Tissue

Tissue

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  MADE BY : AKHILBANSAL
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  A group ofcells that are similar in structure and/or work together to achieve a particular function forms a tissue.
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  PLANT TISSUES MERISTEMATIC TISSUE PERMANENTTISSUE
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  MERISTEMATIC TISSUE The growth of plants occurs only in certain specific regions. This is because the dividing tissue, also known as meristematic tissue, is located only at these points. Depending on the region where they are present , meristematic tissues are classified as apical, lateral and intercalary . New cells produced by meristem are initially like those of meristem itself, but as they grow and mature, their characteristics slowly change and they become dif ferentiated as components of other tissues.
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  CLASSIFICATION Apical meristem - Meristem at the tip of a plant shoot or root causes the shoot or root to increase in length. It is responsible for primary growth of plant. Intercalary Meristem: It is particularly common at the nodal regions. It may also occur at the base of the leaves. The intercalary meristem also contributes towards the increase in length as it brings about elongation of the internodal regions. It is also responsible for the formation of branches at the nodal regions. Lateral Meristem: It appears in the mature tissues of roots and shoots. It helps in adding secondary tissues to the plant body and in increasing the thickness of stem of plants. Lateral meristem tissues are very active as they
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  PERMANENT TISSUE The cellsformed by a meristematic tissue take up a specific role and lose the ability to divide. As a result, they form a permanent tissue. This process of taking up a permanent shape, size, and a function is called differentiation. Cells of meristematic tissue differentiate to form different types of permanent tissue.
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  Simple permanent tissue 1. parenchyma   A permanent tissue of few layer of cells that forms the basic packing tissue. Consists of relatively unspecialized cells with thin cell walls  Live cells Usually loosely packed so that large spaces are there. Provides support to plants and also stores food. Parenchyma of stems and roots also stores nutrients and water. Chlorenchyma In some situations simple permanent tissue contains chlorophyll and performs photosynthesis then it is called chlorenchyma. Aerenchyma Is a parenchyma type of tissue found in aquatic plants with large cavities that give buoyancy to the plants to
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  2.collenchyma A permanent tissue that gives flexibility to plants. Allows easy bending in various parts of a plant – leaf and stem, without breaking. Provides mechanical support to plants. Found in leaf stalks (stem or main axis) below the epidermis (outermost layer) Living elongated and irregularly thickened at the corners with very less intercellular space.
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  3. SCLERENCHYMA Type of permanent tissue that makes the plant hard and stiff Husk of coconut is made of sclerenchymatous tissue. Cells of this tissue are dead. They are long, narrow as there walls are thickened due to lignin. Present in stems, around vascular bundles, in the veins of leaves and in the hard covering of seeds and nuts. Provides strength to the plant parts.
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  Difference between parenchyma ,collenchyma, sclerenchyma 
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  EPIDERMAL CELLS FUNCTIONS  Epidermal cells are cells on the outermost protective layer of a plant tissue. Epidermal cells on the aerial (in air) parts of the plant often secrete a waxy, water resistant layer on their outer surface. This aids in protection against loss of water, mechanical injury and invasion by parasitic fungi. Cells of epidermal tissue form a continuous layer without intercellular spaces. Most epidermal cells are relatively flat. In some plants having dry habitats, the epidermis may be thicker since protection against water loss is critical. Small pores on the epidermis of the leaf are called stomata. Epidermal cells of the roots, whose function is water absorption, commonly have long hair like parts that greatly increase the total absorptive surface area. In desert plants, epidermis has a thick waxy coating of cutin (chemical with waterproof quality).
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  stomata Stomata are small pores in the epidermis of the leaf. Stomata are closed by two kidney shaped cells called guard cells. The word stomata mean “mouth”. These small pores found in the leaves of the plant helps in gaseous exchange during photosynthesis and respiration. Stomata consist of two types of cells, the stoma or the pore and guard cells. Stomata are guarded pair of crescent shaped specialized parenchyma cells called guard cells which regulates the size of opening or pore of stomata. The main functions of stomata are: 1. Exchange of atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide 2. Transpiration.
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  EPIDERMIS AS APROTECTIVE TISSUE As plants grow older, the outer protective tissue undergoes certain changes. A strip of secondary meristem replaces the epidermis of the stem. Cells on the outside are cut off from this layer. This forms the several-layer thick cork or the bark of the tree. Cells of Cork are dead and compactly arranged without intercellular spaces. They also have a chemical called suberin in their walls that makes them impervious to gases and water.
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  Xylem consists oftracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibres. The cells have thick walls, and many of them are dead cells. Tracheids and vessels are tubular structures. This allows them to transport water and minerals vertically. The parenchyma stores food and helps in the sideways conduction of water.  Fibres are mainly supportive in function.
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  Phloem is atubular structure conducting tissue in plants that is made up of four types of elements: sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres and the phloem parenchyma. Sieve tubes are tubular cells with perforated (having holes) walls. In phloem, materials can move in both directions in it. Phloem transports food
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  ANIMAL TISSUES
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  ANIMAL TISSUE Epithelial tissue Connective Muscular tissue Nervous Tissue Tissue (Protection by (movement and (control and co- covering,secretio (binding,supp locomotion) ordiantion) n,absorption) ort,transport)
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  EPITHELIAL TISSUE Structural Characteristics: The cells forming epithelial tissue – (i) are closely packed with no intercellular space in between. (ii) arise from a non-cellular basement membrane. (iii) not supplied with blood vessels. Function : line the surfaces, help in absorption, secrete, also bear protoplasmic projections such as the Cilia.
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  Types of epithelialtissue • SIMPLE SQUAMOUS 1. • STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS • CUBOIDAL 2. • CILIATED COLUMNAR 3.
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  TYPE STRUCTURE LOCATION FUNCTION Squamous Thin and flat cells. The oesophagus and -For exchange Epithelium Form a delicate the lining of the of O2 and CO2. lining. mouth . -For absorption. Lining of Kidney . tubules. -For exchange of materials. Stratified Cells are arranged in Skin -prevent wear and squamous layers. tear. Cuboidal Cube like cells with Lining of salivary -For absorption. Epithelium a and pancreatic -For secretion. centrally placed ducts nucleus. Found in sweat, Cells appear salivary gland. polygonal. Ciliated Cilia at free ends. Lining of trachea. -Flow of fluids in Columnar Tall column like cell Lining of stomach. a particular Epithelium with nucleus at the Lining of kidney direction basal end ends . tubules. -Secretion.
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  CONNECTIVE TISSUE The cellsof connective tissue are loosely spaced and embedded in an intercellular matrix. The matrix may be jelly like, fluid, dense or rigid. The nature of matrix differs in concordance with the function of the particular connective tissue.
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  TYPE PROPE SUPPORTIN FLIUID R G AEROLA ADIPOS FIBROU CARTILAGE BONE BLOOD LYMPH R E S
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  PROPER CONNECTIVE TISSUE 1. Areolar: Most widely spread connective tissue. The cells forming the tissue are : (i) Fibroblasts-which form the yellow (elastin) and white (collagen) fibers in the matrix. (ii) Macrophages-which help in engulfing bacteria and micro pathogens. (iii) Mast cell-which secrets heparin (helps in clotting of blood). Areolar connective tissue is found between the skin and muscles, around blood vessels and nerves and in the bone marrow. It fills the space inside the organs, supports internal organs and helps in repair of tissues.
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  2.ADIPOSE TISSUE Fat- storingadipose tissue is found below the skin and between internal organs. The cells of this tissue are filled with fat globules. Storage of fats also lets it act as an insulator.
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  3.FIBROUS-TENDONS,LIGAMENTS Two bones canbe connected to each other by another type of connective tissue called the ligament. This tissue is very elastic. It has considerable strength.  Ligaments contain very little matrix.  Tendons connect bones to muscles and are another type of connective tissue. Tendons are fibrous tissue with great strength but limited flexibility.
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  Blood has afluid (liquid) matrix called plasma, in which red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets are suspended. . The plasma contains proteins, salts and hormones. Blood flows and transports gases, digested food, hormones and waste materials to different parts of the body. 1. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)-Transport O2 and CO2. 2. White blood cells (Leucocytes)-Function in defense against bacteria, viruses and other invaders. 3. Platelets (Thrombocytes)-help in the clotting of blood.
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  SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUE Cartilage,has widely spaced cells.  The solid matrix is composed of proteins and sugars. Cartilage smoothens bone surfaces at joints and is also present in the nose, ear, trachea and larynx. Bone is another example of a connective tissue.  It forms the framework that supports the body. It also anchors the muscles and supports the main organs of the body. It is a strong and nonflexible tissue .  Bone cells are embedded in a hard matrix that is composed of calcium and phosphorus compounds
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  Muscular tissue 1. Muscular tissue consists of elongated cells, also called muscle fibres. 2. This tissue is responsible for movement in our body. 3. Muscles contain special proteins called contractile proteins, which contract and relax to cause movement.
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  TYPES OF MUSCULARTISSUE 1. •STRIATED 2. •SMOOTH 3. •CARDIAC
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  BASIS Striated/ Unstriated/ Cardiac Voluntary/Skeletal Involuntary LOCATION Attached to the In the walls of Walls of heart. skeleton like body organs head, limbs, face like stomach, etc. intestines SHAPE -Elongated, -Spindle -Elongated, cylindrical, shaped, cylindrical, unbranched fibres tapering. branched. -there are -No such -Striations striations seen. striations seen (stripes) seen. NUCLEUS Multi nucleated, Uninucleated, One nucleus in Peripheral centrally each unit, nuclei. placed. centrally placed. BLOOD SUPPLY Rich Poor Rich CONTRACTS AT Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary WILL
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  Nervous tissue Cells ofthe nervous tissue are highly specialized for being stimulated and then transmitting the stimulus very rapidly from one place to another within the body. The brain, spinal cord and nerves are all composed of the nervous tissue. The cells of this tissue are called nerve cells or neurons.
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  A neuron consistsof a cell body with a nucleus and cytoplasm, from which long thin hair-like parts arise. Usually each neuron has a single long part, called the axon, and many short, branched parts called dendrites.
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  TRANSMISSION OF NERVE IMPULSE  The branching dendrites receive the stimulus and transmit through the cyton to the axon, which finally transmits it through its variously branched end into either a muscle (to order it to contract) or to a gland (to order it to secrete). The axon constitutes the nerve fibre. The nerve fibre may or may not be covered by an extra sheath called medullary sheath secreted by sheath cells. It is made of myelin a lipid like substance. Accordingly, the nerve fibre is termed medullated and non-medullated. The medullary sheath is not continuous and is broken at nodes of Ranvier.
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  DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLANTAND ANIMAL TISSUE