical process with a restricted oxygen supply. The two main types are fixed bed and fluidized bed gasifiers. Fixed bed gasifiers include updraft, downdraft, and crossdraft types, which differ in gas and air flow directions. Updraft gasifiers produce a low-quality gas suitable only for heating while downdrafts generate a cleaner gas for engines. Fluidized beds, including bubbling and circulating types, produce higher-quality syngas but are more complex and expensive.
The document discusses biomass gasification and different types of gasifiers. Gasification is a process that converts carbonaceous materials into a combustible gas. There are two main types of gasification gases - producer gas produced at low temperatures, and syngas produced at high temperatures. Fixed bed gasifiers like updraft, downdraft and crossdraft gasifiers as well as fluidized bed gasifiers are described. Producer gas contains more hydrocarbons while syngas contains mainly CO and H2. The applications and advantages of biomass gasification are also summarized.
A short introduction to Gasification process and a brief description on various types of Gasifiers used in industries to obtain fuel and energy through this presentation.
References:-
1. http://www.enggcyclopedia.com/2012/01/types-gasifier/
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasification
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GkHKXz3VaFg
4. https://www.google.co.in/
This document provides information about biomass generation and utilization. It discusses various biomass sources including agricultural residues, urban waste, industrial waste, and forest biomass. It also describes different biomass conversion technologies such as direct combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, fermentation, and anaerobic digestion. Direct combustion involves burning biomass to generate steam for power generation. Gasification and pyrolysis are thermo-chemical conversion processes, while fermentation and anaerobic digestion are biochemical conversion processes.
This document discusses principles of gasification and different types of gasifiers. Gasification involves partially oxidizing biomass at high temperatures to produce a gaseous fuel called producer gas. Producer gas consists mainly of combustible gases like carbon monoxide, hydrogen and methane, as well as non-combustible gases like nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water vapor. Several factors affect gasification including biomass properties and moisture content. Common types of gasifiers include updraft, downdraft, crossdraft, and fluidized bed gasifiers. Updraft gasifiers have high efficiency but produce tarry gas, while downdraft and crossdraft gasifiers produce tar-free gas but with lower efficiency. Fluidized bed gasifiers allow
There are several types of gasifiers that are categorized based on flow direction and bed type. Updraft gasifiers have counter-current flow with fuel entering from the top and gasifying agents from the bottom, producing gas that exits at the top around 150°C and contains tar. Downdraft gasifiers have concurrent flow with fuel and gas moving downward and gas exiting at the bottom around 800°C where most tars are consumed. Crossdraft gasifiers introduce fuel at the bottom of a fluidized bed and produce gas with more particulates.
The document discusses biomass briquettes, which are dense blocks produced by compacting biomass like agricultural waste in order to produce a cheaper, renewable fuel source. Briquettes have higher bulk density than loose biomass and can be used as a replacement for fossil fuels. The process of briquetting involves using machines to apply very high pressure to biomass, causing it to heat and bind together without any additives. There are different types of briquetting machines that can be manually operated, animal powered, or powered by electricity. The machines work by compressing biomass into a die to form compact fuel briquettes in various sizes.
The document discusses different types of biomass gasifiers. It explains that gasifiers convert carbon-containing materials into a combustible gas through a thermo-chemical process with a restricted oxygen supply. The two main types are fixed bed and fluidized bed gasifiers. Fixed bed gasifiers include updraft, downdraft, and crossdraft types, which differ in gas and air flow directions. Updraft gasifiers produce a low-quality gas suitable only for heating while downdrafts generate a cleaner gas for engines. Fluidized beds, including bubbling and circulating types, produce higher-quality syngas but are more complex and expensive.
The document discusses biomass gasification and different types of gasifiers. Gasification is a process that converts carbonaceous materials into a combustible gas. There are two main types of gasification gases - producer gas produced at low temperatures, and syngas produced at high temperatures. Fixed bed gasifiers like updraft, downdraft and crossdraft gasifiers as well as fluidized bed gasifiers are described. Producer gas contains more hydrocarbons while syngas contains mainly CO and H2. The applications and advantages of biomass gasification are also summarized.
A short introduction to Gasification process and a brief description on various types of Gasifiers used in industries to obtain fuel and energy through this presentation.
References:-
1. http://www.enggcyclopedia.com/2012/01/types-gasifier/
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasification
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GkHKXz3VaFg
4. https://www.google.co.in/
This document provides information about biomass generation and utilization. It discusses various biomass sources including agricultural residues, urban waste, industrial waste, and forest biomass. It also describes different biomass conversion technologies such as direct combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, fermentation, and anaerobic digestion. Direct combustion involves burning biomass to generate steam for power generation. Gasification and pyrolysis are thermo-chemical conversion processes, while fermentation and anaerobic digestion are biochemical conversion processes.
This document discusses principles of gasification and different types of gasifiers. Gasification involves partially oxidizing biomass at high temperatures to produce a gaseous fuel called producer gas. Producer gas consists mainly of combustible gases like carbon monoxide, hydrogen and methane, as well as non-combustible gases like nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water vapor. Several factors affect gasification including biomass properties and moisture content. Common types of gasifiers include updraft, downdraft, crossdraft, and fluidized bed gasifiers. Updraft gasifiers have high efficiency but produce tarry gas, while downdraft and crossdraft gasifiers produce tar-free gas but with lower efficiency. Fluidized bed gasifiers allow
There are several types of gasifiers that are categorized based on flow direction and bed type. Updraft gasifiers have counter-current flow with fuel entering from the top and gasifying agents from the bottom, producing gas that exits at the top around 150°C and contains tar. Downdraft gasifiers have concurrent flow with fuel and gas moving downward and gas exiting at the bottom around 800°C where most tars are consumed. Crossdraft gasifiers introduce fuel at the bottom of a fluidized bed and produce gas with more particulates.
The document discusses biomass briquettes, which are dense blocks produced by compacting biomass like agricultural waste in order to produce a cheaper, renewable fuel source. Briquettes have higher bulk density than loose biomass and can be used as a replacement for fossil fuels. The process of briquetting involves using machines to apply very high pressure to biomass, causing it to heat and bind together without any additives. There are different types of briquetting machines that can be manually operated, animal powered, or powered by electricity. The machines work by compressing biomass into a die to form compact fuel briquettes in various sizes.
Gasifiers are generally classified according to the fluidization regime in the gasifier; moving bed, fluidized bed, and entrained flow. This chapter provides examples of each type of gasifier. The Lurgi gasifier is the oldest gasifier technology that is still widely used in commercial practice.
This document discusses improved cook stoves and their design. It notes that traditional stoves have low efficiency due to poor heat transfer and high emissions. Improved stoves aim to be more efficient by trapping heat and allowing for more complete combustion. Three stove designs are then presented that utilize various insulating materials and structures to increase efficiency by prolonging heat retention and directing smoke through the stove before release. Testing procedures for evaluating stove performance are also outlined. The overall document focuses on comparing traditional and improved stove designs and their characteristics relating to efficiency and emissions.
Thermochemical conversion of biomass involves processes that use heat to convert biomass into other forms. This includes combustion, gasification, and pyrolysis. Gasification converts biomass into a gaseous fuel called producer gas through a series of chemical reactions at high temperatures. It has advantages like efficiency and being carbon neutral, but requires precise control and feedstock preparation. Pyrolysis thermally decomposes biomass into solid, liquid, and gaseous products depending on temperature and residence time.
This document discusses biomass briquettes as an alternative energy source. Biomass briquettes are made through densifying agricultural and biomass waste using various machines. They can be used as fuel in industries like brick kilns, paper mills, and food processing. Setting up a biomass briquetting plant provides benefits like cheaper production costs due to abundant raw materials, tax benefits from the government, and high demand from industries. It is a renewable source of energy that can help reduce pollution and poverty.
There are two main types of biogas plants: floating dome and fixed dome. The floating dome type includes the KVIC-type plant, which has a cylindrical steel drum that floats on top of the slurry. The fixed dome type includes the Janata-type plant, which is made of bricks and cement and has a higher gas pressure than the KVIC type. Another fixed dome type is the lower-cost Deenbandhu plant, which has a hemispherical dome and is the most common type in India, comprising about 90% of biogas plants. Biogas can be used for lighting, cooking, running engines, refrigeration, and generating electricity.
biogas plant and types of biogas plant consisting of Single stage continuous type,Two stage continuous type,batch type,Fixed Dome type and Floating Drum Type Plants,KVIC Plant
Biomass pyrolysis produces bio-oil, syngas, and biochar. It involves heating biomass like wood or agricultural waste in the absence of oxygen. Fast pyrolysis at 450-1000°C yields 60% bio-oil that can be upgraded to fuels or chemicals. Syngas and biochar are also produced. Biochar improves soil quality and stores carbon long-term. The document discusses pyrolysis process parameters, products, applications, and provides an example of its environmental and energy benefits compared to fossil fuels according to a life cycle analysis. Bottlenecks to commercializing biomass energy in India include supply chain and policy issues.
This document discusses biomass as an energy source. It defines biomass as materials produced by biological systems that contain carbon compounds and stored solar energy. Sources of biomass include agriculture, forestry, food processing, and municipal/industrial waste. Biomass can be converted to energy through processes like combustion, anaerobic digestion to produce biogas, pyrolysis, and densification into pellets or briquettes. Biomass currently supplies 14% of the world's primary energy and technologies are being developed to increase its contributions and produce liquid and gaseous fuels from biomass.
The document discusses the fundamentals of biomass combustion, including the processes of drying, pyrolysis, flaming combustion, and glowing combustion. It also covers combustion equipment designs like inclined grate furnaces, spreader stokers, cyclonic and suspension fired systems, and fluidized bed combustion. The goal of combustion system design is to efficiently oxidize the biomass through sufficient mixing of the fuel with oxygen and controlling residence times and temperatures.
Pyrolysis oil is a synthetic fuel produced by heating biomass or waste materials without oxygen at around 500°C. It is a dark liquid with high oxygen content that has around 50-70% of the energy content of petroleum fuels. Pyrolysis oil can be used directly as a fuel in industrial boilers and furnaces. It can also be refined into diesel or other fuels for transportation. Fast pyrolysis in bubbling fluidized bed reactors is the most common production method, yielding around 60-70% liquid bio-oil from the biomass feedstock. Pyrolysis oil is being investigated for combustion in gas turbines and compression ignition engines in addition to direct industrial heating applications.
This document provides a detailed project report on a 1000 kg/h briquetting plant. It introduces briquettes and the briquetting process, describing the types of raw materials that can be used like agricultural waste and their specifications. It discusses the key aspects of setting up and operating a briquetting plant, including production capacity, land and manpower requirements, maintenance, and the advantages of briquettes over other solid fuels. The conclusion emphasizes the large amount of agricultural waste generated globally each year and the opportunity for waste conversion to energy through briquetting.
This document provides an overview of thermochemical conversion processes for biomass, focusing on combustion, gasification, and pyrolysis. It defines each process and describes the basic stages and reactions involved. Combustion aims to release all chemical energy as heat through complete oxidation. Gasification produces a synthetic gas (syngas) through partial oxidation. Pyrolysis thermally decomposes biomass in the absence of oxygen to produce bio-oil, biochar, and syngas. The document discusses process applications and outputs, as well as considerations like emissions and efficiency. Overall, it concisely introduces the key thermochemical conversion options for biomass energy.
Generally, factors such as digester temperature, retention time, fermentation pH value, digester pressure, volatile fatty acid, and sublayer composition have been identified to affect the digestion of feedstock in the anaerobic process
This document outlines the different stages of constructing a biogas plant, including site selection and marking, excavation, laying concrete foundations, brickwork construction of walls and tanks, attachment of inlet and outlet pipes, installation of a central guide frame and gas holder, plastering, curing, and filling the completed plant.
This document discusses biomass combustion devices known as cookstoves. It provides a historical overview of cookstoves from early human history to modern times. It also classifies and compares different types of cookstoves such as traditional versus improved, natural draft versus forced draft, and direct combustion versus gasifier. The document outlines challenges to adopting improved cookstoves in India such as economic, social, and policy barriers. It concludes that providing access to modern cookstove technology is needed to protect billions of people still exposed to harmful emissions from traditional cookstoves.
BIOMASS GASIFICATION,gasification and gasifier.
A slide about biomass gasification including brief description about thermo-chemical conversion process and applications
The document discusses energy conservation through waste heat recovery and combined heat and power generation. It provides two case studies as examples. The first case study examines using waste heat from a diesel engine exhaust to generate steam and distilled water. The second case study compares the environmental and economic benefits of a combined heat and power system versus separate heat and power generation. Key topics covered include definitions of waste heat recovery and combined heat and power, types and sources of waste heat, and the environmental and financial benefits of combined heat and power systems.
ACE Energy Equipment Pvt Ltd manufactures a wide range of boilers and thermic fluid heaters with capacities ranging from 500 kg/hr to 25 lac kcal/hr. Their product lines include fully wet back 3 pass boilers, dry back 2 pass boilers, and thermic fluid heaters. They offer after-sales service such as spare parts supply and periodic servicing through service contracts. ACE Energy Equipment supplies boilers to various industries including textiles, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, rubber, metals, petroleum, construction, food, paper, printing, and minerals.
Gasifiers are generally classified according to the fluidization regime in the gasifier; moving bed, fluidized bed, and entrained flow. This chapter provides examples of each type of gasifier. The Lurgi gasifier is the oldest gasifier technology that is still widely used in commercial practice.
This document discusses improved cook stoves and their design. It notes that traditional stoves have low efficiency due to poor heat transfer and high emissions. Improved stoves aim to be more efficient by trapping heat and allowing for more complete combustion. Three stove designs are then presented that utilize various insulating materials and structures to increase efficiency by prolonging heat retention and directing smoke through the stove before release. Testing procedures for evaluating stove performance are also outlined. The overall document focuses on comparing traditional and improved stove designs and their characteristics relating to efficiency and emissions.
Thermochemical conversion of biomass involves processes that use heat to convert biomass into other forms. This includes combustion, gasification, and pyrolysis. Gasification converts biomass into a gaseous fuel called producer gas through a series of chemical reactions at high temperatures. It has advantages like efficiency and being carbon neutral, but requires precise control and feedstock preparation. Pyrolysis thermally decomposes biomass into solid, liquid, and gaseous products depending on temperature and residence time.
This document discusses biomass briquettes as an alternative energy source. Biomass briquettes are made through densifying agricultural and biomass waste using various machines. They can be used as fuel in industries like brick kilns, paper mills, and food processing. Setting up a biomass briquetting plant provides benefits like cheaper production costs due to abundant raw materials, tax benefits from the government, and high demand from industries. It is a renewable source of energy that can help reduce pollution and poverty.
There are two main types of biogas plants: floating dome and fixed dome. The floating dome type includes the KVIC-type plant, which has a cylindrical steel drum that floats on top of the slurry. The fixed dome type includes the Janata-type plant, which is made of bricks and cement and has a higher gas pressure than the KVIC type. Another fixed dome type is the lower-cost Deenbandhu plant, which has a hemispherical dome and is the most common type in India, comprising about 90% of biogas plants. Biogas can be used for lighting, cooking, running engines, refrigeration, and generating electricity.
biogas plant and types of biogas plant consisting of Single stage continuous type,Two stage continuous type,batch type,Fixed Dome type and Floating Drum Type Plants,KVIC Plant
Biomass pyrolysis produces bio-oil, syngas, and biochar. It involves heating biomass like wood or agricultural waste in the absence of oxygen. Fast pyrolysis at 450-1000°C yields 60% bio-oil that can be upgraded to fuels or chemicals. Syngas and biochar are also produced. Biochar improves soil quality and stores carbon long-term. The document discusses pyrolysis process parameters, products, applications, and provides an example of its environmental and energy benefits compared to fossil fuels according to a life cycle analysis. Bottlenecks to commercializing biomass energy in India include supply chain and policy issues.
This document discusses biomass as an energy source. It defines biomass as materials produced by biological systems that contain carbon compounds and stored solar energy. Sources of biomass include agriculture, forestry, food processing, and municipal/industrial waste. Biomass can be converted to energy through processes like combustion, anaerobic digestion to produce biogas, pyrolysis, and densification into pellets or briquettes. Biomass currently supplies 14% of the world's primary energy and technologies are being developed to increase its contributions and produce liquid and gaseous fuels from biomass.
The document discusses the fundamentals of biomass combustion, including the processes of drying, pyrolysis, flaming combustion, and glowing combustion. It also covers combustion equipment designs like inclined grate furnaces, spreader stokers, cyclonic and suspension fired systems, and fluidized bed combustion. The goal of combustion system design is to efficiently oxidize the biomass through sufficient mixing of the fuel with oxygen and controlling residence times and temperatures.
Pyrolysis oil is a synthetic fuel produced by heating biomass or waste materials without oxygen at around 500°C. It is a dark liquid with high oxygen content that has around 50-70% of the energy content of petroleum fuels. Pyrolysis oil can be used directly as a fuel in industrial boilers and furnaces. It can also be refined into diesel or other fuels for transportation. Fast pyrolysis in bubbling fluidized bed reactors is the most common production method, yielding around 60-70% liquid bio-oil from the biomass feedstock. Pyrolysis oil is being investigated for combustion in gas turbines and compression ignition engines in addition to direct industrial heating applications.
This document provides a detailed project report on a 1000 kg/h briquetting plant. It introduces briquettes and the briquetting process, describing the types of raw materials that can be used like agricultural waste and their specifications. It discusses the key aspects of setting up and operating a briquetting plant, including production capacity, land and manpower requirements, maintenance, and the advantages of briquettes over other solid fuels. The conclusion emphasizes the large amount of agricultural waste generated globally each year and the opportunity for waste conversion to energy through briquetting.
This document provides an overview of thermochemical conversion processes for biomass, focusing on combustion, gasification, and pyrolysis. It defines each process and describes the basic stages and reactions involved. Combustion aims to release all chemical energy as heat through complete oxidation. Gasification produces a synthetic gas (syngas) through partial oxidation. Pyrolysis thermally decomposes biomass in the absence of oxygen to produce bio-oil, biochar, and syngas. The document discusses process applications and outputs, as well as considerations like emissions and efficiency. Overall, it concisely introduces the key thermochemical conversion options for biomass energy.
Generally, factors such as digester temperature, retention time, fermentation pH value, digester pressure, volatile fatty acid, and sublayer composition have been identified to affect the digestion of feedstock in the anaerobic process
This document outlines the different stages of constructing a biogas plant, including site selection and marking, excavation, laying concrete foundations, brickwork construction of walls and tanks, attachment of inlet and outlet pipes, installation of a central guide frame and gas holder, plastering, curing, and filling the completed plant.
This document discusses biomass combustion devices known as cookstoves. It provides a historical overview of cookstoves from early human history to modern times. It also classifies and compares different types of cookstoves such as traditional versus improved, natural draft versus forced draft, and direct combustion versus gasifier. The document outlines challenges to adopting improved cookstoves in India such as economic, social, and policy barriers. It concludes that providing access to modern cookstove technology is needed to protect billions of people still exposed to harmful emissions from traditional cookstoves.
BIOMASS GASIFICATION,gasification and gasifier.
A slide about biomass gasification including brief description about thermo-chemical conversion process and applications
The document discusses energy conservation through waste heat recovery and combined heat and power generation. It provides two case studies as examples. The first case study examines using waste heat from a diesel engine exhaust to generate steam and distilled water. The second case study compares the environmental and economic benefits of a combined heat and power system versus separate heat and power generation. Key topics covered include definitions of waste heat recovery and combined heat and power, types and sources of waste heat, and the environmental and financial benefits of combined heat and power systems.
ACE Energy Equipment Pvt Ltd manufactures a wide range of boilers and thermic fluid heaters with capacities ranging from 500 kg/hr to 25 lac kcal/hr. Their product lines include fully wet back 3 pass boilers, dry back 2 pass boilers, and thermic fluid heaters. They offer after-sales service such as spare parts supply and periodic servicing through service contracts. ACE Energy Equipment supplies boilers to various industries including textiles, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, rubber, metals, petroleum, construction, food, paper, printing, and minerals.
The document provides information about steam generators and coal-fired power plants. It discusses the basics of how coal is converted to electricity through a thermal cycle. Coal is burned in a boiler to produce superheated steam, which spins a turbine connected to a generator to produce electrical energy. The steam is then condensed in a condenser, and the condensate is returned to the boiler via feedwater pumps, completing the cycle. The document also contains details about India's major coal-fired power plants and their locations.
SESSA FIRE WOOD rocket stove PRESENTATIONSESSA ORG
This document discusses the production of improved metal rocket stoves and charcoal stoves of different sizes by the organization. It details the types of domestic and institutional charcoal stoves produced, ranging from size 1 to 7, as well as the production of charcoal briquettes from waste products. The document provides information on stove design principles such as insulation, chimneys, fuel supply control, and maintaining draft. It also covers troubleshooting issues, material options for construction, and mortar mixtures.
This document provides information about steam generators and coal-fired power plants. It discusses the basics of how coal is converted to electricity in several steps: coal is burned to create heat energy, which turns water into high-pressure steam, which spins turbines connected to generators to create electrical energy. It also describes the major components involved like boilers, turbines, condensers, and alternators. Furthermore, it compares the technical specifications and costs of 660MW and 500MW subcritical and supercritical steam generators.
The document describes the design of a biomass hybrid stove called the JN Biomass Hybrid Stove. It draws design principles from the Argand lamp, Kelly kettle, and rocket stove to create a stove that uses various biomass fuels efficiently with reduced emissions. The modular design uses locally available materials and is affordable, durable, and easy to use. Testing showed it reduces fuel use by 50% and emissions while cooking twice as fast as an open fire. Future recommendations include adding a heat exchanger or thermoelectric generator to increase efficiency.
Research was conducted on various stove design (wood, charcoal, bricks) that could be potentially modified in stove for desired purpose. Of the stoves gasifiers and Rocket stoves were two of the core design for design work.
Good mornings and good morning 🌞 have a great day and a great year ahead and all the best for your products and all the best for your future and you many more happy returns of the day of the day ❤️g
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Combustion is a complex series of chemical reactions, but from a physical standpoint may be described as the rapid combination of oxygen with a fuel, such as natural gas or wood, resulting in the release of heat. Most fuels contain carbon and hydrogen, and the oxygen usually comes from air.
Cheema Boilers Limited is hosting a national workshop on efficient operation and maintenance of boilers in Visakhapatnam on December 7-8, 2015. The document discusses various types of boilers such as water tube boilers, fire tube boilers, and biomass-fired boilers. It also covers topics like boiler efficiency calculation, flue gas emissions, dust collection systems, combustion air calculation and boiler water treatment.
The document discusses various principles of greenhouse heating, including important heat units like Btu and boiler horsepower. It describes how heat is lost through conduction, infiltration and radiation. Different heating systems are outlined like unit heaters, central heat and radiant heat. Unit heaters are best for smaller greenhouses while central heating is more economical for larger operations. Factors that influence heat loss and common fuels are also summarized.
This document discusses heat rate audits in thermal power plants. It aims to identify causes of efficiency losses that increase heat rate. Some key points:
- Heat rate is the amount of heat input (fuel) required per unit of power generated and impacts generation costs. Lower heat rates reduce costs.
- Losses occur in the boiler, turbine, condenser/feedwater systems, circulating water system, and from electrical/steam auxiliaries.
- Common causes of higher heat rates include incomplete combustion, turbine erosion, condenser tube fouling, and electrical auxiliary inefficiencies.
- Tracking plant parameters and conducting monthly performance tests can identify losses and guide improvement efforts to lower heat rates.
The document discusses biomass power plants and using wood as an energy source. It addresses the strategic, environmental, social, and economic issues. Specifically, it discusses how using wood as an energy source can provide energy independence and stability. It also describes how biomass power reduces greenhouse gas emissions and pollution compared to fossil fuels. The document then discusses biomass cogeneration systems that produce both electricity and heat. It provides diagrams of biomass power plant systems including storage and grate designs.
Farm-Scale Char Production: Affordable 4C Kilns for Biocharbitmaxim
The presentation discusses the Anderson 4C kiln technology, which helps fill a gap in size and cost options for medium and small biochar operations. The 4C kiln uses a covered cavity design and supported spaces for pyrolysis to allow for automated fuel delivery, complete charring, and better temperature control. This addresses limitations of traditional cavity kilns. Various sizes of 4C kilns are presented, from barrels to shipping containers, with estimates of their biomass inputs, biochar and thermal energy outputs.
Non recovery-heat recovery cokemaking - a review of recent developmentsJorge Madias
This paper is an update of a previous publication in Spanish [1]. One of the current trends in the production of
metallurgical coke is the comeback of non-recovery ovens. This is driven by less interest in byproducts, smaller investment per annual ton, better environmental performance. The development took place particularly in China, India, USA, Brazil, Australia and Colombia [2]. In the USA, one important factor promoting this technology was that EPA declared it as Maximum Achievable Current technology in 1990. This technology arises from the classic beehive ovens which supplied since the XVIII century the coke for the industrial revolution. Those ovens were manually operated, with small heat recovery, just for heating the oven. Now, non-recovery ovens are modern construction, with highly mechanized operation, and automated to a certain degree. Gases generated by the combustion of the volatile matter are sent through downcomers and further burnt to heat the oven bottom and sides; in many cases, mostly when the plant is built within or closed to a steelmaking facility, the hot gas is used for vapor generation and electric power production. Main differences between conventional and non-recovery/heat recovery processes are shown in figure 1. In conventional process, the coal charged receives the heat indirectly through the furnace walls, by combustion of external gas; inside the oven, positive pressure develops. Gas generated in the coking process is sent to the
by-products plant. In non-recovery ovens, coking proceeds from the top through direct heating by the partial
combustion of the volatile matter over the coal bed, and from the bottom by heat coming from full combustion of gases escaping from the oven. In these plants, the offgas is treated and sent to the stack, in many cases after recovering sensible heat to produce vapor and electric power. Installed capacity for these furnaces was esteemed in 2005 in 22 M metric tons per year, probably including
beehive ovens [2]. In table 1, some of the non-recovery coke plants currently operating are listed. Some plants
belong to companies with coal mining as its core business; others are independent coke producers, purchasing coal and selling coke; then there is some joint ventures between coke producers and steelmakers,
and finally, captive coke plants belonging to steel companies.
Competitive clean coal power utilizing pressurized fluidized bed combined cyc...aoopee
PFBC technology utilizes a pressurized fluidized bed combined-cycle process to cleanly and efficiently generate power from coal. This process results in higher thermal efficiencies than conventional steam plants, with future efficiencies forecast above 50%. It can utilize all coal types, including difficult coals, in an environmentally acceptable manner by reducing emissions. The modular design of the PFBC system makes it suitable for both new installations and repowering existing plants.
The document discusses different types of power plant boilers, including circulating fluidized bed (CFB) coal boilers, oil and gas boilers, biomass boilers, waste heat boilers, and ZG's breakthrough in CFB low nitrogen combustion technology. CFB boilers can reduce harmful gas emissions by 80-90% and effectively reduce atmospheric pollution from coal-fired power plants. Oil and gas boilers have high efficiency up to 92% and minimal environmental impact compared to coal boilers. Biomass boilers allow for profitable use of agricultural waste while reducing carbon emissions. Waste heat boilers utilize industrial waste for heating. ZG has optimized air flow and implemented flue gas recirculation and precise controls
(http://www.brightboilers.in) With the years of experience and expertise, we are manufacturer and exporter of this diverse and impeccable range of Boilers. Impeccable products like Dry Back Boiler, Steam Boiler and many more, make up this highly commendable and wide range of products. We also provide Boiler Fabrication Service to our client.
Biogas digesters are mostly designed and constructed using bricks, cement, metals, and reinforced concrete, while in some cases, the dome of the gas holder is made up of fiberglass. These biogas digesters encounter some challenges such as leakages at the edges of the brick structure after a short period of operation
TYPES OF BIOGAS DIGESTERS
Fixed dome biogas plants : This is a dome shaped with immovable gas holder and a displacement pit. ...
Floating drum biogas plants : This consists of underground digesters and movable gas holders. ...
Balloon plants : This consist of a rubber bag or balloon and it combines the digester and gas holder.
Factors affecting Biogas Production: There are several factors such as biogas potential of feedstock, inoculums, nature of substrate, pH, temperature, loading rate, hydraulic retention time (HRT), C:N ratio, volatile fatty acids (VFA), inhibitory substances, etc.
This document provides an overview of biomass and biogas technology. It defines biomass as plant or animal material that contains cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin and is produced in India at around 550 million tons annually. Biomass can come from various sources like agro-residues, energy crops, wood, and food or animal waste. Biomass is used for energy production through direct combustion or anaerobic digestion to produce biogas. The overview of biogas technology explains that it is a process of anaerobic fermentation by bacteria to break down organic materials in the absence of air, producing methane, carbon dioxide and other gases.
Biodegradation and biodegradability of substrateRENERGISTICS
The predominant difference between the two is that one process is naturally-occurring and one is human-driven. Biodegradable material is capable of decomposing without an oxygen source (anaerobically) into carbon dioxide, water, and biomass, but the timeline is not very specifically defined.
The GC produces a graph called a chromatogram, which shows peaks: the size of a peak indicates the amount of each component reaching the detector. The number of peaks shows different compounds present in the sample. The position of each peak shows the retention time for each compound
Elemental CHNSO (CHNOS) analysis for determination of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen content in petroleum products, biofuels, and more. CHNSO (CHNOS) elemental analyses from Intertek is available for a wide range of products and materials.
Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) is a method of thermal analysis in which changes in physical and chemical properties of materials are measured as a function of increasing temperature (with constant heating rate), or as a function of time (with constant temperature and/or constant mass loss).
Many of the reagents used in science are in the form of solutions which need to be purchased or prepared. For many purposes, the exact value of concentration is not critical; in other cases, the concentration of the solution and its method of preparation must be as accurate as possible.
The document provides a checklist for ensuring laboratory safety. It includes sections on general housekeeping, fire safety, chemical handling, ventilation, electrical safety, and safety devices. The checklist covers proper storage and labeling of chemicals and gases, use of protective equipment, maintenance of emergency equipment like eyewash stations and showers, availability of safety plans and procedures, and other best practices for maintaining a safe laboratory environment.
Working in a laboratory usually involves working with various chemical, physical, and biological hazards. Because the hazards vary from laboratory to laboratory, employers must address the hazards specific to their laboratories. Standard precautions are meant to reduce the risk of transmission of blood borne and other pathogens from both recognized and unrecognized sources. They are the basic level of infection control precautions which are to be used, as a minimum, in the health care settings.
”Waste heat recovery” is the process of “heat integration”, that is, reusing heat energy that would otherwise be disposed of or simply released into the atmosphere. By recovering waste heat, plants can reduce energy costs and CO2 emissions, while simultaneously increasing energy efficiency.
Cogeneration is a system that produces heat and electricity simultaneously in a single plant, powered by just one primary energy source, thereby guaranteeing a better energy yield than would be possible to achieve from two separate production sources.
Lignocellulosic biomass can be thermally converted into biofuels by various technologies. One of such most effective and lucrative technology is pyrolysis. Pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass convert it into bio-oil, bio-char and pyrolysis gas, these all have high energy content and potential in them. Two main types of processes for production of bio-oils from biomass are flash pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). Flash pyrolysis involves the rapid thermal decomposition of organic compounds by heat in the absence of oxygen, which results in the production of charcoal, bio-oil, and gaseous products.
Pyrolysis is the heating of an organic material, such as biomass, in the absence of oxygen. Biomass pyrolysis is usually conducted at or above 500 °C, providing enough heat to deconstruct the strong bio-polymers mentioned above
24. PRODUCER GAS CLEANING METHODS.pptxRENERGISTICS
Producer gas should be cleaned from particulate and tar components using a series of gas cleaning system, such as scrubber, elutriator, and heat exchanger. The scrubber is functioning to take the particulate matters and heavy tars (primary tars) which may condense at temperature more than 200 °C out from producer gas.
Biomass gasification is a mature technology pathway that uses a controlled process involving heat, steam, and oxygen to convert biomass to hydrogen and other products, without combustion.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
2. INTRODUCTION
Wood is an important energy source in rural India
Wood energy is declining in the increasing rate
because of rapid depletion of natural forest resources
Main uses of wood energy is for cooking
3. TRADITIONAL WOOD STOVES
Three stones fire
Why Popularly adopted?
• Feeding and combustion control easy
• Any size pot can used
• No special skill required
• Control of insects
Drawbacks
• Low efficiency (8-10%)
• Smoke formation
• Use of fuel wood inefficiently
4. NEED FOR IMPROVED WOOD STOVES
To prevent smoke and soot production
For saving fuel wood
Women labour time
To reduce lung and eye diseases
5. IMPROVED STOVES
Less smoke production
Less quantity of fuel utilization
Efficient heat transfer
Less heat losses
Efficiency (20-35%)
6. STOVE COMPONENTS
FIRE BOX
• Enclosed space for combustion
• High energy release due to complete
combustion
AIR INLET
• Secondary air is introduced in the fire box
GRATE
• Made up of frame of metal bars
• Increased efficiency due to entry of
secondary air if grate and air inlet is used
7. BAFFLES
• Projection in the combustion chamber
placed at the exit of combustion chamber
DAMPERS
• Movable plate in the chimney
• Made up of steel plate
CHIMNEY
• Metal or asbestos pipe
• Helps in releasing the smoke and creates
draft for complete combustion
8. COWL
• Metal cap for avoiding the
entry of foreign material as
well as rain water
• Increases the draft
TUNNEL
• In multi-pot closed chulha
9. DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR EFFICIENT
STOVES
Insulate the combustion chamber
Use an upright chimney with damper
Heat energy should be used only for the burning of
fuel
Maintain a good air velocity through the fuel for
complete combustion
Minimum quantity of excess of air during combustion
Distribute airflow around the fuel surfaces
Air should largely flow through the glowing
coal/wood
10. SINGLE POT TNAU CHULHA
Double wall
Grate
Legs
Secondary air openings
Inner wall holes
Mounds
Fire mouth
TNAU SINGLE POT CHULHA
11. SINGLE POT TNAU CHULHA
Double wall
Grate
Legs
Secondary air
openings
Inner wall holes
Mounds
Fire mouth
TNAU SINGLE POT CHULHA
19. CPRI DESIGN CHULHA
Non-chimney
Availability in sizes
Portable
Cost: 175/-
Efficiency : 26%
SUGGESTIONS
• Adjustable air opening
• Provide tray like structure
• Side insulation
20. EVALUATION OF THERMAL EFFICIENCY
WATER BOILING TEST
o For determining thermal efficiency of wood stove
o Location specific multi-model approach of
government for popularization of locally made stoves
o Uniform testing code for performance evaluation
INSTALLATION OF CHULHA
o Site
o Chimney
o Fuel opening
22. CALCULATIONS
H1 = w1i(t2-t1) + w2i(t3-t1)
H2 = (w1i - w1f)L + (w2i - w2f)L
H1+H2
η = -----------
mF x CV
mF x CV x η
Power Rating = -----------------------
860
PROCEDURE
23. CONTROL COOKING TEST
• To assess the performance of the improved stove
• Standard cooking task
FUEL
o A homogeneous mix
o Divided into pre-weighed bundles
24. FOOD AND WATER
o Sufficient
o Homogenous
COOKING POT (S)
o Most appropriate pots
o Record the specifications
34. CONCLUSION
We can use the improved wood stove designs to
reduce the concentration of smoke and indoor air
pollution
We can save the time and money