This is the one our teacher posted on blackboard.

1. Chapter 30 Green Plants Lectures by Cheryl Ingram-Smith Biological Science, Third Edition – Scott Freeman

9. The Basis of Food Chains in Terrestrial Environments Tertiary Consumers: Secondary Consumers: Herbivores eat plants. Plants form the base of the terrestrial food chain. Secondary carnivores eat carnivores. Carnivores eat animals. Primary Consumers: Producers:

11. Crop Plants: Derived from Wild Species via Artificial Selection ARTIFICIAL SELECTION CHANGES THE TRAITS OF DOMESTICATED SPECIES. Oil rich Less oil rich 1. Observe variation in kernel oil content. 2. Plant oil-rich seeds and grow to maturity. 3. Harvest kernels from mature plants. Repeat steps 1–3. 4. After many generations, kernel oil content increases.

13. Humans Have Relied on Plant-Based Fuels COAL FORMATION Peat 1. Dead plant material accumulates in marshy or boggy habitats. Plant-based fuels Pressure Pressure Sediments Coal 2. If oxygen in water is scarce, the organic matter decays only partially, forming peat. 3. If the peat deposits are later covered by sediments and compressed, the resulting pressure and heat change them into coal. What energy sources do you think will be important in the future? Wood Coal Petroleum and natural gas

14. Humans Have Relied on Plant-Based Fuels Plant-based fuels What energy sources do you think will be important in the future? Wood Coal Petroleum and natural gas

15. Humans Have Relied on Plant-Based Fuels COAL FORMATION Peat 1. Dead plant material accumulates in marshy or boggy habitats. Pressure Pressure Sediments Coal 2. If oxygen in water is scarce, the organic matter decays only partially, forming peat. 3. If the peat deposits are later covered by sediments and compressed, the resulting pressure and heat change them into coal.

19. Morphological Diversity: Nonvascular and Seedless Vascular Plants Nonvascular plants do not have vascular tissue to conduct water and provide support. Seedless vascular plants have vascular tissue but do not make seeds. Hepaticophyta (liverworts) Anthocerophyta (hornworts) Bryophyta (mosses) Pteridophyta (ferns) Sphenophyta (horsetails) Psilotophyta (whisk ferns) Lycophyta (lycophytes or club mosses)

20. Morphological Diversity: Nonvascular and Seedless Vascular Plants Nonvascular plants do not have vascular tissue to conduct water and provide support. Hepaticophyta (liverworts) Anthocerophyta (hornworts) Bryophyta (mosses)

21. Morphological Diversity: Nonvascular and Seedless Vascular Plants Seedless vascular plants have vascular tissue but do not make seeds. Pteridophyta (ferns) Sphenophyta (horsetails) Psilotophyta (whisk ferns) Lycophyta (lycophytes or club mosses)

23. Morphological Diversity: Seed Plants Seed plants have vascular tissue and make seeds. Cycadophyta (cycads) Ginkgophyta (ginkgo) Other conifers (redwoods, junipers, yews) Gnetophyta (gnetophytes) Pinophyta (pines, spruces, firs) Anthophyta (angiosperms or flowering plants)

26. The Fossil Record of Land Plants Cooksonia pertoni Seed fern leaves Cones from Araucaria mirabilis, an early gymnosperm Archaefructus, an early angiosperm Angiosperms abundant Present Diversification of flowering plants Both wet and dry environments blanketed with green plants for the first time Gymnosperms abundant Extensive coal-forming swamps Carboniferous: Lycophytes and horsetails abundant Most major morphological innovations: stomata, vascular tissue, roots, leaves Silurian-Devonian explosion Origin of land plants First evidence of land plants: cuticle, spores, sporangia 475 mya 444 359 299 145

28. The Phylogeny of Green Plants Green plants Land plants Vascular plants Seed plants Gymnosperms Angiosperms Flowers Seeds Vascular tissue Ability to live on land Chloroplasts containing chlorophyll a + b and  -carotene Green algae Nonvascular plants Seedless vascular plants Eukarya Archaea Bacteria (red algae) (ulvophytes) (coleochaetes) (stoneworts) Rhodophyta Ulvophyceae Coleochaetophyceae Charaphyceae Hepaticophyta Anthocerophyta Bryophyta (liverworts) (hornworts) (mosses) (lycophytes) (whisk ferns) (horsetails) (ferns) Lycophyta Psilotophyta Sphenophyta Pteridophyta Cycadophyta Ginkgophyta Other conifers Gnetophyta Pinophyta Anthophyta (cycads) (ginkgo) (redwoods et al.) (gnetophytes) (pines et al.) (angiosperms)

33. The Most Fundamental Plant Adaptations to Life on Land Leaf cross section Cuticle is a waxy layer that prevents water loss from stems and leaves. Stomata have pores that allow gas exchange in photosynthetic tissues. Stoma Guard cells Pore Moist photosynthetic cells Cuticle

35. Evolutionary Sequence Observed in Water-Conducting Cells Simple water-conducting cells First vascular tissue Tracheids Vessel elements Ends have gaps in secondary cell wall (inside) Ends have gaps through primary and secondary cell walls Primary wall (with cellulose) Secondary wall (with lignin) Primary wall (with cellulose) Secondary wall (with lignin) Primary wall (with cellulose) Primary wall (with cellulose) Lignin Little structural support. Found in fossils and present-day mosses Some structural support. Found in fossils Increased structural support. Found in all vascular plants Found in gnetophytes and angiosperms

36. Evolutionary Sequence Observed in Water-Conducting Cells Simple water-conducting cells Primary wall (with cellulose) Little structural support. Found in fossils and present-day mosses

37. Evolutionary Sequence Observed in Water-Conducting Cells First vascular tissue Primary wall (with cellulose) Lignin Some structural support. Found in fossils

38. Evolutionary Sequence Observed in Water-Conducting Cells Tracheids Ends have gaps in secondary cell wall (inside) Primary wall (with cellulose) Secondary wall (with lignin) Increased structural support. Found in all vascular plants

39. Evolutionary Sequence Observed in Water-Conducting Cells Vessel elements Ends have gaps through primary and secondary cell walls Primary wall (with cellulose) Secondary wall (with lignin) Found in gnetophytes and angiosperms

42. Innovations That Allow Plants to Adapt to Life on Land Land plants Vessel elements Vessel elements Wood True leaves Tracheids Roots Vascular tissue Stomata Pores Cuticle Sporopollenin-encased spores or zygotes Vessel elements evolved more than once Most key innovations for living on land evolved only once Red algae Ulvophytes Coleochaetes Stoneworts Liverworts Hornworts Mosses Early vascular plants (fossils only) Lycophytes Whisk ferns Horsetails Ferns Cycads Ginkgo Redwoods et al. Gnetophytes Pines et al. Angiosperms

47. All Land Plants Undergo Alternation of Generations FERTILIZATION Gametophyte ( n ; multicellular, haploid) MITOSIS MEIOSIS Sporophyte (2 n ; multicellular, diploid) Spores ( n ) Haploid ( n ) Diploid (2 n ) MITOSIS MITOSIS Gametes ( n ) Zygote (2 n )

49. Gametophyte-Dominated Life Cycles Evolved Early Haploid ( n ) Diploid (2 n ) Eggs form in archegonia Sperm form in antheridia Sperm swim to egg Spores ( n ) are produced in sporangia by meiosis, dispersed by wind Mature sporophyte (2 n ) Egg ( n ) Zygote (2 n ) Developing sporophyte (2 n ) Developing sporophyte (2 n ) Archegonium Mature gametophyte ( n ) Mature gametophyte ( n ) Developing gametophyte Spore ( n ) Mosses: Gametophyte is large and long lived; sporophyte depends on gametophyte for nutrition. FERTILIZATION MITOSIS MITOSIS MEIOSIS

50. Sporophyte-Dominated Life Cycles Evolved Later Ferns: Sporophyte is large and long lived but, when young, depends on gametophyte for nutrition. Spore ( n, dispersed by wind) Mature gametophyte ( n , underside) Sperm develop in antheridia 1 mm Eggs develop in archegonia Sperm swim to egg Zygote (2 n ) Archegonium Sporophyte (2 n ; develops on gametophyte) Developing gametophyte ( n ) Spores are produced in sporangia Gametophyte ( n ; side view) Mature sporophyte (2 n ) FERTILIZATION MITOSIS MITOSIS MEIOSIS

52. Heterosporous Plants

56. Heterospory in Gymnosperms Mature sporophyte (2 n ) Developing sporophyte Seed (disperses via wind or animals) Embryo (2 n ) Ovules (contain megasporangia) Ovulate cone Female gametophyte ( n ) Archegonia Eggs ( n ) Mother cell (2 n ) Pollen produces sperm Cones with microsporangia Microspore ( n ) forms pollen grain Pollen grain (male gametophyte Megasporangium Pollen grain Megaspore divides to form female gametophyte ( n ), which produces archegonia and eggs by mitosis. (Only one egg is fertilized and develops.) Note that the red dots here and elsewhere represent nuclei Pollen grains disperse via wind Four meiotic products; one is large and forms the megaspore ( n ) Three meiotic products die MEIOSIS MITOSIS POLLINATION MEIOSIS MITOSIS FERTILIZATION

59. Heterospory in Angiosperms Megasporangium Sperm travel down growing pollen tube to reach egg Pollen lands near female gametophyte; produces pollen tube and sperm Pollen grains disperse via wind or animals (the red dots here and elsewhere are nuclei) Nutritive tissue Embryo (2 n ) Developing sporophyte Seed (disperses via wind or animals) Zygote (2 n ) Endosperm (3 n ) forms nutritive tissue in seed Mature sporophyte flower (2 n ) Flower Ovule Ovary Carpel Stamen Anther Microspore ( n ) forms pollen grain Pollen grain (male gametophyte) Egg Megaspore ( n : retained in ovary) Female gametophyte ( n : retained in ovary) MEIOSIS MITOSIS POLLINATION MEIOSIS MITOSIS MITOSIS FERTILIZATION

63. Innovations That Allow Plants to Reproduce Efficiently on Land Land plants Vascular plants Seed plants Gymnosperms Green algae Nonvascular plants Seedless vascular plants Heterospory Fruit Flowers Seeds Pollen Heterospory Sporophyte-dominated life cycle Alternation of generations Retention of embryo on parent Complex gametangia Thick-walled spores Retention of egg on parent Simple gametangia Red algae Ulvophytes Coleochaetes Stoneworts Liverworts Hornworts Mosses Lycophytes Whisk ferns Horsetails Ferns Cycads Ginkgo Redwoods et al. Gnetophytes Pines et al. Angiosperms

66. Monocots Are Monophyletic, but Dicots Are Paraphyletic Oldest living angiosperm lineages Several lineages related to magnolias Eudicots Non-angiosperms Monocots Angiosperms Green plants Lineages in orange were traditionally called dicots, but this tree shows that dicots are not a natural grouping

69. Green Algae Are Paraphyletic Green algae Land plants Red algae Ulvophytes Coleochaetes Stoneworts

71. Coleochaetes Are Thin Sheets of Cells Coleochaete scutata

73. Green Algae: Primary Producers in Aquatic Environments Ulva lactuca

75. Stoneworts Can Form Beds on Lake Bottoms Chara globularis (tall) and C. fibrosa (short)

77. Bryophytes: Monophyletic or Paraphyletic? Land plants Non-vascular plants Green algae Liverworts Hornworts Mosses

79. Moss Species Can Become Dormant When Conditions Are Dry Moss in dry weather Moss in wet weather

81. Liverworts Thrive in Moist Habitats Marchantia bryophyta

83. Hornworts Have Horn-Shaped Sporophytes Phaeocerus leavis

85. The Seedless Vascular Plants Are Paraphyletic Land plants Seedless vascular plants Lycophytes Whisk ferns Horsetails Ferns

87. Lycophytes Living Today Are Small in Stature Lycopodium species

89. Psilotophytes Are Extremely Simple Morphologically Tmesipteris species

91. Horsetails: Separate Reproductive and Vegetative Stalks Equisetum arvense

93. Ferns Range from Small to Tree Sized Gonocormus minutus Dicksonia antarctica Ferns range in size.

95. The Seed Plants Are a Monophyletic Group Land plants Seed plants Gymnosperms Cycads Gingko Redwoods et al. Gnetophytes Pines et al. Angiosperms

97. Ferns Resemble Palms but Are Not Closely Related to Them Cycas revoluta

99. The Gingko Tree Is a “Living Fossil” Ginkgo biloba Ginkgo huttoni Living ginkgo Fossil ginkgo

101. Welwitschia Is an Unusual Plant Welwitschia mirabilis

103. Pollen-Bearing Cones and Ovulate Cones Picea abies Cones that produce macrosporangia and eggs Cones that produce macrosporangia and pollen Picea abies Pollen

105. Some Species in This Group Have Scale-Like Leaves Thuja plicata

107. Flower That Produces Both Pollen and Eggs Ornithogalum dubium Animal-pollinated flower (this species produces both pollen and eggs in the same flower)