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Biology Lecture Slide Week 1
1. The document discusses the structure and function of cells, tissues, and organs in plant and animal systems. 2. In plants, cells are organized into tissues including ground tissue, vascular tissue, and dermal tissue. Meristematic tissues allow growth and differentiation of primary tissues. 3. In animals, the main tissue types are epithelial, muscle, nervous and connective tissues. Organs consist of multiple tissue types organized to perform functions, and organ systems interact to maintain homeostasis.
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Biology Lecture Slide Week 1
- 1. CELL AS AUNIT OF LIFE
- 2. Cell theory Prokaryotic andEukaryotic cells Microscopic structure of plant and animal cells Cells as basic units of living organisms are grouped into tissue and organs about this chapter
- 3. kuman di seberanglaut nampak, gajah di depan mata tak nampak
- 4. Definition of Cell Acell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions.
- 5. Examples of Cells AmoebaProteus Plant Stem Red Blood Cell Nerve Cell Bacteria
- 6. 3.1 Early Discoveries Mid1600s •Robert Hooke observed and described cells in cork Late 1600s •Antony van Leeuwenhoek observed sperm, microorganisms 1820s •Robert Brown observed and named nucleus in plant cells
- 7. Developing Cell Theory RudolfVirchow Theodor Schwann Schlieden “Plant growth, he stated in 1837, came about through the production of new cells, which, he speculated, were propagated from the nuclei of old cells,” i.e., all plants are composed of cells. Matthias Schleiden
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- 9. Living things aremade up of cells The cell is the basic unit of structure Cells come only from preexisting cells
- 10. Cell •Smallest unit of life Cansurvive on its own or has potential to do so Is highly organized for metabolism Senses and responds to environment Has potential to reproduce
- 11. Two types ofcells : Prokaryotic cells No true nucleus or organelles e.g : Eubacteria and cyanobacteria Eukaryotic cells Nucleus and organelles that surrounded by a membrane e.g: protozoa, algae, fungi, plants and animals
- 12. Microscopes Create detailed imagesof something that is otherwise too small to see Light microscopes Simple or compound Electron microscopes Transmission EM or Scanning EM
- 13. Slide 1 ocular lens objectivelens stage condenser illuminator prism source of illumination Figure 4.6b Page 58 Slide 1 ocular lens objective lens stage condenser illuminator prism source of illumination Figure 4.6b Page 58
- 14. Slide 9 Click toview animation. Light microscopy animation. Animation
- 15. Slide 10 viewing screen projectorlens intermediate lens objective lens specimen condenser lens accelerated electron flow (top to bottom) Figure 4.7 Page 58
- 16. Slide 12 frog egg 3mm typical plant cell 10-100 µm mitochondrion 1-5 µm chloroplast 2-10 µm human red blood cell 7-8 µm diameter Trypanosoma (protozoan) 25 µm long Chlamydomonas (green alga) 5-6 µm long polio virus 30 nm HIV (AIDS virus) 100 nm T4 bacteriophage 225 nm long tobacco mosaic virus 300 nm long DNA molecule 2 nm diameter Unaided Vision Electron Microscope (Down To 0.5 Nm) Light Microscope (Down To 200 Nm) Escherichia coli (bacterium) 1-5 µm long 1 centimeter (cm) = 1/100 meter, or 0.4 inch 1 millimeter (mm) = 1/1,000 meter 1 micrometer (µm) = 1/1,000,000 meter 1 nanometer (nm) = 1/1,000,000,000 meter 1 meter = 102 cm = 103 mm = 106 µm = 109 nm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.5 nm Figure 4.8 Page 59
- 17. Limitations of LightMicroscopy Wavelengths of light are 400-750 nm If a structure is less than one-half of a wavelength long, it will not be visible Light microscopes can resolve objects down to about 200 nm in size
- 18. Electron Microscopy Uses streamsof accelerated electrons rather than light Electrons are focused by magnets rather than glass lenses Can resolve structures down to 0.5 nm
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- 20. The prokaryotic cellis much simpler in structure, lacking a nucleus and the other membrane- enclosed organelles of the eukaryotic cell.
- 23. 1. Organisms 2. Cellsize 3. Cell division 4. Cell walls 5. Organelles 6. Genetic material 7. Flagella 8. Respiration 9. Photosynthesis 10. Nitrogen fixation * refer handout prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
- 24. MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF PLANTAND ANIMAL CELLS
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- 28. CELLS AS BASICUNITS OF LIVING ORGANISMS ARE GROUPED INTO TISSUE AND ORGANS
- 29. CELLS ARE GROUPEDINTO TISSUE AND ORGANS
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- 33. TISSUES Cells in plantsand animals are grouped together in tissues. A tissue is a group of similar cells that are organised to do a specific job
- 34. Angiosperm Body Plan VASCULARTISSUES GROUND TISSUES SHOOT SYSTEM ROOT SYSTEM EPIDERMIS •Ground tissue system •Vascular tissue system •Dermal tissue system
- 35. shoot tip (terminal bud) lateral(axillary) bud flower EPIDERMIS leaf seeds (inside fruit) withered cotyledon root hairs root tip root cap node node internode VASCULAR TISSUES GROUND TISSUES SHOOT SYSTEM ROOT SYSTEM primary root lateral root Overview of the plant body
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- 37. Meristems • Regions wherecell divisions produce plant growth • Consist of unspecialised, dividing cells. • Apical meristems – Lengthen stems and roots – Responsible for primary growth • Lateral meristems – Increase width of stems – Responsible for secondary growth
- 38. activity at meristems new cells elongate andstart to differentiate into primary tissues activity at meristems new cells elongate and start to differentiate into primary tissues Figure 29.4 Page 507 Root apical meristem Shoot apical meristem
- 39. activity at meristems new cells elongate andstart to differentiate into primary tissues ROOT APICAL MERISTEM Apical meristem near all root tips gives rise to protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium These give rise to the root’s primary tissue systems: epidermis, ground tissues, and vascular tissues SHOOT APICAL MERISTEM Source of primary growth (lengthening) THREE PRIMARY MERISTEMS Protoderm epidermis Ground meristem ground tissue Procambium primary vascular tissues activity at meristems new cells elongate and start to differentiate into primary tissues Figure 29.4 Page 507 Apical Meristems
- 40. vascular cambium cork cambium secondary phloem secondary xylem thickening LATERALMERISTEMS Two lateral meristems in older stems and roots of woody plants produce secondary growth (increases in diameter): Vascular cambium secondary vascular tissues Cork cambium periderm (replaces epidermis) Figure 29.4 Page 507 LATERAL MERISTEMS
- 41. Ground tissue system • -servesbasic functions: •Food and water storage Vascular tissue system •-distributes water and solutes Dermal tissue system •Covers and protect plant surfaces Three Plant Tissue system
- 42. GROUND TISSUE SYSTEM Predominantly cells in the leaf, stem, roots and storage organs e.g., potato tuber e.g., celery stem e.g., cherry seed
- 43. VASCULAR TISSUE SYSTEM The xylem and phloem made up the plant vascular tissue system Food, water, and other substances are transported and is continuous throughout the plant.
- 44. DERMAL TISSUE SYSTEM(OR EPIDERMIS) Single layer of tightly packed cells covering and protecting the young parts of plant E.g., the waxy cuticle that help plant retain water in leaves and stems
- 45. Tissue Differentiation Protoderm Ground meristem Procambium Epidermis Groundtissue Primary vascular tissue
- 46. Simple Tissues • Madeup of only one type of cell Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma
- 47. Parenchyma: A SimpleTissue • Most of a plant’s soft primary growth • Pliable, thin walled, many sided cells • Cells remain alive at maturity and retain capacity to divide • Mesophyll is a type that contains chloroplasts Parenchyma: A Simple Tissue • Most of a plant’s soft primary growth • Pliable, thin walled, many sided cells • Cells remain alive at maturity and retain capacity to divide • Mesophyll is a type that contains chloroplasts • Ground tissue for fruits, stems and leaves.
- 49. Collenchyma: A SimpleTissue • Specialized for support for primary tissues • Makes stems strong but pliable • Cells are elongated • Walls thickened with pectin • Alive at maturity
- 51. Scelerenchyma : ASimple Tissue • Supports mature plant parts • Protects many seeds • Thick, lignified walls • Dead at maturity • Two types: – Fibers: Long, tapered cells – Sclereids: Stubbier cells
- 53. Complex Tissues Xylem Phloem Epidermis Composed ofa mix of cell types
- 54. Xylem •Conducts water and dissolvedminerals •Conducting cells are dead and hollow at maturity vessel member tracheids
- 55. Phloem: A Complex VascularTissue • Transports sugars • Main conducting cells are sieve-tube members • Companion cells assist in the loading of sugars sieve plate sieve-tube member companion cell
- 56. Epidermis: A Complex PlantTissue • Covers and protects plant surfaces • Secretes a waxy, waterproof cuticle • In plants with secondary growth, periderm replaces epidermis
- 57. Monocots and Dicots: Parallelveins Netlike veins 3 pores1 pore 4 or 5 floral parts 3 floral parts 1 cotyledon 2 cotyledons Vascular bundles dispersed Vascular bundles in ring Monocots and Dicots: Parallel veins Netlike veins 3 pores1 pore 4 or 5 floral parts 3 floral parts 1 cotyledon 2 cotyledons Vascular bundles dispersed Vascular bundles in ring
- 58. Shoot Development immature leaf groundmeristem primary phloem primary xylem pith procambium cortex procambium protoderm shoot apical meristem procambium epidermis Figure 29.11 Page 510
- 59. Internal Structure ofa Dicot Stem Outermost layer is epidermis Cortex lies beneath epidermis Ring of vascular bundles separates the cortex from the pith The pith lies in the center of the stem
- 60. Internal Structure of aMonocot Stem • The vascular bundles are distributed throughout the ground tissue • No division of ground tissue into cortex and pith
- 61. Ring of vascularbundles dividing ground tissue into cortex and pith Vascular bundles distributed throughout ground tissue Dicot Monocot Internal structure of Stems
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- 63. Adapted for Photosynthesis Leavesare usually thin High surface area-to-volume ratio Promotes diffusion of carbon dioxide in, oxygen out Leaves are arranged to capture sunlight Are held perpendicular to rays of sun Arranged so they don’t shade one another
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- 65. Root Systems Taproot systemof a California poppy Fibrous root system of a grass plant Figure 29.17 Page 514
- 66. VASCULAR CYLINDER: endodermis pericycle xylem phloem cortex epidermis fully grown roothair Vessels have matured; root hairs and vascular cylinder about to form Cells elongate; sieve tubes form and mature; vessel members start to form Most cells have stopped dividing Cells are dividing rapidly at apical and primary meristems quiescent center root cap Root Structure Root cap covers tip Apical meristem produces the cap Cell divisions at the apical meristem cause the root to lengthen Farther up, cells differentiate and mature
- 67. Animal Cell specialization ANIMAL TISSUESAND ORGAN SYSTEMS
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- 71. HOMEOSTASIS Stable operating conditionsin the internal environment Brought about by coordinated activities of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems
- 72. TISSUE A groupof cells and intercellular substances that interact in one or more tasks Four types Epithelial tissue Muscle tissue Connective tissue Nervous tissue
- 73. ORGANS Group oftissues organized to perform a task Heart is an organ that pumps blood through body Heart consists of muscle tissue, nervous tissue, connective tissue, and epithelial tissue
- 74. ORGAN SYSTEMS Organsinteract physically, chemically, or both to perform a common task Circulatory system includes the heart, the arteries, and other vessels that transport blood through the body
- 75. EPITHELIAL TISSUE Lines thebody’s surface, cavities, ducts, and tubes One free surface faces a body fluid or the environment simple squamous epithelium basement membrane connective tissue
- 76. SIMPLE EPITHELIUM Consists ofa single layer of cells Lines body ducts, cavities, and tubes Cell shapes: Squamous Cuboidal Columnar
- 77. STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM Twoor more layers thick Functions in protection, as in skin Cells in the layers may be squamous, columnar, or cuboidal
- 78. Glands Secretory organs derivedfrom epithelium Exocrine glands have ducts or tubes (secrete mucus, saliva, earwax) Endocrine glands are ductless Product-hormone Section through the glandular epithelium of a frog. pore that opens at skin surface mucous gland poison gland pigmented gland
- 79. CELL JUNCTIONS a typeof structure that exists within the tissue of a multicellular organism. They consist of protein complexes and provide contact between neighbouring cells, between a cell and the extracellular matrix, or Tight junctions prevent leaks Gap junctions connect abutting cytoplasms Adhering junctions cement cells together Tight Junction Adhering Junction Gap Junction
- 80. CONNECTIVE TISSUE Most abundanttissue in the body Cells are scattered in an extracellular matrix Matrix is collagen and/or elastin fibers in a polysaccharide ground substance
- 81. collagenous fiber fibroblast elastic fiber Looseconnective tissue cartilage cell (chondrocyte) Cartilage collagenous fibers collagenous fibers fibroblast Dense, regular connective tissue ground substance with collagen fibers cell bulging with fat droplet nucleus Adipose tissue (fat storage) Dense, irregular connective tissue compact bone tissue blood vessel bone cell (osteocyte) Bone SOFT CONNECTIVE TISSUESSPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUES
- 82. location of cartilage on knobbyend of a long bone bone tissue Figure 33.6 Page 571
- 83. Blood Classified asa connective tissue because blood cells arise in bone Serves as the body’s transport medium Red cells, white cells, and platelets are dispersed in a fluid medium called plasma
- 84. MUSCLE TISSUE Composedof cells that contract when stimulated Helps move the body and specific body parts Types of tissue- Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
- 85. SKELETAL MUSCLE Locatedin muscles that attach to bones Long, cylindrical cells are striated Cells are bundled closely together in parallel arrays Figure 33.8, page 572
- 86. SMOOTH MUSCLE Inwalls of many internal organs (stomach, lungs etc) and some blood vessels Cells are not striped and taper at the ends Figure 33.8, page 572
- 87. one muscle cell onebundle of muscle cells in its own sheath outer connective tissue sheath around one muscle one whole muscle, a biceps Figure 33.9 Page 572
- 88. CARDIAC MUSCLE Presentonly in the heart Cells are striated and branching Ends of cells are joined by communication junctions nucleus
- 89. NERVOUS TISSUE Detectsstimuli, integrates information, and relays commands for response Consists of excitable neurons and supporting neuroglial cells
- 90. NEUROGLIA Constitute morethan half of the nervous tissue Protect and support the neurons, both structurally and metabolically
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- 94. Organ systems carryout the major body functions of most animals. Each organ system consists of several organs and has specific functions.
- 95. Thank you foryour attention ^_^ perbezaan antara mereka yang berjaya dengan yang lain bukanlah kerana kekurangan kekuatan atau ilmu, tetapi lebih kepada kekurangan kesungguhan dan kemahuan
- 96. perbezaan antara merekayang berjaya dengan yang lain bukanlah kerana kekurangan kekuatan atau ilmu, tetapi lebih kepada kekurangan kesungguhan dan kemahuan