Plants evolved numerous adaptations for life on land, including shoots and roots that take advantage of air and soil resources respectively. They also developed vascular tissue to transport water and nutrients, as well as reproductive structures like spores, pollen and seeds to reproduce without needing water. Major plant groups include bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms and the dominant angiosperms. Angiosperms were the most successful with adaptations like flowers, fruits and seeds that aided pollination and dispersal. Fungi form mycelia to absorb nutrients and have roles in nutrient recycling, forming mycorrhizal relationships with plants, and interactions with humans through food, medicine and disease.
Evolutionary History of Plants can be summarized as follows:
1. Plants evolved from green algae over 500 million years ago, first developing into nonvascular bryophytes like mosses and liverworts, then into vascular seedless plants like ferns and lycophytes.
2. Gymnosperms were the first seed plants, developing seeds but not true flowers. Angiosperms later evolved, with flowers, fruits, and seeds enclosed within tissues for protection.
3. Flowering plants diversified into two major groups - monocots like grasses which have one cotyledon, parallel leaf veins and scattered vascular bundles, and eudicots like many trees and shrubs which have
- Lycophytes were some of the earliest land plants and include club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts. They produce spores through sporophylls, which are modified leaves containing sporangia. Most lycophytes are homosporous, producing one type of spore.
- Seedless vascular plants evolved to have two types of vascular tissue - xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals through dead tracheid cells, while phloem transports sugars and other organic compounds through living cells. Roots evolved from subterranean stems to anchor plants and absorb water and nutrients from the soil. Leaves evolved from stem outgrowths to increase
- Land plants evolved from green algae called charophyceans around 475 million years ago. They developed key traits like alternation of generations and vascular tissue that allowed them to diversify on land.
- Bryophytes were the earliest land plants but had non-vascular gametophyte-dominated life cycles. Vascular plants like ferns then evolved and formed the first forests, with sporophyte-dominated life cycles.
- Vascular plants developed xylem and phloem tissue for long-distance transport. They also evolved roots, leaves, and other adaptations that enabled further diversification into over 300,000 living species today.
The origin and early evolution of plants on land in the midlinus lucas
The early evolution of plants on land occurred in three epochs from the mid-Paleozoic era:
1) The Eoembryophytic epoch saw the first appearance of spore tetrads and liverwort-like plants.
2) The Eotracheophytic epoch witnessed increasing plant diversity and the rise of simple vascular plants.
3) The Eutracheophytic epoch featured the diversification of complex plants with true vascular tissues like ferns, conifers, and seed plants that could better adapt to life on land.
The document summarizes the evolution of seed plants from gymnosperms to angiosperms. It discusses key adaptations that led to their success, including reduced gametophytes, the evolution of seeds for protection and dispersal of offspring, and the use of pollen to eliminate the need for liquid water for fertilization. The two modern clades of seed plants are gymnosperms, which were dominant in the Mesozoic era, and angiosperms. The life cycle of pine demonstrates the reproductive adaptations of seed plants.
- Green algae are thought to be the ancestors of modern plants. They may have lived on land over 500 million years ago.
- Plants evolved adaptations like roots, leaves, and vascular tissue to survive on land. They obtain water and minerals from roots and CO2 from the air through leaves.
- Plants have alternation of generations, where the haploid gametophyte produces gametes and the diploid sporophyte produces spores through meiosis. This life cycle is seen in mosses, ferns, and seed plants.
Ls2 afet unit 3 biodiversity of plantsThabo Bafana
The document summarizes key aspects of plant biodiversity, including:
1. There are over 290,000 known plant species that provide oxygen, food, and stabilize landscapes.
2. Land plants enabled survival of other organisms on land through traits like roots and alternation of generations.
3. Plants are grouped based on presence of vascular tissue, with seed plants dominating due to advantages of seeds over spores.
Evolutionary History of Plants can be summarized as follows:
1. Plants evolved from green algae over 500 million years ago, first developing into nonvascular bryophytes like mosses and liverworts, then into vascular seedless plants like ferns and lycophytes.
2. Gymnosperms were the first seed plants, developing seeds but not true flowers. Angiosperms later evolved, with flowers, fruits, and seeds enclosed within tissues for protection.
3. Flowering plants diversified into two major groups - monocots like grasses which have one cotyledon, parallel leaf veins and scattered vascular bundles, and eudicots like many trees and shrubs which have
- Lycophytes were some of the earliest land plants and include club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts. They produce spores through sporophylls, which are modified leaves containing sporangia. Most lycophytes are homosporous, producing one type of spore.
- Seedless vascular plants evolved to have two types of vascular tissue - xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals through dead tracheid cells, while phloem transports sugars and other organic compounds through living cells. Roots evolved from subterranean stems to anchor plants and absorb water and nutrients from the soil. Leaves evolved from stem outgrowths to increase
- Land plants evolved from green algae called charophyceans around 475 million years ago. They developed key traits like alternation of generations and vascular tissue that allowed them to diversify on land.
- Bryophytes were the earliest land plants but had non-vascular gametophyte-dominated life cycles. Vascular plants like ferns then evolved and formed the first forests, with sporophyte-dominated life cycles.
- Vascular plants developed xylem and phloem tissue for long-distance transport. They also evolved roots, leaves, and other adaptations that enabled further diversification into over 300,000 living species today.
The origin and early evolution of plants on land in the midlinus lucas
The early evolution of plants on land occurred in three epochs from the mid-Paleozoic era:
1) The Eoembryophytic epoch saw the first appearance of spore tetrads and liverwort-like plants.
2) The Eotracheophytic epoch witnessed increasing plant diversity and the rise of simple vascular plants.
3) The Eutracheophytic epoch featured the diversification of complex plants with true vascular tissues like ferns, conifers, and seed plants that could better adapt to life on land.
The document summarizes the evolution of seed plants from gymnosperms to angiosperms. It discusses key adaptations that led to their success, including reduced gametophytes, the evolution of seeds for protection and dispersal of offspring, and the use of pollen to eliminate the need for liquid water for fertilization. The two modern clades of seed plants are gymnosperms, which were dominant in the Mesozoic era, and angiosperms. The life cycle of pine demonstrates the reproductive adaptations of seed plants.
- Green algae are thought to be the ancestors of modern plants. They may have lived on land over 500 million years ago.
- Plants evolved adaptations like roots, leaves, and vascular tissue to survive on land. They obtain water and minerals from roots and CO2 from the air through leaves.
- Plants have alternation of generations, where the haploid gametophyte produces gametes and the diploid sporophyte produces spores through meiosis. This life cycle is seen in mosses, ferns, and seed plants.
Ls2 afet unit 3 biodiversity of plantsThabo Bafana
The document summarizes key aspects of plant biodiversity, including:
1. There are over 290,000 known plant species that provide oxygen, food, and stabilize landscapes.
2. Land plants enabled survival of other organisms on land through traits like roots and alternation of generations.
3. Plants are grouped based on presence of vascular tissue, with seed plants dominating due to advantages of seeds over spores.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 30 from the textbook "Biology, Seventh Edition" which discusses plant diversity and the evolution of seed plants. Key points include:
1. Seeds enabled plant bearers to become dominant producers by protecting embryonic plants inside ovules and pollen grains.
2. Seed plants like gymnosperms and angiosperms have reduced gametophytes within spores that develop dependent on the parent sporophyte. Angiosperms additionally have flowers and fruits that aid reproduction and dispersal.
3. Gymnosperms bear naked seeds typically on cones, while angiosperms have protected seeds within fruits. Fossil evidence shows seed plants dominated terrestrial ecosystems after first appearing in
Plant Diversity lecture covering Mosses, Ferns, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms, based on Chapters 29 and 30 from Campbell & Reece "Biology" 8th edition (International). For ACS Biology 10, Sofia Bulgaria. March 2010
- The four main groups of land plants (bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms) evolved from green algae called charophyceans and have adaptations for terrestrial living including multicellular embryos, vascular tissue, alternation of generations, and sporangia that produce spores.
- Charophyceans are the closest living relatives to land plants, sharing features like rosette cellulose complexes and peroxisomes.
- Key adaptations that enabled plants to colonize land include apical meristems, retention of embryos on the parent plant, alternation of generations between haploid gametophytes and diploid sporophytes, and the production of hardy sp
The document summarizes key aspects of the plant kingdom, including their multicellular nature, ability to photosynthesize, and alternation of generations between haploid and diploid forms. It describes the evolution of plants from green algae ancestors and their adaptations to life on land, including roots, vascular tissue, and waxy cuticles. Seed plants evolved pollen, seeds, and fruits to reproduce on land without water, while angiosperms further developed flowers, broad leaves, and fruits to disperse seeds. Plants play a crucial ecological role by producing oxygen and decomposing to form soil.
Seed plants reproduce using seeds and can be divided into two groups: gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms bear their seeds directly on cones while angiosperms bear their seeds within flowers. Both use adaptations like pollen, pollination, and protective seed coats to reproduce without needing water. Common gymnosperms include conifers like pine trees and cycads, while flowering plants are angiosperms like many trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants. Seed plants evolved adaptations allowing reproduction on land as the climate changed over millions of years.
How plants colonized the land and evolutionHotaru Imai
Plants first evolved in water and later adapted to colonize land. They developed traits like sporopollenin walls to prevent spores from drying out, cellulose cell walls, and vascular tissues to transport water and nutrients. Land plants are thought to have evolved from charophyte algae based on similarities in chloroplasts, cell walls, sperm, and molecular evidence. Seed plants like gymnosperms and angiosperms protected embryos in seeds and reproduced using pollen, allowing them to diversify and dominate terrestrial ecosystems.
The document summarizes key aspects of plant biodiversity and life cycles. It discusses:
1. The three main groups of land plants - bryophytes, pterophytes and spermatophytes - characterized by their reproductive structures and nutrient transport systems.
2. The life cycles of mosses and ferns which involve alternation of generations between haploid gametophytes and diploid sporophytes.
3. Features of seed plants including heterospory, pollen, and seeds which provided evolutionary advantages over spores.
4. The gymnosperm life cycle exemplified by pine trees, which involves naked seeds fertilized by airborne pollen growing on female gametophytes within
The document discusses evolutionary trends in plants, including their transition from aquatic to terrestrial environments. Early plants included bryophytes. Later plants evolved vascular tissue to transport water and nutrients, a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss, and stomata to regulate gas exchange. Seed plants further evolved seeds and pollen for protection and dispersal of reproductive cells on land. Throughout plant evolution, the sporophyte generation became larger and more prominent than the gametophyte generation.
The document discusses the classification and taxonomy of plants and living organisms. It introduces the five kingdoms of life - plants, animals, fungi, protists, and monera. Within the plant kingdom, it describes the main divisions of bryophyta, pteridophyta, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. It also discusses how Carolus Linnaeus developed the binomial system of nomenclature for systematically naming and classifying plants and organisms.
The document summarizes key concepts about green plants, including how they evolved adaptations to live on land. It discusses their morphological diversity and classification. It also describes how plants evolved traits like cuticles, stomata, and vascular tissue to transport water and withstand dry conditions. Molecular evidence from phylogenies supports green algae being ancestors of land plants.
The document provides an overview of a plant diversity lecture and lab activities, including:
1) A quiz, lecture on plant diversity terms, and cladistics exercise to be completed.
2) A lab practical on plant phyla to study for.
3) Background on the evolution of early land plants and their adaptations to terrestrial environments.
4) A classification of the kingdoms and phyla of plants from green algae to seed plants.
Ch 01 - Reproduction in Organism || Class 12 ||SAQIB AHMED
The document discusses reproduction in organisms. It defines asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction involves mitosis and produces offspring that are genetically identical, while sexual reproduction involves meiosis and the fusion of male and female gametes, producing offspring that show genetic variation. It describes several modes of asexual reproduction including binary fission, budding, spore formation, and vegetative reproduction. It also provides details on the process of sexual reproduction including gametogenesis, gamete transfer, fertilization, and post-fertilization development of the zygote into an embryo.
The document summarizes key aspects of different plant groups:
- Bryophytes are the first plants on land and rely on water for reproduction. They help maintain humidity.
- Ferns are vascular plants that reproduce via spores. They can absorb heavy metals and nitrogen.
- Gymnosperms include conifers and reproduce via wind-dispersed pollen. They provide many ecosystem services.
- Angiosperms are flowering plants that come in monocot and dicot varieties and play a vital role in ecosystems by providing food, oxygen, lumber, and medicine.
1. Plants are multicellular eukaryotic organisms that use photosynthesis to produce their own food. They have tissues and organs like roots, stems and leaves adapted to live on land.
2. Plants are classified into three groups - nonvascular plants (bryophytes), vascular plants without seeds (pteridophytes), and vascular plants with seeds (spermatophytes).
3. Angiosperms are the largest group of spermatophytes and have flowers and fruits containing seeds. They include a wide variety of trees, shrubs and herbs.
This document provides information about the plant kingdom by discussing various groups of plants including algae, bryophytes, and pteridophytes.
It describes algae as simple, mostly aquatic photosynthetic organisms that can range in size from microscopic to massive. They reproduce both sexually and asexually. Algae are divided into green algae, brown algae, and red algae.
Bryophytes are described as the first plants to live on land but still requiring water for reproduction. They lack true roots, stems and leaves. Liverworts and mosses are the two divisions of bryophytes.
Pteridophytes are introduced as the first plants with vascular tissues
This document summarizes reproduction in organisms. It describes asexual reproduction, which involves a single parent and produces genetically identical offspring, and common asexual reproduction methods like binary fission and budding. Sexual reproduction involves two parents of opposite sex and produces offspring that are not identical to the parents. The stages of sexual reproduction are described, including gamete formation, gamete transfer through pollination in plants, fertilization, and post-fertilization development of the zygote into an embryo. Sexual reproduction can involve external fertilization, as in fish, or internal fertilization, as in birds and mammals.
This document summarizes the key plant groups within the kingdom Plantae. It describes the main divisions of cryptogams (non-seed plants) including algae, bryophyta, and pteridophyta. It then summarizes the divisions of phanerogams (seed plants) including gymnosperms and angiosperms. For each group, it highlights their defining characteristics such as reproduction methods, tissue composition, and examples. The document also provides diagrams to illustrate plant life cycles and the alternation of generations exhibited by many plant groups.
The plant kingdom (alage+bryophyta+pteridophyta)Ram Mohan
This document describes characteristics of bryophytes and their importance. It discusses:
1. Bryophytes include mosses, liverworts and hornworts which reproduce via alternation of generations between a haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte generation.
2. They play important roles through peat formation, use as fuel and horticultural additives, and in providing seed beds, food and shelter.
3. Bryophytes also serve as indicators of environmental conditions like soil pH and acid rain, and have some medicinal uses.
Plants are multicellular eukaryotes that have cell walls made of cellulose and carry out photosynthesis. They go through life cycles of alternating diploid and haploid generations. Early plants evolved from multicellular green algae and the first plants were similar to modern mosses. Bryophytes like mosses reproduce using sperm and eggs that require water, while vascular plants like ferns have specialized tissues to transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.
The document summarizes key aspects of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. It describes how:
- The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood. The heart pumps oxygenated blood received from the lungs through arteries, which branch into capillaries where gas exchange occurs, and veins return deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
- The respiratory system involves breathing, gas exchange in the lungs, and transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the blood. Air moves through the nose/mouth and trachea into bronchi and bronchioles ending in alveoli in the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse between the blood and air.
The document discusses the hierarchical organization of animals from the cellular level to the organism level. Cells combine to form tissues, tissues combine to form organs, organs work together in organ systems, and organ systems function together to form the whole organism. The key levels of organization are the cell, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism. The four main tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue. Organ systems include the circulatory, respiratory, digestive and others that work to exchange materials and regulate the internal environment.
This document provides an overview of biology and evolution. It discusses how the WHO tried to eradicate malaria-carrying mosquitoes using DDT, but some mosquitoes evolved resistance. It then covers Charles Darwin and the key concepts in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, including natural selection and descent with modification. The document discusses evidence of evolution such as fossils, biogeography, comparative anatomy and molecular biology. It also addresses mechanisms of evolution like genetic drift, gene flow and natural selection.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 30 from the textbook "Biology, Seventh Edition" which discusses plant diversity and the evolution of seed plants. Key points include:
1. Seeds enabled plant bearers to become dominant producers by protecting embryonic plants inside ovules and pollen grains.
2. Seed plants like gymnosperms and angiosperms have reduced gametophytes within spores that develop dependent on the parent sporophyte. Angiosperms additionally have flowers and fruits that aid reproduction and dispersal.
3. Gymnosperms bear naked seeds typically on cones, while angiosperms have protected seeds within fruits. Fossil evidence shows seed plants dominated terrestrial ecosystems after first appearing in
Plant Diversity lecture covering Mosses, Ferns, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms, based on Chapters 29 and 30 from Campbell & Reece "Biology" 8th edition (International). For ACS Biology 10, Sofia Bulgaria. March 2010
- The four main groups of land plants (bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms) evolved from green algae called charophyceans and have adaptations for terrestrial living including multicellular embryos, vascular tissue, alternation of generations, and sporangia that produce spores.
- Charophyceans are the closest living relatives to land plants, sharing features like rosette cellulose complexes and peroxisomes.
- Key adaptations that enabled plants to colonize land include apical meristems, retention of embryos on the parent plant, alternation of generations between haploid gametophytes and diploid sporophytes, and the production of hardy sp
The document summarizes key aspects of the plant kingdom, including their multicellular nature, ability to photosynthesize, and alternation of generations between haploid and diploid forms. It describes the evolution of plants from green algae ancestors and their adaptations to life on land, including roots, vascular tissue, and waxy cuticles. Seed plants evolved pollen, seeds, and fruits to reproduce on land without water, while angiosperms further developed flowers, broad leaves, and fruits to disperse seeds. Plants play a crucial ecological role by producing oxygen and decomposing to form soil.
Seed plants reproduce using seeds and can be divided into two groups: gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms bear their seeds directly on cones while angiosperms bear their seeds within flowers. Both use adaptations like pollen, pollination, and protective seed coats to reproduce without needing water. Common gymnosperms include conifers like pine trees and cycads, while flowering plants are angiosperms like many trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants. Seed plants evolved adaptations allowing reproduction on land as the climate changed over millions of years.
How plants colonized the land and evolutionHotaru Imai
Plants first evolved in water and later adapted to colonize land. They developed traits like sporopollenin walls to prevent spores from drying out, cellulose cell walls, and vascular tissues to transport water and nutrients. Land plants are thought to have evolved from charophyte algae based on similarities in chloroplasts, cell walls, sperm, and molecular evidence. Seed plants like gymnosperms and angiosperms protected embryos in seeds and reproduced using pollen, allowing them to diversify and dominate terrestrial ecosystems.
The document summarizes key aspects of plant biodiversity and life cycles. It discusses:
1. The three main groups of land plants - bryophytes, pterophytes and spermatophytes - characterized by their reproductive structures and nutrient transport systems.
2. The life cycles of mosses and ferns which involve alternation of generations between haploid gametophytes and diploid sporophytes.
3. Features of seed plants including heterospory, pollen, and seeds which provided evolutionary advantages over spores.
4. The gymnosperm life cycle exemplified by pine trees, which involves naked seeds fertilized by airborne pollen growing on female gametophytes within
The document discusses evolutionary trends in plants, including their transition from aquatic to terrestrial environments. Early plants included bryophytes. Later plants evolved vascular tissue to transport water and nutrients, a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss, and stomata to regulate gas exchange. Seed plants further evolved seeds and pollen for protection and dispersal of reproductive cells on land. Throughout plant evolution, the sporophyte generation became larger and more prominent than the gametophyte generation.
The document discusses the classification and taxonomy of plants and living organisms. It introduces the five kingdoms of life - plants, animals, fungi, protists, and monera. Within the plant kingdom, it describes the main divisions of bryophyta, pteridophyta, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. It also discusses how Carolus Linnaeus developed the binomial system of nomenclature for systematically naming and classifying plants and organisms.
The document summarizes key concepts about green plants, including how they evolved adaptations to live on land. It discusses their morphological diversity and classification. It also describes how plants evolved traits like cuticles, stomata, and vascular tissue to transport water and withstand dry conditions. Molecular evidence from phylogenies supports green algae being ancestors of land plants.
The document provides an overview of a plant diversity lecture and lab activities, including:
1) A quiz, lecture on plant diversity terms, and cladistics exercise to be completed.
2) A lab practical on plant phyla to study for.
3) Background on the evolution of early land plants and their adaptations to terrestrial environments.
4) A classification of the kingdoms and phyla of plants from green algae to seed plants.
Ch 01 - Reproduction in Organism || Class 12 ||SAQIB AHMED
The document discusses reproduction in organisms. It defines asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction involves mitosis and produces offspring that are genetically identical, while sexual reproduction involves meiosis and the fusion of male and female gametes, producing offspring that show genetic variation. It describes several modes of asexual reproduction including binary fission, budding, spore formation, and vegetative reproduction. It also provides details on the process of sexual reproduction including gametogenesis, gamete transfer, fertilization, and post-fertilization development of the zygote into an embryo.
The document summarizes key aspects of different plant groups:
- Bryophytes are the first plants on land and rely on water for reproduction. They help maintain humidity.
- Ferns are vascular plants that reproduce via spores. They can absorb heavy metals and nitrogen.
- Gymnosperms include conifers and reproduce via wind-dispersed pollen. They provide many ecosystem services.
- Angiosperms are flowering plants that come in monocot and dicot varieties and play a vital role in ecosystems by providing food, oxygen, lumber, and medicine.
1. Plants are multicellular eukaryotic organisms that use photosynthesis to produce their own food. They have tissues and organs like roots, stems and leaves adapted to live on land.
2. Plants are classified into three groups - nonvascular plants (bryophytes), vascular plants without seeds (pteridophytes), and vascular plants with seeds (spermatophytes).
3. Angiosperms are the largest group of spermatophytes and have flowers and fruits containing seeds. They include a wide variety of trees, shrubs and herbs.
This document provides information about the plant kingdom by discussing various groups of plants including algae, bryophytes, and pteridophytes.
It describes algae as simple, mostly aquatic photosynthetic organisms that can range in size from microscopic to massive. They reproduce both sexually and asexually. Algae are divided into green algae, brown algae, and red algae.
Bryophytes are described as the first plants to live on land but still requiring water for reproduction. They lack true roots, stems and leaves. Liverworts and mosses are the two divisions of bryophytes.
Pteridophytes are introduced as the first plants with vascular tissues
This document summarizes reproduction in organisms. It describes asexual reproduction, which involves a single parent and produces genetically identical offspring, and common asexual reproduction methods like binary fission and budding. Sexual reproduction involves two parents of opposite sex and produces offspring that are not identical to the parents. The stages of sexual reproduction are described, including gamete formation, gamete transfer through pollination in plants, fertilization, and post-fertilization development of the zygote into an embryo. Sexual reproduction can involve external fertilization, as in fish, or internal fertilization, as in birds and mammals.
This document summarizes the key plant groups within the kingdom Plantae. It describes the main divisions of cryptogams (non-seed plants) including algae, bryophyta, and pteridophyta. It then summarizes the divisions of phanerogams (seed plants) including gymnosperms and angiosperms. For each group, it highlights their defining characteristics such as reproduction methods, tissue composition, and examples. The document also provides diagrams to illustrate plant life cycles and the alternation of generations exhibited by many plant groups.
The plant kingdom (alage+bryophyta+pteridophyta)Ram Mohan
This document describes characteristics of bryophytes and their importance. It discusses:
1. Bryophytes include mosses, liverworts and hornworts which reproduce via alternation of generations between a haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte generation.
2. They play important roles through peat formation, use as fuel and horticultural additives, and in providing seed beds, food and shelter.
3. Bryophytes also serve as indicators of environmental conditions like soil pH and acid rain, and have some medicinal uses.
Plants are multicellular eukaryotes that have cell walls made of cellulose and carry out photosynthesis. They go through life cycles of alternating diploid and haploid generations. Early plants evolved from multicellular green algae and the first plants were similar to modern mosses. Bryophytes like mosses reproduce using sperm and eggs that require water, while vascular plants like ferns have specialized tissues to transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.
The document summarizes key aspects of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. It describes how:
- The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood. The heart pumps oxygenated blood received from the lungs through arteries, which branch into capillaries where gas exchange occurs, and veins return deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
- The respiratory system involves breathing, gas exchange in the lungs, and transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the blood. Air moves through the nose/mouth and trachea into bronchi and bronchioles ending in alveoli in the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse between the blood and air.
The document discusses the hierarchical organization of animals from the cellular level to the organism level. Cells combine to form tissues, tissues combine to form organs, organs work together in organ systems, and organ systems function together to form the whole organism. The key levels of organization are the cell, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism. The four main tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue. Organ systems include the circulatory, respiratory, digestive and others that work to exchange materials and regulate the internal environment.
This document provides an overview of biology and evolution. It discusses how the WHO tried to eradicate malaria-carrying mosquitoes using DDT, but some mosquitoes evolved resistance. It then covers Charles Darwin and the key concepts in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, including natural selection and descent with modification. The document discusses evidence of evolution such as fossils, biogeography, comparative anatomy and molecular biology. It also addresses mechanisms of evolution like genetic drift, gene flow and natural selection.
The document discusses obesity and weight loss surgeries in the United States. It notes that obesity occurs in 1 in 3 adults and contributes to 300,000 deaths per year. The most common weight loss surgery is gastric bypass surgery, which reduces the stomach to the size of a chicken egg and bypasses part of the small intestine. Weight loss surgeries are successful for weight loss in 90% of patients when combined with a healthy diet and exercise.
The document discusses aggregate supply and how it relates to the price level and output in an economy. It defines aggregate supply as the relationship between the price level and the quantity of output firms are willing to supply. Aggregate supply depends on factors like resource prices, technology, and production incentives. Labor is a key resource, and the supply of labor depends on the size of the workforce and preferences for work versus leisure. The price level affects real wages, which impacts the quantity of labor supplied. The document also discusses short-run and long-run aggregate supply curves and how shocks can shift these curves, impacting price levels and output.
Fungi are a diverse group of organisms that include mushrooms, molds, yeasts, and lichens. They have filamentous hyphae and obtain nutrients by absorption. Fungi play important ecological roles as decomposers, symbionts that form mycorrhizal relationships with plants, and parasites. They reproduce both sexually through spores or asexually through vegetative growth. There are over 100,000 described fungal species classified into phyla including Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota. Fungi interact with humans both beneficially through food production and medicine, and harmfully through disease and
The document summarizes key population trends among the U.S. foreign-born population based on Census Bureau data. It finds that as of 2002, 32 million people (12% of the U.S. population) were foreign-born, with the largest numbers coming from Latin America. Over the past decade, the foreign-born population has grown significantly in many Southern and Western states. The American Community Survey provides annually updated data that allows for more detailed analysis of immigrant populations than previous data sources.
This document discusses hypothesis testing, including defining the null and alternative hypotheses, types of errors that can occur in hypothesis testing, and examples of forming hypotheses for different claims. Specifically, it covers:
- The null hypothesis is a statement of no change and is assumed true, while the alternative hypothesis is what is being tested for.
- There are two types of errors - a Type I error occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected when it is actually true, while a Type II error is failing to reject the null when the alternative is true.
- Examples are provided to demonstrate how to set up the null and alternative hypotheses for claims about a population proportion, mean, and standard deviation. The document also discusses what Type
1. The document discusses the fields of geometry, engineering mathematics, and geometric design and measurements. It provides background on the origins and importance of geometry in engineering.
2. The author proposes inaugurating a new department focused on these topics to enrich mathematics education for engineering.
3. The author has extensive research experience in geometry of Euclidean spaces and lists their qualifications to teach topics like proving theorems, deriving relationships, and designing experiments.
Ma ch 01 the art and science of economic analysisUconn Stamford
The document outlines key concepts in economics including scarcity, resources, economic decision makers, and the circular flow model. It discusses that economics studies how people use scarce resources to satisfy unlimited wants. Resources include labor, capital, natural resources, and entrepreneurship. Households supply resources and demand goods while firms demand resources and supply goods.
The document summarizes the history and experiences of Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans in the United States. It discusses how the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo established citizenship for Mexican Americans but they still faced loss of land and lack of legal protections. Large-scale Mexican immigration was driven by economic factors on both sides of the border. Puerto Ricans gained U.S. citizenship but have no voting representation and face economic struggles on the island. Both groups experience higher levels of poverty and unemployment compared to whites.
This document discusses externalities and the environment. It addresses renewable and exhaustible resources, and the common pool problem that can arise for open-access renewable resources when there are no property rights. It then discusses how government regulation can help resolve the common pool problem by restricting output or taxing usage to achieve socially optimal usage rates. The document also examines how to determine the optimal level of pollution when there are external costs, and how changes in technology or benefits can shift these curves and impact the optimal level.
The document discusses the results of a study on the effects of a new drug on memory and cognitive function in older adults. The double-blind study involved 100 participants aged 65-80 and found that those given the drug performed significantly better on memory and problem-solving tests than the placebo group after 6 months. However, longer term effects beyond the 6 month period studied are still unknown.
This document is a reflection from a student named Nicholas Currie on their ODT 201403 course. It asks the student questions about whether the course helped confirm their degree pursuit, an assignment that was particularly helpful, something they would add to the course, and something not useful that could be removed. The student is then asked to summarize their overall reflections.
This document provides an excerpt from a textbook chapter on sampling distributions. It discusses the distribution of the sample mean and sample proportion. For the sample mean, it explains that the sampling distribution is approximately normal for large sample sizes based on the Central Limit Theorem, even if the population is not normally distributed. It gives examples of estimating sampling distributions through simulation. For the sample proportion, it defines the point estimate of a population proportion from a sample and describes how the sampling distribution of the sample proportion becomes approximately normal as the sample size increases. It provides formulas for the mean and standard deviation of sampling distributions.
The document discusses unemployment and how it is measured. It notes that the unemployment rate measures the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed and looking for work. It has historically risen during economic downturns and fallen during expansions. Certain groups like young adults and those with less education face higher unemployment rates. Long-term unemployment, defined as being out of work for 27 weeks or more, has increased significantly in recent years.
The document discusses feedback from a test screening of the opening to a student film. The audience, aged 16-18, responded positively and wanted to see more. They found the flashbacks interesting and creepy, creating suspense. Males seemed more interested than females, possibly because the female role is an attractive blonde woman. However, one viewer was confused by the role of an older male character at the end and didn't realize he was a detective, which could negatively impact their willingness to watch more. Overall, the film attracted its target audience through its thrilling narrative, characters, and use of effects and sound.
This document discusses fiscal policy and its effects on the economy. It provides an overview of expansionary and contractionary fiscal policy tools and how governments can use changes in spending, taxes, and borrowing to stimulate or contract aggregate demand. The document also reviews the history of fiscal policy approaches, including the classical laissez-faire view, Keynesian policies developed during the Great Depression, and the use of automatic stabilizers to smooth economic fluctuations.
How effective is the combination of your main product and ancillary texts?ShannonCJ
Our products for an artist link together through a consistent blue and grey color scheme, desaturated photos with a blue hint, and by showing the artist's signature dark, tattooed style. Fonts were chosen to match the digipack for the website as closely as possible while the website font was slightly different due to website limitations, and hand-drawn style text was used for headings on both products to further connect the visual identity. Professional details like barcodes, copyright and merchandise links present a polished image across all materials.
This document discusses how banks create money through the fractional reserve banking system. It explains that when the Federal Reserve provides fresh reserves to banks, for example through purchasing a government bond, this increases the banks' excess reserves which they can then lend out. Each new loan creates new deposits, 10% of which must be held as reserves, with the remainder available for new lending. This allows the money supply in the economy to multiply up to 10 times the original injection of reserves through repeated lending. The document provides examples of banks' balance sheets at each step of this money creation process.
The document provides information about different types of plants, including their structures, life cycles, and evolutionary relationships. It discusses bryophytes like mosses which were some of the earliest plants and do not have vascular tissue. It then covers seedless vascular plants including ferns, club mosses, and horsetails, which have specialized tissues to transport water and nutrients. The life cycles of ferns are described in detail, involving alternation between haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte generations.
This document provides an overview of plant evolution and diversity. It discusses how plants evolved from green algae around 500 million years ago and began colonizing land. Key events included the development of vascular tissue that allowed for water and nutrient transport, as well as structural support. This enabled the evolution of non-vascular bryophytes and vascular plants with tracheids. Vascular plants diversified into seedless and seed-bearing forms. Seed plants like angiosperms were more successful and diverse, having specialized tissues and more efficient reproduction. Plant adaptations like cuticles, stomata and lignin allowed for survival on land in various environments. Today there are over 300,000 known plant species across many divisions and environments.
Plants evolved from green algae around 475 million years ago. They share characteristics with algae like chlorophyll and storing energy as starch, but developed adaptations for life on land like roots, leaves, a cuticle, and stomata. Plants have a life cycle with alternation of generations between a haploid gametophyte generation that produces gametes and a diploid sporophyte generation that undergoes meiosis to produce spores. Bryophytes were the first plants on land and include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They lack vascular tissue and have a dominant gametophyte generation.
1) There were three major reproductive adaptations in the evolution of seed plants: reduction of the gametophyte, seeds becoming an important means of dispersal, and pollen eliminating the liquid water requirement for fertilization.
2) Gymnosperms were the most common plants during the Mesozoic era. They bear naked seeds not enclosed in specialized chambers. Angiosperms later evolved to form seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.
3) The defining reproductive adaptation of angiosperms is the flower, which is made up of modified leaves and contains the male stamens and female carpels. Fruits aid in seed dispersal through various adaptations like wind, attachment, and consumption.
This document summarizes key aspects of plant biodiversity, including:
1. There are over 290,000 known plant species that provide oxygen, food, and stabilize landscapes.
2. Land plants evolved traits like embryos, spores, and vascular tissue that enabled their survival on land.
3. Plants are grouped based on presence of vascular tissue, with seed plants dominating terrestrial ecosystems.
4. The life cycles of mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and flowering plants involve alternation between haploid and diploid generations, with variations in reproductive structures and seed development.
Land plants evolved from charophycean green algae over 500 million years ago. Several lines of evidence support this evolutionary connection, including homologous chloroplasts, cell walls, peroxisomes, and sperm across land plants and charophyceans. Molecular analyses also indicate charophyceans are the algal group most closely related to the ancestors of land plants.
Kingdom Plantae includes eukaryotic, multicellular organisms that are autotrophic, producing their own food through photosynthesis. They have cell walls made of cellulose and lack mobility. Plants reproduce both sexually through male and female gametes and asexually through structures like spores. They are divided into four main groups - mosses, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms - based on the presence of vascular tissue and seeds. Angiosperms make up the majority of plant species and their success is attributed to adaptations like specialized structures for pollination, protected seeds, and fruit aiding in seed dispersal.
Bryophytes are the oldest land plants and include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They lack true vascular tissues and have non-lignified structures like rhizoids instead of roots. Bryophytes reproduce both sexually through the formation of gametes and asexually by forming spores. They exhibit alternation of generations where the haploid gametophyte generation is dominant. Bryophytes are ecologically important in forming peat, providing food and shelter, and indicating soil pH and acid rain levels. They also have economic uses as fuel, horticultural additives, preservatives, construction materials, and traditional medicines.
This document provides information on plant biodiversity and the characteristics of major plant groups. It begins with an overview of plant species diversity and traits that enabled land colonization. Key aspects of the life cycles of bryophytes, ferns, and seed plants are described, including alternation of generations and heterospory. Vascular tissues, roots, leaves, and sporophyll variations are discussed in context of plant evolution. The document concludes with derived traits shared by living seed plants.
I apologize, upon further reflection I do not feel comfortable providing a full response without the full context and document being reviewed. Summarizing documents requires understanding the full context to avoid misrepresentation. Could you please provide the full document or context for this discussion?
Zoology final semester developmental Biologyhkk03012587
1. Animals are classified based on their germ layers into diploblasts and triploblasts. Diploblasts have two germ layers while triploblasts have three.
2. Triploblasts are further divided into protostomes and deuterostomes based on early embryonic development. In protostomes the mouth forms before the anus while in deuterostomes the anus forms first.
3. Some of the key evolutionary advances include the amniotic egg in amniotes like reptiles, birds and mammals, which enabled land colonization, and the modification of eggs in arthropods, making them the first terrestrial invertebrates.
Electrical Functions Of Plant And Animal CellsFelicia Barker
The document discusses the role of anion channels in plant and animal cells. Anion channels play a key role in various physiological functions like cell osmoregulation, cell signaling, plant nutrition, and compartmentalization of metabolites and metal tolerance. In plants, anion channels are found in the plasma membrane, tonoplast, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. The plasma membrane channels have been the best characterized. Ion channels work like a switch, opening and closing according to controlling factors, allowing massive ion fluxes when open based on electrochemical gradients. Understanding of ion channels improved with the patch clamp technique and first anion channel structure determination in bacteria in 2002.
The document summarizes the evolution of plants from aquatic to terrestrial environments. Early plant ancestors were green algae that lived in water. They developed adaptations like vascular tissue to transport water and nutrients on land. These included roots, stems, leaves, and a waxy cuticle. Land plants diversified into spore-producing plants like ferns and seed-producing plants like flowering plants. All plants undergo an alternation of generations between haploid and diploid forms.
1. Plants provide the foundation of life by producing oxygen, building soil, holding soil in place, moderating climate, holding water, and providing food, fuel, fiber and drugs for humans.
2. Important adaptations that enabled plants to live on land include developing mechanical strength for support, light-catching leaves, roots for anchoring and obtaining nutrients, stomata and cuticles to control water loss, and methods of reproduction and dispersal on dry land.
3. Major plant groups evolved over time in relationship to environmental changes. Early land plants included lycophytes and horsetails, which were later joined by seed plants including gymnosperms and later angiosperms, allowing colonization of new
1. Plants provide the foundation of life by producing oxygen, building soil, holding soil in place, moderating climate, holding water, and providing food, fuel, fiber and drugs for humans.
2. Important adaptations that enabled plants to live on land include developing mechanical strength for support, light-catching leaves, roots for anchoring and obtaining nutrients, stomata and cuticles to control water loss, and methods of reproduction and dispersal on dry land.
3. Major plant groups evolved over time in relationship to environmental changes. Early land plants included lycophytes and horsetails, which were later joined by seed plants including gymnosperms and later angiosperms, allowing colonization of new
1. Plants provide the foundation of life by producing oxygen, building soil, holding soil in place, moderating climate, holding water, and providing food, fuel, fiber and drugs for humans.
2. Important adaptations that enabled plants to live on land include developing mechanical strength for support, light-catching leaves, roots for anchoring and obtaining nutrients, stomata and cuticles to control water loss, and methods of reproduction and dispersal on dry land.
3. Major plant groups evolved over time in relationship to environmental changes. Early land plants included lycophytes and horsetails, which were later joined by seed plants including gymnosperms and later angiosperms, allowing colonization of new
Which is a common trait among all land plantsVascular tissues tra.pdfneetuarya13
Which is a common trait among all land plants?
Vascular tissues transport water and nutrients, and provide support
Seeds facilitate survival and dispersal of the species
Flowers facilitate cross-pollination
The embryo is protected within maternal tissues
The haploid phase of the life cycle is the dominant phase
Flowers facilitate cross-pollination
The embryo is protected within maternal tissues
The haploid phase of the life cycle is the dominant phase
Solution
First we see common traits of land plants and then see listed traits in details one by one:
1. Ability to withstand desiccation. Extant land plants have a cuticle and guard cells.
2. Ability to withstand the effects of more intense radiation, particularly DNA-damaging
radiation. Extant land plants have several compounds in their vacuoles that absorb UV. Since the
vacuole of a plant occupies most of a mature cell, this helps protect the DNA in other organelles.
3. Ability to protect their spores from desiccation. Early land plants have spores that are encased
in a sporopollenin wall. Sporopollenin is a very resistant polymer, resistant to UV and almost
everything including desiccation, squashing, etc. To remove sporopollenin from spores, one boils
them in a mixture of acetic and hydrochloric acid.
4. Ability to move solutions from the ground to portions of the plant that are not in contact with
the ground, and from the photosynthetic portions of the plant to non-photosynthetic portions.
Some land plants do this better than others.
5. Ability to support themselves. Aquatic plants float; terrestrial plants cannot do so. Most
terrestrial plants have lignin in some of their conducting cells. There is some debate as to
whether this was selected for by the advantages of growing tall or the need to protect against
embolism in the conducting cells. Since both are important, it seems most realistic to accept that
both contributed to the success of plants with the ability to manufacture lignin, the tracheophytes
or vascular plants.
6. Ability to acquire the carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis from the atmosphere. This
ability is associated with stomatal cells, specialized cells that surround openings (stomates) in the
outer cell layer of land plants.
Now we see Options given one by one:
Vascular tissues transport water and nutrients, and provide support
Transport of Water and Minerals:
The xylem tissue transports water and minerals. It consists of interconnected vessels and
tracheids organized into continuous conducting tubes stretching from the roots to the leaves.
These tubes carry water and minerals to all parts of the plant.
Plants absorb water from the soil through the root and transport it to the stem, leaves and
flowers. Roots have root hairs that are unicellular, thin-walled outgrowths of the epiblema (skin
of the root).
The root hairs are in close contact with the thin film of water surrounding the soil particles.
There are mineral salts such as nitrates, chlorides, sulphates, phos.
The document discusses the evolution of land plants from their origins in charophycean algae. It describes the main groups of land plants including bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms. Bryophytes were the first plants to adapt to land through developments like an embryo protected within female structures. Vascular plants like ferns and horsetails further adapted through structures like roots, stems, leaves and vascular tissue to transport water and nutrients. Most advanced are seed plants including conifers, cycads and flowering plants.
This document provides an overview of the key structures and functions of plants. It discusses the main tissue systems - dermal, vascular and ground tissues - that make up plant bodies and allow them to transport water and nutrients. Roots are described as having important functions of nutrient/water uptake and transport. Stems are discussed as providing structure, support and a transport system between roots and leaves. Leaves are highlighted as the main photosynthetic organs. The document also covers plant diversity and types of plant reproduction including seeds and their protective structures.
The document discusses the history and experiences of Jewish Americans. It notes that the United States has the second largest Jewish population in the world, around 5 million people. While anti-Semitism has existed, discrimination is less severe than in Europe where two-thirds of Jews were killed in the Holocaust between 1933-1945. Today, Jewish Americans continue traditions but also assimilate aspects of American culture, with identity expressed through religion, family, education, organizational involvement and support for Israel. Debates remain around maintaining Jewish identity and traditions while participating fully in American society.
1) Muslim and Arab Americans are diverse minority groups that overlap, but are distinct - Arabs are an ethnic group and Muslims define a religious group, so one cannot assume an Arab is necessarily Muslim.
2) Arab Americans have a population of up to 3 million with origins in various Middle Eastern countries, exhibiting diversity in arrival times, origins, and religious traditions.
3) Muslim Americans number over 3 million and are growing through immigration and conversion, with origins across Africa, Asia, and the Arab world. They strive to balance religious and cultural identities with their status as American residents.
The document summarizes the history and experiences of Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans in the United States. It discusses how the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo established citizenship for Mexican Americans but they still faced loss of land and lack of legal protections. Large-scale Mexican immigration was driven by economic factors on both sides of the border. Puerto Ricans became US citizens in 1917 but still face issues of unequal representation and economic dependence on the US. Both groups experience higher levels of poverty and unemployment than white Americans.
Immigration patterns in the US have fluctuated over time due to changing government policies. Settlement has been uneven, concentrated in certain regions and cities, and the source of immigrants has shifted from Europeans to Latin Americans. Immigration policies have restricted some groups, like the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, while family reunification and protecting US labor are goals of the 1965 Immigration and Naturalization Act. Illegal immigration and its economic and social impacts remain controversial issues today.
This document provides an overview of immigration to the United States throughout history. It discusses several key points:
1) Immigration has been driven by push and pull factors and has occurred in waves, with the largest sources of immigrants changing over time from Northern and Western Europe to Latin America and Asia.
2) Attitudes toward immigrants have fluctuated from acceptance to restriction based on fears around job competition and xenophobia, with discriminatory policies enacted against certain groups like the Chinese and Japanese.
3) Today, about 12% of the US population is foreign-born, primarily from Latin America, though debates continue around topics like illegal immigration, economic impacts, and the roles of women immigrants.
Nearly 32 million Hispanics in the US are of Mexican descent, and the majority worry about deportation. Latino identity encompasses terms like Hispanic, Latino, and country of origin, and preferences vary across generations and locations. The borderlands region shares cultural exchange between the US and Mexico due to immigration, trade, and media. Central and South Americans have diverse backgrounds but little shared identity beyond language, though they have increased US presence in recent decades.
The document summarizes the history and experiences of Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans in the United States. It discusses how the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo established citizenship for Mexican Americans but they still faced loss of land and lack of legal protections. Large-scale Mexican immigration was driven by economic factors on both sides of the border. Puerto Ricans became US citizens in 1917 but still face colonial status without full representation. Both groups experience higher poverty and unemployment than white Americans.
This document contains multiple choice questions about Chinese Americans and Japanese Americans. It asks about 19th century legislation prohibiting Chinese immigration, characteristics of Chinatowns, roles of women in Chinatowns, acculturation among Chinese American families, terminology for Japanese immigrants, a 1913 California land act impacting Japanese farmers, the president who ordered Japanese American internment in WWII, the order that led to internment, the group that received reparations in 1988, and comparisons of educational attainment and jobs between Japanese Americans and whites.
The document appears to be a chapter from a textbook about Asian American growth and diversity. It contains multiple choice questions about Asian American demographics, stereotypes, and experiences immigrating to the United States. Specifically, it asks about the "model minority" stereotype applied to Asian Americans, their portrayal as high-achieving minorities, and the implicit critique of other minorities in the model minority framework. It also contains questions about the experiences of specific ethnic groups like Chinese, Filipino, Indian, Vietnamese, and Hmong Americans.
Ma ch 13 money and the financial system (1)Uconn Stamford
This document discusses the history and functions of money. It begins by explaining how barter systems worked and the origins of commodity money. Commodities like grains, salt, shells and metals were some of the earliest forms of money. The document then outlines the three main functions of money as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value. It also discusses the ideal properties of money and gives examples. The document provides details on banking history and the development of paper money and fiat currency not backed by gold. It also describes the underground economy that developed in U.S. prisons using commodities like cigarettes and canned mackerel as currency.
This document discusses banking and the money supply. It begins by asking several questions about how banks create money and why banking is important. It then defines different money aggregates (M1 and M2) and describes what types of assets and liabilities are included in each measure. The document also discusses how banks work as financial intermediaries, taking in deposits and issuing loans, and how they aim to balance liquidity and profitability. It provides examples of bank balance sheets and reserve requirements. Overall, the document provides an overview of key concepts regarding how banks operate and influence the money supply.
This document contains review questions about the making of African Americans in white America. It asks multiple choice questions about topics like:
- The status of the children of early African indentured servants in colonial America.
- What slave codes referred to and how they defined the social position of slaves.
- How Christianity was used to stress obedience and damnation for slaves.
- Key events and movements in the history of slavery and civil rights like the Emancipation Proclamation and abolitionism.
- Court cases that upheld racial segregation and denied voting rights to African Americans.
- Apologies that the U.S. government has and has not issued for injustices.
-
The document appears to be a chapter from a textbook about African Americans today that contains multiple choice review questions covering various topics. The questions address issues such as factors contributing to inadequate schooling for blacks, types of school segregation, barriers to black progress in higher education, causes of high unemployment among young blacks, salary disparities between black and white men in prestigious jobs, definitions of set-asides in government contracts, similarities between the rhythm-and-blues and rap music industries, characteristics of black family life, common family structures for two-parent black families, and findings about racial disparities in death penalty cases.
This document provides an overview of immigration to the United States throughout history. It discusses several key points:
1) Immigration has been driven by push and pull factors and has occurred in waves, with the largest sources of immigrants changing over time from Northern and Western Europe to Latin America and Asia.
2) Attitudes toward immigrants have fluctuated from acceptance to restriction based on fears around job competition and xenophobia, with discriminatory policies enacted against specific ethnic groups like the Chinese and Japanese.
3) Today, about 12% of the US population is foreign-born, primarily from Latin America, though debates continue around topics like illegal immigration, economic impacts, and the challenges faced by women immigrants.
Nearly 32 million Hispanics in the US are of Mexican descent, and the majority worry about deportation. Latino identity encompasses terms like Hispanic, Latino, and country of origin, and preferences vary across generations and locations. The borderlands region shares cultural aspects between the US and Mexico due to immigration, trade, and other factors. Central and South Americans have diverse backgrounds but little shared identity beyond language in some cases, and their future assimilation or economic prospects remain uncertain.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
5. Reproductive
structures (such as
those in flowers)
contain spores
and gametes
Leaf performs
photosynthesis
Cuticle reduces water
loss; stomata regulate
gas exchange
Shoot supports plant
(and may perform
photosynthesis)
Surrounding
water supports
the alga
Roots anchor plant;
absorb water and
minerals from the
soil (aided by fungi)
Whole alga
performs
photosynthesis;
absorbs water,
CO2, and
minerals from
the water
Alga
Plant
Figure 16.1
18. Ancestral
green algae
Origin of first terrestrial adaptations
(about 475 mya)
Origin of vascular tissue
(about 425 mya)
Origin of seeds
(about 360 mya)
600 500 400 300 200 100 0
Origin of flowers
(about 140 mya)
Millions of years ago
Angiosperms
Gymnosperms
Ferns and other
seedless vascular
plants
Bryophytes
Charophytes (a group
of green algae)
Landplants
Vascularplants
Seedplants
Seedless
vascular
plants
Nonvascular
plants
(bryophytes)
Figure 16.6
59. Mature
sporophyte
plant with
flowers
Sporophyte
seedling
Germinating
seed
Seed
Seed (develops
from ovule)
Fruit (develops
from ovary)
Embryo
(sporophyte)
Two
sperm
nuclei
Zygote
Endosperm
Embryo sac
(female
gametophyte)
Egg
FERTILIZATION
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Anther at tip of stamen
Pollen tube growing
down style of carpel
Ovary (base of carpel)
Ovule
Germinated pollen grain
(male gametophyte) on
stigma of carpel
Figure 16.19-6