This document discusses cell structure and organization. It defines key terms like organelle, cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm and compares typical plant and animal cells. It explains how cell structure relates to function in cells like root hair cells, xylem vessels and red blood cells. Finally, it describes how cells work together to form tissues, organs and organ systems within multicellular organisms.

1. Cell Structure & Organisation

2. Chapter Outline (a) identify cell structures (including organelles) of typical plant and animal cells from diagrams, photomicrographs and as seen under the light microscope using prepared slides and fresh material treated with an appropriate temporary staining technique: • chloroplasts • cell membrane • cell wall • cytoplasm • cell vacuoles • nucleus

3. Chapter Outline (b) identify the following organelles from diagrams and electronmicrographs: • mitochondria • ribosomes (c) state the functions of the organelles identified above (d) compare the structure of typical animal and plant cells

4. Chapter Outline (e) state, in simple terms, the relationship between cell function and cell structure for the following: • absorption – root hair cells • conduction and support – xylem vessels • transport of oxygen – red blood cells (f) differentiate cell, tissue, organ and organ system

5. What is a cell? Building blocks of life Simplest units of life Chemical reactions in the cell keeps us alive

6. Cells White Blood Cells Red Blood Cells

7. Cells Embryonic Stem Cells

8. Other Examples of Cells Amoeba Proteus Plant Stem Red Blood Cell Nerve Cell Bacteria

9. Cells What does a cell consists of? Each living cell consists of living material called protoplasm. Protoplasm: Water makes up 70% of protoplasm Proteins Carbohydrates Fats

10. Protoplasm Cell Surface Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus

11. Cell Structures in Plant and Animal Cells • nucleus • cytoplasm • cell membrane • cell wall • cell vacuoles • ribosomes • mitochondria • chloroplasts

12. Animal and Plant Cells Animal Cell Plant Cell Cell Structure and Function: http://lgfl.skoool.co.uk/keystage3.aspx?id=63

13. Animal Cell

14. Animal Cell

15. Cell Surface Membrane Surrounds the cytoplasm of the cell Partially permeable membrane Allows some substances but not all to move in and out of the cell

16. Nucleus Surrounded by a membrane called the nuclear envelope Contains one or more nucleoli Contains chromatin Functions of the nucleus: 1. Controls cell activities such as cell growth and the repair of worn-out parts 2. Essential for cell division Nucleolus

17. Cytoplasm Between the cell surface membrane and the nucleus Contains enzymes and organelles

18. Organelles in the Cytoplasm Mitochondria Ribosomes Chloroplasts (only in plant cells) Cell vacuoles

19. Mitochondria Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria Energy production Energy used to perform cell activities such as growth and reproduction

20. Ribosomes Required for protein synthesis in the cell

21. Vacuoles in Animal Cells A vacuole is a fluid-filled space enclosed by a membrane Animal cells have many small vacuoles that contain water and food substances such as proteins and carbohydrates

22. Label and identify the diagram Pop Quiz! A B C D F E

23. Plant Cell Plant Cells: http://lgfl.skoool.co.uk/keystage3.aspx?id=63

24. Plant Cell

25. Differences Between Animal and Plant Cells Vacuoles are large, sap-filled in plant cells Vacuoles are small, temporary in animal cells Chloroplasts present Chloroplasts absent Cell wall present Cell wall absent Plant Cells Animal Cells

26. Cell Wall Surrounds the cell surface membrane Cell wall is made of cellulose Protects the cell from injury Gives the plant cell a fixed shape Cell wall is fully permeable

27. Chloroplasts Found only in plant cells Chloroplasts contain a green pigment called chlorophyll Chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis , the process by which plants make food

28. Vacuoles in Plant Cells Plant cells usually have a large central vacuole which contains a liquid called cell sap Cell sap contains dissolved substances such as sugars, mineral salts and amino acids

29. Pop Quiz! Label and identify the diagram A B C F D E

31. Specialised Cells Red Blood Cell Root Hair Cell Nerve Cell Sperm Cell Egg Cell

32. Cell Differentiation The process by which cells develop special structures or lose certain structures to enable them to carry out specific functions . Hence, cells become differentiated to form specialised cells . The structure of each cell is adapted to perform the specific functions of the cell.

33. Cell Differentiation

34. How is cell structure related to cell function? 1) Red Blood Cell Increased surface area to volume ratio of the cell. Hence, increased transport of oxygen. Circular biconcave shape Carry more haemoglobin which leads to increased transport of oxygen. No nucleus Haemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body. Contains haemoglobin Adaptation to Function Cell Structure

35. How is cell structure related to cell function? 2) Xylem Vessel Lignin strengthens the walls and prevents the xylem vessels from collapsing. Lignified walls Enables water to move easily through the lumen. Long hollow tubes (no protoplasm) Adaptation to Function Cell Structure

36. How is cell structure related to cell function? 3) Root Hair Cell Specialised Plant and Animal Cells: http://lgfl.skoool.co.uk/keystage3.aspx?id=63 Increased surface area to volume ratio of the cell which leads to increased absorption of water and mineral salts from the soil. Long and narrow Adaptation to Function Cell Structure

37. How do cells work together in a multi-cellular organism? Organisation in Living Things: http://lgfl.skoool.co.uk/keystage3.aspx?id=63

38. Tissue A tissue is a group of similar cells which work together to perform a specific function. Examples of tissues: Muscle, the lining of the intestine, the lining of the lungs, phloem, root hair tissue Connective Tissue

39. Organ Different tissues may be combined together to form organs. An organ is a structure made up of different tissues working together to perform a specific function. Examples of organs: Heart, lung, brain, leaf, root Lungs

40. An organ is a structure made up of different tissues working together to perform a specific function.

41. Organ System Organs work together to form organ systems. Various systems work together to make up the entire organism. Examples of organ systems: Circulatory system, respiratory system, digestive system, nervous system and reproductive system Circulatory System

42. Organ Systems

43. Organs work together to form organ systems. System Organs Digestive Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Respiratory Trachea Lungs

44. Pop Quiz! Q1. Write out the order of cell organisation within an organism. Q2. Give an example of an animal system with the order of cell organisation stated above.

45. Pop Quiz! Q1. Write out the order of cell organisation within an organism. Organism

46. Intestinal cell  intestinal muscle  small intestine  digestive system  human Nerve cell  nerve tissue  eye  sensory system  bird Pop Quiz! Q2. Give an example of an animal system with the order of cell organisation stated above.