This document provides an excerpt from a textbook chapter on sampling distributions. It discusses the distribution of the sample mean and sample proportion. For the sample mean, it explains that the sampling distribution is approximately normal for large sample sizes based on the Central Limit Theorem, even if the population is not normally distributed. It gives examples of estimating sampling distributions through simulation. For the sample proportion, it defines the point estimate of a population proportion from a sample and describes how the sampling distribution of the sample proportion becomes approximately normal as the sample size increases. It provides formulas for the mean and standard deviation of sampling distributions.
Using the Breeder GA to Optimize a Multiple Regression Analysis Modelinfopapers
Florin Stoica, Cornel Gheorghe Boitor, Using the Breeder genetic algorithm to optimize a multiple regression analysis model used in prediction of the mesiodistal width of unerupted teeth, International Journal of Computers, Communications & Control, Vol 9, No 1, pp. 62-70, ISSN 1841-9836, february 2014
This document proposes a method for visual food recognition using sparse coding. Patch-based representations of food images are used directly without extracted features. Sparse coding is applied to learn dictionaries from training patches. Atom distributions from sparse coding are then used as features to train an SVM classifier. Experiments show the approach achieves over 90% accuracy when the correct class is within the top 2 rankings, demonstrating its potential for real-world use despite the computational complexity.
The document discusses key concepts related to the normal distribution including:
1) Z-scores standardize scores by subtracting the mean and dividing by the standard deviation. A problem finds that cereal T has the higher taste appeal rating based on its z-score.
2) Properties of the normal distribution are explained, including that about 68% of values lie within 1 standard deviation of the mean and 95% within 2 standard deviations.
3) Examples show how data like adult heights and weights often approximate a normal distribution. Problems practice calculating z-scores and using them to find values from raw data.
Distance metric learning is a technique to learn a distance metric from training data to improve the performance of algorithms like classification and clustering. Large Margin Nearest Neighbor (LMNN) is an approach that learns a Mahalanobis distance metric for k-nearest neighbor classification by formulating it as a semidefinite program to minimize a cost function. It aims to bring similar examples closer while pushing dissimilar examples farther apart with a margin of at least 1 unit. Large Margin Component Analysis (LMCA) extends LMNN to high dimensional data by directly optimizing the objective with respect to a non-square dimensionality reduction matrix rather than a square distance metric matrix.
Model elevation attribute with geostatistical proceduresgaup_geo
This document summarizes the procedures used to model elevation data from São Gabriel, Brazil using geostatistical methods. Exploratory analysis of 189 elevation points found they were almost symmetrically distributed, with higher values located in the south. Semivariograms showed the data had a trend, so trend removal was performed. The trend-removed semivariogram showed satisfactory parameters, including a sill close to the sample variance, a sensible smaller range, and near-zero nugget effect.
This document discusses sampling distributions and their properties. It begins by defining key terms like population, sample, population size, sample size, and probability sample. It then explains that the sampling distribution of the sample mean is a distribution of all possible means from random samples of a given size from a population. The central limit theorem states that as the sample size increases, the sampling distribution of the sample mean will approach a normal distribution, even if the population is not normally distributed. It provides examples to illustrate sampling distributions and their means, standard deviations, and shapes. It also discusses how to calculate probabilities related to sampling distributions.
This document provides an overview of key concepts regarding normal distributions, including:
- Normal distributions have properties such as being bell-shaped and symmetric about the mean. The mean, median and mode are equal for a normal distribution.
- The standard normal distribution has a mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1. Any normally distributed value can be converted to a z-score and related to the standard normal distribution.
- Areas under the normal curve can be used to find probabilities for normally distributed variables. Specific examples are provided to demonstrate finding probabilities and related values.
Using the Breeder GA to Optimize a Multiple Regression Analysis Modelinfopapers
Florin Stoica, Cornel Gheorghe Boitor, Using the Breeder genetic algorithm to optimize a multiple regression analysis model used in prediction of the mesiodistal width of unerupted teeth, International Journal of Computers, Communications & Control, Vol 9, No 1, pp. 62-70, ISSN 1841-9836, february 2014
This document proposes a method for visual food recognition using sparse coding. Patch-based representations of food images are used directly without extracted features. Sparse coding is applied to learn dictionaries from training patches. Atom distributions from sparse coding are then used as features to train an SVM classifier. Experiments show the approach achieves over 90% accuracy when the correct class is within the top 2 rankings, demonstrating its potential for real-world use despite the computational complexity.
The document discusses key concepts related to the normal distribution including:
1) Z-scores standardize scores by subtracting the mean and dividing by the standard deviation. A problem finds that cereal T has the higher taste appeal rating based on its z-score.
2) Properties of the normal distribution are explained, including that about 68% of values lie within 1 standard deviation of the mean and 95% within 2 standard deviations.
3) Examples show how data like adult heights and weights often approximate a normal distribution. Problems practice calculating z-scores and using them to find values from raw data.
Distance metric learning is a technique to learn a distance metric from training data to improve the performance of algorithms like classification and clustering. Large Margin Nearest Neighbor (LMNN) is an approach that learns a Mahalanobis distance metric for k-nearest neighbor classification by formulating it as a semidefinite program to minimize a cost function. It aims to bring similar examples closer while pushing dissimilar examples farther apart with a margin of at least 1 unit. Large Margin Component Analysis (LMCA) extends LMNN to high dimensional data by directly optimizing the objective with respect to a non-square dimensionality reduction matrix rather than a square distance metric matrix.
Model elevation attribute with geostatistical proceduresgaup_geo
This document summarizes the procedures used to model elevation data from São Gabriel, Brazil using geostatistical methods. Exploratory analysis of 189 elevation points found they were almost symmetrically distributed, with higher values located in the south. Semivariograms showed the data had a trend, so trend removal was performed. The trend-removed semivariogram showed satisfactory parameters, including a sill close to the sample variance, a sensible smaller range, and near-zero nugget effect.
This document discusses sampling distributions and their properties. It begins by defining key terms like population, sample, population size, sample size, and probability sample. It then explains that the sampling distribution of the sample mean is a distribution of all possible means from random samples of a given size from a population. The central limit theorem states that as the sample size increases, the sampling distribution of the sample mean will approach a normal distribution, even if the population is not normally distributed. It provides examples to illustrate sampling distributions and their means, standard deviations, and shapes. It also discusses how to calculate probabilities related to sampling distributions.
This document provides an overview of key concepts regarding normal distributions, including:
- Normal distributions have properties such as being bell-shaped and symmetric about the mean. The mean, median and mode are equal for a normal distribution.
- The standard normal distribution has a mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1. Any normally distributed value can be converted to a z-score and related to the standard normal distribution.
- Areas under the normal curve can be used to find probabilities for normally distributed variables. Specific examples are provided to demonstrate finding probabilities and related values.
This document contains a chapter from a statistics textbook on the normal probability distribution. It includes objectives, examples, and explanations of key concepts regarding the normal distribution, such as:
- The properties of the normal distribution curve including that it is symmetric and bell-shaped.
- How to standardize a normal random variable and find areas under the standard normal curve using z-scores and tables of normal probabilities.
- Interpreting the area under the normal curve as probabilities or proportions for real-world examples like IQ scores and weights of animals.
This document discusses how banks create money through the fractional reserve banking system. It explains that when the Federal Reserve provides fresh reserves to banks, for example through purchasing a government bond, this increases the banks' excess reserves which they can then lend out. Each new loan creates new deposits, 10% of which must be held as reserves, with the remainder available for new lending. This allows the money supply in the economy to multiply up to 10 times the original injection of reserves through repeated lending. The document provides examples of banks' balance sheets at each step of this money creation process.
Galgotias University is a private university located near Delhi, India that is recognized for its rigorous academic programs and highly ranked professional colleges. It offers a variety of undergraduate and postgraduate programs through eight schools, including engineering, computer science, business, media studies, and medical sciences. The university aims to provide students with an education that develops both strong academic skills and life skills to succeed in a global environment. It recruits faculty from top international universities and emphasizes research and innovation. Galgotias University also works to ensure students have access to modern learning facilities, guest lectures, and opportunities to develop professionally outside the classroom.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang bagian-bagian penting dalam komputer seperti CPU, VGA card, casing, motherboard, processor, keyboard, mouse, dan monitor beserta fungsi masing-masing bagian.
This document discusses externalities and the environment. It addresses renewable and exhaustible resources, and the common pool problem that can arise for open-access renewable resources when there are no property rights. It then discusses how government regulation can help resolve the common pool problem by restricting output or taxing usage to achieve socially optimal usage rates. The document also examines how to determine the optimal level of pollution when there are external costs, and how changes in technology or benefits can shift these curves and impact the optimal level.
Genre theory proposes that genres provide a framework of structuring rules and conventions for content. Genres are defined by certain semantic elements that make each genre unique, such as themes, settings, and styles of music. However, genres are also constantly evolving through repetition with difference. Over time, it has become more difficult to classify artists and music videos into a single genre as they may incorporate elements of multiple genres. Audience expectations of genres are shaped by familiar conventions, but genres are also constantly renegotiated through cultural and historical changes.
Ma ch 13 money and the financial system (1)Uconn Stamford
This document discusses the history and functions of money. It begins by explaining how barter systems worked and the origins of commodity money. Commodities like grains, salt, shells and metals were some of the earliest forms of money. The document then outlines the three main functions of money as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value. It also discusses the ideal properties of money and gives examples. The document provides details on banking history and the development of paper money and fiat currency not backed by gold. It also describes the underground economy that developed in U.S. prisons using commodities like cigarettes and canned mackerel as currency.
The document summarizes the history and experiences of Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans in the United States. It discusses how the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo established citizenship for Mexican Americans but they still faced loss of land and lack of legal protections. Large-scale Mexican immigration was driven by economic factors on both sides of the border. Puerto Ricans became US citizens in 1917 but still face colonial status without full representation. Both groups experience higher poverty and unemployment than white Americans.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in statistics including:
- Defining statistics and statistical thinking as collecting, organizing, and analyzing data to draw conclusions.
- Explaining the process of statistics involves identifying a research question, collecting data from a sample or population, organizing and summarizing the data, and drawing conclusions.
- Distinguishing between qualitative and quantitative variables, discrete and continuous variables, and different levels of measurement for variables. Examples are provided to demonstrate classifying different types of variables.
Enabling Continuous Quality in Mobile App DevelopmentMatthew Young
This document discusses how organizations can extend continuous integration (CI) practices to mobile app development. CI allows for continuous feedback throughout development to improve quality while speeding up time to market. However, mobile app testing presents new challenges due to the large number of device and OS combinations. The document recommends that mobile CI solutions provide scalable test automation across many devices, emulate real-world conditions on real devices, and integrate seamlessly with development tools and workflows to provide actionable feedback. This will allow mobile teams to thoroughly test apps and build quality in from the start to meet demanding timelines.
Nearly 32 million Hispanics in the US are of Mexican descent, and the majority worry about deportation. Latino identity encompasses terms like Hispanic, Latino, and country of origin, and preferences vary across generations and locations. The borderlands region shares cultural aspects between the US and Mexico due to immigration, trade, and other factors. Central and South Americans have diverse backgrounds but little shared identity beyond language in some cases, and their future assimilation or economic prospects remain uncertain.
4D Justice (http://4djustice.com) help you navigate the Legal system, the potential fines and other penalties levied that may be a consequence in your state.
The document provides information about a multimedia project created by Adam Finch and other students. It includes 5 questions they investigated about various topics. Question 1 discusses their group trip to Bankstown, Australia and activities during their visit. Question 2 includes a video interview with a man who immigrated to Australia from Iran. Question 3 discusses the commodity chain for Nespresso coffee capsules. Question 4 presents information about calculating water footprints for two students and strategies to reduce their footprints. Question 5 provides information about a hip hop artist from Melbourne and influences on his music style.
This document discusses bullying, including the reasons why people bully, different types of bullying (physical, verbal, indirect, cyberbullying), effects of bullying, what to do if someone is being bullied, warning signs of suicide, and stories of bullying victims like Amanda Todd and Michael Morone. Bullying can cause low self-esteem, depression, anxiety and even suicide. If someone is being bullied, it's important to offer help, stand up for them, and tell a trusted adult.
The document analyzes a website created for an indie artist. It discusses how the website uses and challenges conventions of real music artist websites. Key features included on the website are a news page with stories about the artist, a videos page with a music video and outtakes, and a gallery with behind the scenes photos. The website also includes common pages like the store and tour dates. Overall, the website incorporates standard pages and features of other indie artists' websites while also challenging conventions through additional pages and merchandise choices.
This document discusses organizing and summarizing qualitative and quantitative data through various methods. It begins by explaining how to organize qualitative data into frequency distributions and tables. Next, it describes how to create bar graphs and pie charts to visualize qualitative data. The document then covers organizing discrete and continuous quantitative data into tables and histograms. It provides examples of constructing each of these data displays and discusses how to identify the shape of a distribution.
The document discusses the history and experiences of Jewish Americans. It notes that the United States has the second largest Jewish population in the world, around 5 million people. While anti-Semitism has existed, discrimination is less severe than in Europe where some governments promoted anti-Jewish policies. Still, anti-Semitic incidents continue and Jewish Americans work to maintain their cultural identity through religious practices, organizational involvement, and celebrating their shared heritage and history.
This document discusses sampling distributions and their properties. It begins by describing the distribution of the sample mean for both normal and non-normal populations. As sample size increases, the distribution of the sample mean approaches a normal distribution regardless of the population distribution. The document then discusses the sampling distribution of the sample proportion. For large samples, this distribution is approximately normal with mean equal to the population proportion and standard deviation inversely related to sample size. Examples are provided to illustrate computing sample proportions and probabilities involving sampling distributions.
This document section discusses estimating population means from sample data. It presents methods for constructing confidence intervals for the population mean using the sample mean and standard deviation. Whether the t-distribution or normal distribution is used depends on whether the population standard deviation is known. Examples are provided to illustrate calculating margins of error and interpreting confidence intervals. The key requirements are that the sample be randomly selected and the population be normally distributed or the sample size be greater than 30.
This document discusses methods for estimating population parameters from sample data, including point estimates, confidence intervals, and determining sample size. It focuses on estimating the population proportion and mean. Key points covered include:
- Obtaining the point estimate of a population proportion or mean from sample data by calculating the sample proportion or mean.
- Constructing confidence intervals for a population proportion or mean based on the point estimate and margin of error, which depends on sample size, confidence level, and population variability.
- Determining the necessary sample size to estimate a population proportion or mean within a specified margin of error and confidence level, using formulas that involve the desired confidence level, margin of error, and an estimate of the population parameter
This document contains a chapter from a statistics textbook on the normal probability distribution. It includes objectives, examples, and explanations of key concepts regarding the normal distribution, such as:
- The properties of the normal distribution curve including that it is symmetric and bell-shaped.
- How to standardize a normal random variable and find areas under the standard normal curve using z-scores and tables of normal probabilities.
- Interpreting the area under the normal curve as probabilities or proportions for real-world examples like IQ scores and weights of animals.
This document discusses how banks create money through the fractional reserve banking system. It explains that when the Federal Reserve provides fresh reserves to banks, for example through purchasing a government bond, this increases the banks' excess reserves which they can then lend out. Each new loan creates new deposits, 10% of which must be held as reserves, with the remainder available for new lending. This allows the money supply in the economy to multiply up to 10 times the original injection of reserves through repeated lending. The document provides examples of banks' balance sheets at each step of this money creation process.
Galgotias University is a private university located near Delhi, India that is recognized for its rigorous academic programs and highly ranked professional colleges. It offers a variety of undergraduate and postgraduate programs through eight schools, including engineering, computer science, business, media studies, and medical sciences. The university aims to provide students with an education that develops both strong academic skills and life skills to succeed in a global environment. It recruits faculty from top international universities and emphasizes research and innovation. Galgotias University also works to ensure students have access to modern learning facilities, guest lectures, and opportunities to develop professionally outside the classroom.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang bagian-bagian penting dalam komputer seperti CPU, VGA card, casing, motherboard, processor, keyboard, mouse, dan monitor beserta fungsi masing-masing bagian.
This document discusses externalities and the environment. It addresses renewable and exhaustible resources, and the common pool problem that can arise for open-access renewable resources when there are no property rights. It then discusses how government regulation can help resolve the common pool problem by restricting output or taxing usage to achieve socially optimal usage rates. The document also examines how to determine the optimal level of pollution when there are external costs, and how changes in technology or benefits can shift these curves and impact the optimal level.
Genre theory proposes that genres provide a framework of structuring rules and conventions for content. Genres are defined by certain semantic elements that make each genre unique, such as themes, settings, and styles of music. However, genres are also constantly evolving through repetition with difference. Over time, it has become more difficult to classify artists and music videos into a single genre as they may incorporate elements of multiple genres. Audience expectations of genres are shaped by familiar conventions, but genres are also constantly renegotiated through cultural and historical changes.
Ma ch 13 money and the financial system (1)Uconn Stamford
This document discusses the history and functions of money. It begins by explaining how barter systems worked and the origins of commodity money. Commodities like grains, salt, shells and metals were some of the earliest forms of money. The document then outlines the three main functions of money as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value. It also discusses the ideal properties of money and gives examples. The document provides details on banking history and the development of paper money and fiat currency not backed by gold. It also describes the underground economy that developed in U.S. prisons using commodities like cigarettes and canned mackerel as currency.
The document summarizes the history and experiences of Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans in the United States. It discusses how the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo established citizenship for Mexican Americans but they still faced loss of land and lack of legal protections. Large-scale Mexican immigration was driven by economic factors on both sides of the border. Puerto Ricans became US citizens in 1917 but still face colonial status without full representation. Both groups experience higher poverty and unemployment than white Americans.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in statistics including:
- Defining statistics and statistical thinking as collecting, organizing, and analyzing data to draw conclusions.
- Explaining the process of statistics involves identifying a research question, collecting data from a sample or population, organizing and summarizing the data, and drawing conclusions.
- Distinguishing between qualitative and quantitative variables, discrete and continuous variables, and different levels of measurement for variables. Examples are provided to demonstrate classifying different types of variables.
Enabling Continuous Quality in Mobile App DevelopmentMatthew Young
This document discusses how organizations can extend continuous integration (CI) practices to mobile app development. CI allows for continuous feedback throughout development to improve quality while speeding up time to market. However, mobile app testing presents new challenges due to the large number of device and OS combinations. The document recommends that mobile CI solutions provide scalable test automation across many devices, emulate real-world conditions on real devices, and integrate seamlessly with development tools and workflows to provide actionable feedback. This will allow mobile teams to thoroughly test apps and build quality in from the start to meet demanding timelines.
Nearly 32 million Hispanics in the US are of Mexican descent, and the majority worry about deportation. Latino identity encompasses terms like Hispanic, Latino, and country of origin, and preferences vary across generations and locations. The borderlands region shares cultural aspects between the US and Mexico due to immigration, trade, and other factors. Central and South Americans have diverse backgrounds but little shared identity beyond language in some cases, and their future assimilation or economic prospects remain uncertain.
4D Justice (http://4djustice.com) help you navigate the Legal system, the potential fines and other penalties levied that may be a consequence in your state.
The document provides information about a multimedia project created by Adam Finch and other students. It includes 5 questions they investigated about various topics. Question 1 discusses their group trip to Bankstown, Australia and activities during their visit. Question 2 includes a video interview with a man who immigrated to Australia from Iran. Question 3 discusses the commodity chain for Nespresso coffee capsules. Question 4 presents information about calculating water footprints for two students and strategies to reduce their footprints. Question 5 provides information about a hip hop artist from Melbourne and influences on his music style.
This document discusses bullying, including the reasons why people bully, different types of bullying (physical, verbal, indirect, cyberbullying), effects of bullying, what to do if someone is being bullied, warning signs of suicide, and stories of bullying victims like Amanda Todd and Michael Morone. Bullying can cause low self-esteem, depression, anxiety and even suicide. If someone is being bullied, it's important to offer help, stand up for them, and tell a trusted adult.
The document analyzes a website created for an indie artist. It discusses how the website uses and challenges conventions of real music artist websites. Key features included on the website are a news page with stories about the artist, a videos page with a music video and outtakes, and a gallery with behind the scenes photos. The website also includes common pages like the store and tour dates. Overall, the website incorporates standard pages and features of other indie artists' websites while also challenging conventions through additional pages and merchandise choices.
This document discusses organizing and summarizing qualitative and quantitative data through various methods. It begins by explaining how to organize qualitative data into frequency distributions and tables. Next, it describes how to create bar graphs and pie charts to visualize qualitative data. The document then covers organizing discrete and continuous quantitative data into tables and histograms. It provides examples of constructing each of these data displays and discusses how to identify the shape of a distribution.
The document discusses the history and experiences of Jewish Americans. It notes that the United States has the second largest Jewish population in the world, around 5 million people. While anti-Semitism has existed, discrimination is less severe than in Europe where some governments promoted anti-Jewish policies. Still, anti-Semitic incidents continue and Jewish Americans work to maintain their cultural identity through religious practices, organizational involvement, and celebrating their shared heritage and history.
This document discusses sampling distributions and their properties. It begins by describing the distribution of the sample mean for both normal and non-normal populations. As sample size increases, the distribution of the sample mean approaches a normal distribution regardless of the population distribution. The document then discusses the sampling distribution of the sample proportion. For large samples, this distribution is approximately normal with mean equal to the population proportion and standard deviation inversely related to sample size. Examples are provided to illustrate computing sample proportions and probabilities involving sampling distributions.
This document section discusses estimating population means from sample data. It presents methods for constructing confidence intervals for the population mean using the sample mean and standard deviation. Whether the t-distribution or normal distribution is used depends on whether the population standard deviation is known. Examples are provided to illustrate calculating margins of error and interpreting confidence intervals. The key requirements are that the sample be randomly selected and the population be normally distributed or the sample size be greater than 30.
This document discusses methods for estimating population parameters from sample data, including point estimates, confidence intervals, and determining sample size. It focuses on estimating the population proportion and mean. Key points covered include:
- Obtaining the point estimate of a population proportion or mean from sample data by calculating the sample proportion or mean.
- Constructing confidence intervals for a population proportion or mean based on the point estimate and margin of error, which depends on sample size, confidence level, and population variability.
- Determining the necessary sample size to estimate a population proportion or mean within a specified margin of error and confidence level, using formulas that involve the desired confidence level, margin of error, and an estimate of the population parameter
This document discusses sampling, hypothesis testing, and regression. It covers topics such as using samples to estimate population parameters, sampling distributions, calculating confidence intervals for means and proportions, hypothesis testing using sampling distributions, and simple linear regression. The key points are that sampling is used for statistical inference about populations, sampling distributions describe the variation in sample statistics, and confidence intervals and hypothesis tests allow making inferences with a known degree of confidence or significance.
This document discusses measures of variation in statistics, including the standard deviation, variance, range, and coefficient of variation. It defines these terms and provides formulas for calculating them from data sets. Important properties of the standard deviation are outlined, such as that it measures how much values deviate from the mean. Examples are given to demonstrate calculating the standard deviation and using it to determine what values are within the "usual" range.
The document discusses sampling distributions and their properties. It defines key terms like population distribution, sampling distribution, sampling error, and sampling distribution of the mean. It presents formulas for calculating the mean and standard deviation of sampling distributions of the mean and proportion. Several examples are provided to demonstrate calculating probabilities related to sampling distributions.
This document contains sections from a textbook on elementary statistics and the central limit theorem. It provides an explanation of the central limit theorem, which states that the distribution of sample means approaches the normal distribution as sample size increases, regardless of the population distribution. It also contains examples demonstrating how the distribution of means becomes more normal for different population distributions as the sample size grows. Finally, it includes an example problem applying the central limit theorem to calculate the probability that the total weight of 16 male passengers exceeds the maximum capacity of an elevator.
The document discusses the sampling distribution of sample means, explaining that as sample size increases, the distribution of sample means approaches a normal distribution regardless of the population distribution. It provides examples of how to calculate probabilities related to sample means using the normal distribution and central limit theorem when sample sizes are large. Practice problems are included to help understand calculating means, variances, and probabilities for sampling distributions of sample means from both normal and non-normal populations.
This document provides an overview of quantitative methods for probability distributions. It discusses key concepts like binomial distribution, normal distribution, standard normal distribution, central limit theorem, point estimates, interval estimates, and confidence intervals. Examples are provided to illustrate how to calculate probabilities, means, and confidence intervals for estimating population parameters based on sample data. Key probability distributions and statistical techniques are defined to analyze and make inferences about data.
This document discusses estimating population standard deviations and variances from sample data. It introduces the chi-square distribution and how it can be used to construct confidence intervals for population standard deviation and variance. The key steps are: 1) use the sample standard deviation or variance as a point estimate, 2) determine the chi-square critical values based on sample size and confidence level, 3) use these values to calculate the confidence interval bounds for the population standard deviation or variance. Sample size tables can also be used to determine the required sample size needed to estimate the population standard deviation or variance within a given level of precision.
law of large number and central limit theoremlovemucheca
The document provides information about the Law of Large Numbers and the Central Limit Theorem. It discusses two key concepts:
1) As the sample size increases, the sample average converges to the population average. This is known as the Law of Large Numbers and "guarantees" stable long-term results for random events.
2) Regardless of the underlying population distribution, as sample size increases, the sample mean will be approximately normally distributed around the population mean. This is the Central Limit Theorem, which allows sample means and proportions to be analyzed using normal probability models.
The document provides examples to illustrate how these concepts can be applied, such as using the Central Limit Theorem to determine the probability that a sample average
The document discusses sampling and how samples can be used to represent populations. It explains the difference between parameters and statistics, and introduces the central limit theorem which states that the distribution of sample means will approach a normal distribution as the sample size increases. Several examples are provided to illustrate concepts like determining the probability that a sample mean differs from the population mean based on the standard error.
This document discusses methods for making inferences about two independent population means based on sample data. It presents three methods: (1) when the two population standard deviations are unknown and not assumed to be equal, (2) when the two population standard deviations are both known, and (3) when the two population standard deviations are unknown but assumed to be equal. It recommends using the first method which uses a t-test and does not assume the standard deviations are equal, as this approach is most realistic. Examples are provided to illustrate hypothesis testing and constructing confidence intervals for the difference between two means.
The document defines a sampling distribution of sample means as a distribution of means from random samples of a population. The mean of sample means equals the population mean, and the standard deviation of sample means is smaller than the population standard deviation, equaling it divided by the square root of the sample size. As sample size increases, the distribution of sample means approaches a normal distribution according to the Central Limit Theorem.
This document discusses sampling variability and sampling distributions. It defines key terms like statistic, sampling distribution, and population distribution. It presents examples of how sampling distributions are impacted by sample size and population characteristics. The central limit theorem is introduced, stating that sampling distributions become normally distributed as sample size increases, even if the population is not normal. Properties of sampling distributions for the sample mean and sample proportion are provided. Examples demonstrate how to calculate probabilities using these sampling distributions.
Chapter one on sampling distributions.pptFekaduAman
The document discusses sampling distributions and their properties. It introduces key concepts like population parameters, sample statistics, estimators, and the central limit theorem. It explains that as sample size increases, the sampling distribution of the sample mean approaches a normal distribution with a mean equal to the population mean and standard deviation equal to the population standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size. The sampling distribution tells us how close sample statistics are likely to be to the corresponding population parameters.
This document discusses finding the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of means. It provides examples of computing the mean and variance of the sampling distribution when random samples are drawn from a population. It also explains the Central Limit Theorem - that as the sample size increases, the sampling distribution of the mean approaches a normal distribution, regardless of the population distribution. Exercises are provided to practice calculating the mean and variance of sampling distributions based on population parameters and sample sizes.
This document discusses methods for estimating population parameters from sample data, including point estimation, bias, confidence intervals, sample size determination, and hypothesis testing. Key points include defining point estimates as single values representing plausible population values based on sample data, describing how to calculate confidence intervals for population proportions and means using z-tests and t-tests, and outlining how to determine necessary sample sizes to achieve a desired level of accuracy and confidence.
The document discusses aggregate supply and how it relates to the price level and output in an economy. It defines aggregate supply as the relationship between the price level and the quantity of output firms are willing to supply. Aggregate supply depends on factors like resource prices, technology, and production incentives. Labor is a key resource, and the supply of labor depends on the size of the workforce and preferences for work versus leisure. The price level affects real wages, which impacts the quantity of labor supplied. The document also discusses short-run and long-run aggregate supply curves and how shocks can shift these curves, impacting price levels and output.
The document discusses the history and experiences of Jewish Americans. It notes that the United States has the second largest Jewish population in the world, around 5 million people. While anti-Semitism has existed, discrimination is less severe than in Europe where two-thirds of Jews were killed in the Holocaust between 1933-1945. Today, Jewish Americans continue traditions but also assimilate aspects of American culture, with identity expressed through religion, family, education, organizational involvement and support for Israel. Debates remain around maintaining Jewish identity and traditions while participating fully in American society.
1) Muslim and Arab Americans are diverse minority groups that overlap, but are distinct - Arabs are an ethnic group and Muslims define a religious group, so one cannot assume an Arab is necessarily Muslim.
2) Arab Americans have a population of up to 3 million with origins in various Middle Eastern countries, exhibiting diversity in arrival times, origins, and religious traditions.
3) Muslim Americans number over 3 million and are growing through immigration and conversion, with origins across Africa, Asia, and the Arab world. They strive to balance religious and cultural identities with their status as American residents.
The document summarizes the history and experiences of Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans in the United States. It discusses how the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo established citizenship for Mexican Americans but they still faced loss of land and lack of legal protections. Large-scale Mexican immigration was driven by economic factors on both sides of the border. Puerto Ricans became US citizens in 1917 but still face issues of unequal representation and economic dependence on the US. Both groups experience higher levels of poverty and unemployment than white Americans.
Immigration patterns in the US have fluctuated over time due to changing government policies. Settlement has been uneven, concentrated in certain regions and cities, and the source of immigrants has shifted from Europeans to Latin Americans. Immigration policies have restricted some groups, like the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, while family reunification and protecting US labor are goals of the 1965 Immigration and Naturalization Act. Illegal immigration and its economic and social impacts remain controversial issues today.
This document provides an overview of immigration to the United States throughout history. It discusses several key points:
1) Immigration has been driven by push and pull factors and has occurred in waves, with the largest sources of immigrants changing over time from Northern and Western Europe to Latin America and Asia.
2) Attitudes toward immigrants have fluctuated from acceptance to restriction based on fears around job competition and xenophobia, with discriminatory policies enacted against certain groups like the Chinese and Japanese.
3) Today, about 12% of the US population is foreign-born, primarily from Latin America, though debates continue around topics like illegal immigration, economic impacts, and the roles of women immigrants.
Nearly 32 million Hispanics in the US are of Mexican descent, and the majority worry about deportation. Latino identity encompasses terms like Hispanic, Latino, and country of origin, and preferences vary across generations and locations. The borderlands region shares cultural exchange between the US and Mexico due to immigration, trade, and media. Central and South Americans have diverse backgrounds but little shared identity beyond language, though they have increased US presence in recent decades.
This document contains multiple choice questions about Chinese Americans and Japanese Americans. It asks about 19th century legislation prohibiting Chinese immigration, characteristics of Chinatowns, roles of women in Chinatowns, acculturation among Chinese American families, terminology for Japanese immigrants, a 1913 California land act impacting Japanese farmers, the president who ordered Japanese American internment in WWII, the order that led to internment, the group that received reparations in 1988, and comparisons of educational attainment and jobs between Japanese Americans and whites.
The document appears to be a chapter from a textbook about Asian American growth and diversity. It contains multiple choice questions about Asian American demographics, stereotypes, and experiences immigrating to the United States. Specifically, it asks about the "model minority" stereotype applied to Asian Americans, their portrayal as high-achieving minorities, and the implicit critique of other minorities in the model minority framework. It also contains questions about the experiences of specific ethnic groups like Chinese, Filipino, Indian, Vietnamese, and Hmong Americans.
This document discusses fiscal policy and its effects on the economy. It provides an overview of expansionary and contractionary fiscal policy tools and how governments can use changes in spending, taxes, and borrowing to stimulate or contract aggregate demand. The document also reviews the history of fiscal policy approaches, including the classical laissez-faire view, Keynesian policies developed during the Great Depression, and the use of automatic stabilizers to smooth economic fluctuations.
This document discusses banking and the money supply. It begins by asking several questions about how banks create money and why banking is important. It then defines different money aggregates (M1 and M2) and describes what types of assets and liabilities are included in each measure. The document also discusses how banks work as financial intermediaries, taking in deposits and issuing loans, and how they aim to balance liquidity and profitability. It provides examples of bank balance sheets and reserve requirements. Overall, the document provides an overview of key concepts regarding how banks operate and influence the money supply.
This document contains review questions about the making of African Americans in white America. It asks multiple choice questions about topics like:
- The status of the children of early African indentured servants in colonial America.
- What slave codes referred to and how they defined the social position of slaves.
- How Christianity was used to stress obedience and damnation for slaves.
- Key events and movements in the history of slavery and civil rights like the Emancipation Proclamation and abolitionism.
- Court cases that upheld racial segregation and denied voting rights to African Americans.
- Apologies that the U.S. government has and has not issued for injustices.
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The document appears to be a chapter from a textbook about African Americans today that contains multiple choice review questions covering various topics. The questions address issues such as factors contributing to inadequate schooling for blacks, types of school segregation, barriers to black progress in higher education, causes of high unemployment among young blacks, salary disparities between black and white men in prestigious jobs, definitions of set-asides in government contracts, similarities between the rhythm-and-blues and rap music industries, characteristics of black family life, common family structures for two-parent black families, and findings about racial disparities in death penalty cases.
The document summarizes key population trends among the U.S. foreign-born population based on Census Bureau data. It finds that as of 2002, 32 million people (12% of the U.S. population) were foreign-born, with the largest numbers coming from Latin America. Over the past decade, the foreign-born population has grown significantly in many Southern and Western states. The American Community Survey provides annually updated data that allows for more detailed analysis of immigrant populations than previous data sources.
This document provides an overview of immigration to the United States throughout history. It discusses several key points:
1) Immigration has been driven by push and pull factors and has occurred in waves, with the largest sources of immigrants changing over time from Northern and Western Europe to Latin America and Asia.
2) Attitudes toward immigrants have fluctuated from acceptance to restriction based on fears around job competition and xenophobia, with discriminatory policies enacted against specific ethnic groups like the Chinese and Japanese.
3) Today, about 12% of the US population is foreign-born, primarily from Latin America, though debates continue around topics like illegal immigration, economic impacts, and the challenges faced by women immigrants.
The document summarizes the history and experiences of Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans in the United States. It discusses how the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo established citizenship for Mexican Americans but they still faced loss of land and lack of legal protections. Large-scale Mexican immigration was driven by economic factors on both sides of the border. Puerto Ricans gained U.S. citizenship but have no voting representation and face economic struggles on the island. Both groups experience higher levels of poverty and unemployment compared to whites.
1) Muslim and Arab Americans are two distinct groups that sometimes overlap, with Arabs being an ethnic group and Muslims defining a religious group.
2) Arab Americans have a population of up to 3 million people with diverse origins, while Muslim Americans number over 3 million people with a variety of ethnic backgrounds.
3) Both groups have faced increased discrimination and racial profiling after events like 9/11 due to stereotypes in media and growing Islamophobia, though they remain actively engaged in civic life.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
Discover top-tier mobile app development services, offering innovative solutions for iOS and Android. Enhance your business with custom, user-friendly mobile applications.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSFAjin Abraham
Mobile Security Framework - MobSF is a free and open source automated mobile application security testing environment designed to help security engineers, researchers, developers, and penetration testers to identify security vulnerabilities, malicious behaviours and privacy concerns in mobile applications using static and dynamic analysis. It supports all the popular mobile application binaries and source code formats built for Android and iOS devices. In addition to automated security assessment, it also offers an interactive testing environment to build and execute scenario based test/fuzz cases against the application.
This talk covers:
Using MobSF for static analysis of mobile applications.
Interactive dynamic security assessment of Android and iOS applications.
Solving Mobile app CTF challenges.
Reverse engineering and runtime analysis of Mobile malware.
How to shift left and integrate MobSF/mobsfscan SAST and DAST in your build pipeline.
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.