The plant kingdom (alage+bryophyta+pteridophyta)

The plant kingdom (alage+bryophyta+pteridophyta)

• 3.
  Algae • Range insize from microscopic to single celled organisms to large seaweed. • Simple thalloid (without differentiation) • Most are aquatic and autotrophic and lack many of the distinct cell and tissue types, such as stomata, xylem, and phloem, which are found in land plants.
• 5.
  Chlorella Kelps are largeseaweeds (algae) belonging to the brown algae (Phaeophyceae) Volvox
• 6.
  Stoneworts Chara globularis Spirogyra withits characteristic helically arranged chloroplasts.fruticose) lichens
• 7.
  A crusty crustoselichen on a wall A leafy foliose lichen on a branch of a tree
• 9.
  Conjugation
• 10.
  cell division Hormogone Bulbils
• 12.
  Vaucheria Fucus conjugation
• 13.
  Sexual reproduction
• 16.
  Unicellular / colonial/ filamentous Pigments - chlorophyll a and b chloroplasts may be discoid, plate-like, reticulate, cup-shaped, spiral or ribbon-shaped Store bodies – pyrenoids, oil droplets Rigid cell wall made of an inner layer of cellulose and an outer layer of pectose
• 17.
  Vegetative reproduction by fragmentation Asexualreproduction by zoospores Sexual reproduction by isogamous / anisogamous / oogamous e.g. Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Ulothrix, Spirogyra and Chara Volvox
• 19.
  Marine habitats Vary inshape and size from simple branched, filamentous forms (Ectocarpus) to profusely branched forms kelps about 100 m height. Body consists of holdfast, a stalk, stipe and frond. Pigments - chlorophyll a, c, carotenoids, xanthophylls, fucoxanthin Food is stored as carbohydrates in the form of laminarin or mannitol. Cell wall covered by algin, a gelatinous coating.
• 20.
  Vegetative reproduction by fragmentation. Asexualreproduction by biflagellate zoospores. Sexual reproduction may be isogamous, anisogamous or oogamous e.g. Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Laminaria, Sargassum and Fucus Sargassum
• 22.
   Habitat –some fresh water, brackish water, mostly in salt water  Pigments - chlorophyll a and d, r-phycoerythrin  Food is stored as Floridean starch, which is similar to amylopectin and glycogen in structure.  Vegetative reproduction is by fragmentation  Asexually by non-motile spores  Sexually by non-motile gametes  e.g. Polysiphonia, Porphyra, Gracilaria, Gelidium Gracilaria Gelidium
• 25.
  gellidium spirullina
• 26.
  MOSS-ex: Funaria
• 27.
  MOSS:EX-Sphagnum Liverworts-ex:Marchantia Hornwort-ex:anthoceros Liverworts-ex:pellia
• 28.
  Liverworts-ex:porella Liverworts-ex:Riccia Moss-Ex:Polytrichum
• 29.
  General characteristics ofbryophytes • Bryo- gr. moss. & ~16,000 species. • Non-vascular plants • Advancements over algae: cuticle, multicellular gametangia, stomata • Habitat: they require moist environment for active growth and sexual reproduction • The diverse bryophytes are not a monophyletic group. Several lines of evidence indicate that these three divisions diverged independently early in plant evolution, before the origin of vascular plants. • Mosses are the bryophytes most closely related to vascular plants. • The gametophyte is the dominant generation in the life cycles of bryophytes • Note, the name Bryophyta refers only to one division, but the informal term bryophyte refers to all nonvascular plants. Bryophytes are represented by three phyla: Hepatophyta – liverworts; Anthocerophyta – hornworts; Bryophyta - mosses
• 30.
  They lack trueroots. They anchor themselves in the soil by root-like structures called rhizoids. Rhizoids are relatively simple, sometimes multicellular filaments of thin-walled cells that extend from the photosynthetic tissue into the soil  Lack vascular tissues  No lignified tissues/  Amphibians of plant kingdom. Need Water for their fertilization
• 31.
  Mode of nutrition: autotrohic as well as saprophytic. Plant body is thallus (not differentiated into Root,stem and leaf) e.g Marchantia,Anthoceros. Sporophyte has three parts : foot,seta,capsule.  The gametophyte bears multi-cellular and jacketed sex organs (antheridia and archegonia).  Sexual reproduction is oogamous type.  Multi-cellular embryo develops inside archegonium.  Sporophyte differentiated into foot, seta and capsule.  Capsule produces haploid meiospores of similar types (homosporous).  Spore germinates into juvenile gametophyte called protonema.  Progressive sterilization of sporogenous tissue noticed from lower to higher bryophytes.
• 32.
  •The bryophytes showalternation of generations - the haploid gametophyte (producing gametes for sexual reproduction) alternates with diploid sporophyte (producing spores for asexual reproduction). •Gametophytes homothallic or heterothallic.
• 33.
  First time demonstratedby Hofmeister(1851) Life cycle of a plant is called alternation of generations. Haploid and diploid generation alternating during life cycle -Sporophyte ie. Multicellular , spore forming diploid plant str. -Gametophyte ie. Multicellular haploid plant structure, forms gametes. What is alternation of generations? Bryophytes(mosses and ferns) - dominant generation-haploid phase - main plant body is composed of gametophyte
• 34.
  Better chance forsurvival Better adapted to environment Newer varieties develop Variations are produced during meiosis Significance:
• 35.
  Alternation of generationin Bryophytes Haploid phase (n) is gametophytic generation or sexual phase. Bears reproductive organs - produce antherozoids and eggs Gametophytic stage - longer lived ,conspicuous as compared to sporophyte. Gametophytic stage is dominant in life cycle. Diploid phase (2n) or the sporophytic stage - gametic union results into the formation of zygote which develops into sporophyte. Meiosis in SMC(spore mother cell) - spore formed - germinate to form gametophyte again. - cycle continues with alternation b/w gametophye and sporophyte. Sporophyte dependent on gametophyte Heteromorphic alternation of generation.
• 37.
  Life cycle :Funaria(moss) Lifecycle : Marchantia sp
• 38.
  sporophyte Gametophyte with orange antheridia Gametophytewith excised leaves making visible the sporophyte with embedded foot. Gametophyte and attached sporophyte gametophyte
• 39.
  • The maleplant produces clusters of elongate antheridia which contain thousands of flagellated sperm. Gametangia and gametes can be embedded in the gametophyte tissue as shown here, or attached at the surface of the gametophyte. Antheridium (Sperm-bearing Organ) with an outer row of sterile (nonsperm-forming) cells enclosing inner fertile cells, each of which becomes a sperm gamete. Gametangia –organs that produce gametes.
• 41.
  Moss spore capsule(Tortula muralis var. muralis) SEM Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of part of the opening mouth of a capsule (spore case) of moss. Mosses reproduce by means of spores at certain times during their life cycle. The spores are dispersed from the mouth of the capsule, dispersal aided by the wind. Magnification x1380
• 42.
  Marchantiophyta (Hepaticophyta)- liverworts •Hepato- gr. liver. & 6,000 species. • Gametophytes thalloid or leafy, often bilaterally symmetrical and lobed • Simplest of all living plants. • Rhizoids single celled. • Reproduction: - Asexual- with pieces of tissue call gemma, which are bounced by rain out of gemma cups. - Sexual- haploid gametophyte, diploid sporophyte • Sporophytes without stomata, but have pores. • Specialized conducting tissue absent. • Sporangium with dehiscent capsule, elaters present in some to disperse spores. • Most cells contain numerous chloroplasts. • Habitat- moist, some aquatic, temperate and tropical. Examples- Marchantia and Riccia.
• 43.
  • asexually withpieces of tissue call gemma, which are bounced by rain out of gemma cups. gemma cups
• 44.
  Reproduction of Marchantiophyta
• 45.
  Antheridiophore Antheridial stalk Antheridial head Malereproductive "umbrella"
• 46.
  Archegoniophore Archegonial stalk Archegonial head Femalereproductive "umbrella"
• 47.
  Anthocerotophyta- hornworts • Antho-gr. flower, keras- gr. horn. & 100 species • Hornworts are similar to liverworts except each cell only has one large chloroplast rather than many smaller ones, and the sporophytes are elongated capsules. • Rhizoids single celled. • Gametophytes thalloid. • Specialized conducting tissue absent. • Sporophytes with stomata. • Sporangia dehisce to disperse spores, elater-like structures present. • Habitat- moist temperate and tropical. • Example- Anthoceros Magnification approximately 200x
• 48.
  The long, slender sporophytegenerations grow upward from the thallus and are typically 0.5 to 12 centimeters in height. Hornworts often have long, pointed sporophytes (resembling horns) that rise from the thalloid gametophytes.
• 49.
  Bryophyta- mosses • Sporophyteswith stomata. • Specialized conducting tissue- leptoids and nonlignified hydroids. • Gametophytes leafy. • Rhizoids multicellular. • Sporangia with dehiscent capsules. • Most cells with numerous chloroplasts. • Habitat- moist and dry, temperate and tropical, some aquatic. • 9,500 species. • Example- Polytrichum, Sphagnum, Mnium.
• 50.
  The bryophytes reproduceby vegetative, sexual and asexual modes of reproduction. The gametophyte reproduces sexually by formation of gametes whereas the sporophyte reproduces by the formation of spores, therefore the mode of reproduction is asexual. Reproduction Types Of Reproduction 1=Vegetative reproduction 2=Asexual reproduction 3=Sexual reproduction
• 51.
  In some speciesasexual reproduction takes place by the vegetative methods of fragmentation and genome. However asexual spores like endospores or akinetes produced in algae are absent. A mature sporogonium consists of a basal swollen foot, a stalk or seta, and a spore- producing structure, the capsule. The capsule comprises of sporogenous cells surrounded by a layers of sterile cells. These cells undergo divisions repeatedly and last generation of cells is called spore mother cells which undergo meiosis to produce tetrads of haploid spores. The spores are non motile, cutinized, wind disseminated and alike, therefore the bryophytes are homosporous. In most cases, e. g., Riccia and Marchantia, sterile cells called elators are also produced along with spores. Asexual Reproduction Vegetative Reproduction
• 52.
  The sexual reproductionis oogamous type. The gametes are produced in multicellular sex organs. The male gametes are small and motile, while the female gametes are large and non motile. The sex organs are antheridia and archegonia. These are multicellular and each sex organ is protected by an outer wall of sterile cells surrounding sex cells. Both kinds of sex organs may develop on the same plant (monoeious or homothallus) or on different plants (dioecious or heterothallic). Each anthridium is usually club shaped. It contains androcytes or antherozoid mother cells surrounded by a single layer of sterile jacket cells. Each androcyte metamorphoses into a motile biflagellate antherozoid or male sperms. The archegonia are usually flask-shaped. Each archigonium consists of a basal swollen portion, the venter and an elongated part, the neck. An axial row of cells surrounded by jacket of sterile cells is present in the neck and venter. It consists of few neck canal cells, a ventral canal cell and an egg or oosphere. Sexual Reproduction:
• 53.
  Fertilization: Water isessential for fertilization. The jacket if mature antheridium ruptures liberating the sperms. The motile flagellated sperms swim in the film of water and reach the neck of an archi gonium. In the meantime axial row of the neck canal cells disorganize and the tip of the archigonium ruptures opens. The antherozoids enter the neck and swim down to the egg. One of these sperms fertilizes the egg to produce zygote
• 54.
  IMPORTANCE OF BRYOPHYTES
• 55.
  Economical Importance's of bryophytes Sourceof fuel Horticulture, Preservative agent Household Uses House Construction pharmaceutical industry Moss industry
• 56.
  Bryophytes as Fuel andin Horticulture • Liverworts and mosses have long been tried and used as a fuel in developed countries like Finland, Sweden, Ireland, West Ger-many, Poland and Soviet Union. • Peat a brown, soil-like material characteristic of boggy, acid ground, consisting of partly decomposed vegetable matter. • Peat is suitable for production of low and intermediate BTU gas as well as hydrogen, ethylene, natural gas, methanol and Fisher Tropsch gasoline. • Peat mosses are best suited for the production of methane, and peat is likely to become an important source of fuel for production of heat,methane, or electricity in the future. • There is a long tradition of use of bryophytes in horticulture as soil additives, because of their high water holding capacity and to air. Peat is an important soil conditioner and is commonly used for agricultural and horticultural purposes around the world.
• 57.
  Bryophytes as ornamentalplant • Bryophytes have also been used for green house crops, potted ornamental plants and seedlings, and in garden soil.
• 58.
  Skin treatment Sphagnol’chilblains, scabies, acne andother forms of skin diseases Help to cure ringworms. Ash of moss is mixed with honey and fat to treat cuts, burns and wounds Use for curing for allaying arising from insect bites. Medicinal Uses
• 59.
  Role of Bryophytesin Different Ways PEAT FORMATION SEED BEDS FOOD AND SHELTER POLLUTION SOIL CONSERVATION INDICATOR OF soil PH INDICATOR OF ACID RAIN
• 60.
  Pteridophytes Equisetum Marsilea Ferns Psilotum
• 61.
  Whisk ferns Clubmoss Horse tails Ferns Lycopodium Equisetum
• 85.
  Thank u…..