This document summarizes key aspects of plant biodiversity, including:
1. There are over 290,000 known plant species that provide oxygen, food, and stabilize landscapes.
2. Land plants evolved traits like embryos, spores, and vascular tissue that enabled their survival on land.
3. Plants are grouped based on presence of vascular tissue, with seed plants dominating terrestrial ecosystems.
4. The life cycles of mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and flowering plants involve alternation between haploid and diploid generations, with variations in reproductive structures and seed development.
This document discusses biodiversity of plants and its impact on the environment. It defines biodiversity as the variability among living organisms, including diversity within and between species and ecosystems. There are three types of biodiversity: genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. Facts about biodiversity include that the total land area on Earth is about 51 million square kilometers, of which 38.7 million square kilometers is forest cover. India has significantly lower numbers of species compared to the world totals across many taxonomic groups. Biodiversity is important as it increases ecosystem productivity and resilience. However, biodiversity is being lost due to threats like global warming, increased pollution, and soil erosion. Trees provide significant economic and environmental benefits valued in the millions of ru
Paleobotany is the study of prehistoric plant life through fossil evidence. It aims to reconstruct ancient plants, trace the evolution of major plant groups, and understand relationships between plant form and function over geologic time. Paleobotanists also use plant fossils to date and correlate rock layers, study past plant communities and environments, and infer paleoclimate conditions by analyzing tree rings, comparing fossils to modern relatives, examining leaf features, and measuring stomatal indices in plant cells. The field provides insights into the origins and changes of plant life on Earth.
Paleobotany definition for fossils , ten different types of fossils like amber mold and casts chemical fossils compression impression petrification microfossils macrofossils pseudofossils index fossils coal and fossilization were explained with different photos and explanation
From its initiation in 1998, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) has focused on the production of an ever-more stable system of classification of the flowering plants (angiosperms). Based largely on analyses of DNA sequence data, the system is compiled by a larger group of experts than any previous system and has the advantage of being testable, allowing for confidence levels in the system to be estimated for the first time.
- Green algae are thought to be the ancestors of modern plants. They may have lived on land over 500 million years ago.
- Plants evolved adaptations like roots, leaves, and vascular tissue to survive on land. They obtain water and minerals from roots and CO2 from the air through leaves.
- Plants have alternation of generations, where the haploid gametophyte produces gametes and the diploid sporophyte produces spores through meiosis. This life cycle is seen in mosses, ferns, and seed plants.
The document summarizes the history of angiosperm classification from ancient times to modern systems like APG. It describes the early work of ancient Greek and Roman scholars like Theophrastus and Pliny. It then discusses the major historical periods of classification including the Period of Herbalists, Period of Mechanical Systems established by Linnaeus, Period of Natural Systems, and Period of Phylogenetic Systems influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution. Finally, it outlines the modern Angiosperm Phylogeny Group systems from APG I to the current APG IV, which is based on molecular data and recognizes 64 orders and 416 families of flowering plants.
This document discusses the geological timeline of early flowering plants (angiosperms). It notes that flowering plants first appeared in the Lower Cretaceous period, around 125 million years ago, based on fossil evidence, though earlier traces are scarce. It then describes several early angiosperm fossils found from the Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous periods that provide evidence of the earliest evolution of flowering plants, including Furcula granulifera, Archaefructus liaoningensis, Homoxylon rajmahalense, and Bevhalstia pebja. The document concludes with notes on the fossil record of early monocots.
This document summarizes several systems of plant classification including artificial, natural, and phylogenetic systems. It provides details on Linnaeus' artificial classification system based on plant sexuality and number of sexual parts. It also describes Bentham and Hooker's widely adopted natural system from 1862-1883, and Engler and Prantl's phylogenetic system from 1887-1915 which was based on evolutionary relationships and classified plants into 13 divisions.
This document discusses biodiversity of plants and its impact on the environment. It defines biodiversity as the variability among living organisms, including diversity within and between species and ecosystems. There are three types of biodiversity: genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. Facts about biodiversity include that the total land area on Earth is about 51 million square kilometers, of which 38.7 million square kilometers is forest cover. India has significantly lower numbers of species compared to the world totals across many taxonomic groups. Biodiversity is important as it increases ecosystem productivity and resilience. However, biodiversity is being lost due to threats like global warming, increased pollution, and soil erosion. Trees provide significant economic and environmental benefits valued in the millions of ru
Paleobotany is the study of prehistoric plant life through fossil evidence. It aims to reconstruct ancient plants, trace the evolution of major plant groups, and understand relationships between plant form and function over geologic time. Paleobotanists also use plant fossils to date and correlate rock layers, study past plant communities and environments, and infer paleoclimate conditions by analyzing tree rings, comparing fossils to modern relatives, examining leaf features, and measuring stomatal indices in plant cells. The field provides insights into the origins and changes of plant life on Earth.
Paleobotany definition for fossils , ten different types of fossils like amber mold and casts chemical fossils compression impression petrification microfossils macrofossils pseudofossils index fossils coal and fossilization were explained with different photos and explanation
From its initiation in 1998, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) has focused on the production of an ever-more stable system of classification of the flowering plants (angiosperms). Based largely on analyses of DNA sequence data, the system is compiled by a larger group of experts than any previous system and has the advantage of being testable, allowing for confidence levels in the system to be estimated for the first time.
- Green algae are thought to be the ancestors of modern plants. They may have lived on land over 500 million years ago.
- Plants evolved adaptations like roots, leaves, and vascular tissue to survive on land. They obtain water and minerals from roots and CO2 from the air through leaves.
- Plants have alternation of generations, where the haploid gametophyte produces gametes and the diploid sporophyte produces spores through meiosis. This life cycle is seen in mosses, ferns, and seed plants.
The document summarizes the history of angiosperm classification from ancient times to modern systems like APG. It describes the early work of ancient Greek and Roman scholars like Theophrastus and Pliny. It then discusses the major historical periods of classification including the Period of Herbalists, Period of Mechanical Systems established by Linnaeus, Period of Natural Systems, and Period of Phylogenetic Systems influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution. Finally, it outlines the modern Angiosperm Phylogeny Group systems from APG I to the current APG IV, which is based on molecular data and recognizes 64 orders and 416 families of flowering plants.
This document discusses the geological timeline of early flowering plants (angiosperms). It notes that flowering plants first appeared in the Lower Cretaceous period, around 125 million years ago, based on fossil evidence, though earlier traces are scarce. It then describes several early angiosperm fossils found from the Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous periods that provide evidence of the earliest evolution of flowering plants, including Furcula granulifera, Archaefructus liaoningensis, Homoxylon rajmahalense, and Bevhalstia pebja. The document concludes with notes on the fossil record of early monocots.
This document summarizes several systems of plant classification including artificial, natural, and phylogenetic systems. It provides details on Linnaeus' artificial classification system based on plant sexuality and number of sexual parts. It also describes Bentham and Hooker's widely adopted natural system from 1862-1883, and Engler and Prantl's phylogenetic system from 1887-1915 which was based on evolutionary relationships and classified plants into 13 divisions.
Engler and Prantl's system of Plant Classificationmahesh s
The document summarizes the phylogenetic system of plant classification developed by Engler and Prantl. Some key points:
1) Engler and Prantl divided the plant kingdom into 13 divisions, with divisions 1-12 covering bacteria to non-flowering plants and division 13 covering seed plants.
2) They classified seed plants into gymnosperms, monocotyledons, and dicotyledons. Monocotyledons and dicotyledons were further divided into orders and families.
3) The system was the first to incorporate evolutionary principles but is not a true phylogenetic system by modern standards, with some groups considered incorrectly placed or unnatural.
This document summarizes the fossilization process and the geological time scale. It discusses how fossils are formed through the burial and replacement of hard plant and animal tissues by minerals over time. It then outlines the major eras and periods that make up the geological time scale, from the Pre-Cambrian era to the current Cenozoic era. The history and naming conventions of the geological time scale are also reviewed, noting how units were initially named based on the locations where rock formations were first studied.
Pollen germination is the process by which a pollen grain attaches to the stigma of a flower and develops a pollen tube that transports sperm to the ovule for fertilization. The document includes microscope images showing pollen grains, pollen tubes growing from grains attached to stigmas, and cellular structures within pollen tubes at magnifications from 4.5x to 400x.
Embyrology in relation to Taxonomy. It is one of the concepts in Modern Taxonomy.in which embryological data is used to strengthen existing classification system.
This document discusses heterospory and the seed habit in plants. It begins by introducing heterospory as the production of two different types of spores, microspores and megaspores, which is considered a prerequisite for seed formation in plants. It then describes how certain plant species like Selaginella show heterospory, with microsporangia producing many microspores and megasporangia containing just a few megaspores. The highest evolved species of Selaginella, S. apoda, has progressed towards characteristics of seed plants like retaining its single megaspore within the sporangium for fertilization. In summary, the key steps in the evolution of the seed habit involved the development
This document discusses the key concepts and components of systematics, which includes taxonomy and phylogeny. It covers topics such as:
- The goal of phylogenetic reconstruction and evolutionary history.
- The major parts of systematics including description, classification, nomenclature, and identification.
- Tools for communicating taxonomic information such as keys and scientific names.
- Methods for determining evolutionary relationships including cladistics and cladograms.
- Principles of formal taxonomic naming and types of specimens.
- Uses of keys to identify unknown taxa.
This document summarizes key aspects of paleobotany and the fossil record relating to early angiosperms. It describes how fossils are formed, the main types of fossils, and outlines the geological timescale. Regarding early angiosperms, it discusses Archaefructus fossils from the Early Cretaceous as possibly the earliest examples. It notes the sudden appearance and rapid diversification of angiosperms in the fossil record during the Early Cretaceous, as evidenced by leaves, pollen, and plant families. Amborella is presented as the most basal living angiosperm based on DNA analysis.
Diversity is recognizing and appreciating the unique characteristics of individuals in a way that promotes achievement for both individuals and groups. Classification of plants depends on whether they have differentiated tissues for transporting water and other substances. Thallophyta include algae, fungi and lichens which may be unicellular or multicellular but lack distinct tissues. Bryophyta like mosses lack vascular tissues. Pteridophyta like ferns have sporophytes that are well developed with roots, stems and leaves. Gymnosperms are seed plants with unconcealed seeds borne in cones. Angiosperms are flowering plants with seeds contained within fruits that develop from ovaries.
Plants have adaptations to help them survive (live and grow) in different areas. Adaptations are special features that allow a plant or animal to live in a particular place or habitat. These adaptations might make it very difficult for the plant to survive in a different place.
This explains why certain plants are found in one area, but not in another. For example, you wouldn't see a cactus living in the Arctic. Nor would you see lots of really tall trees living in grasslands.
This presentation focuses on anatomical adaptations of three major types of plants: Hydrophytes, mesophytes and xerophytes.
Plant physiology is the study of how plants function at the cellular and biochemical level and how they respond to their environment. It includes studying plant structure and anatomy as they relate to function, energy sources for growth and development, water and nutrient uptake and movement, and plant responses to environmental stresses. Understanding plant physiology is important for agriculture as it provides insights into seed germination, seedling growth, mode of action of herbicides, nutrient requirements, photoperiodism, effects of plant growth regulators, post-harvest physiology, irrigation management, drought tolerance, and water use efficiency - all of which can help improve crop varieties and agricultural practices.
This document is a submission from Arusa Mansoor, a student in the 5th semester of the BS Hons Botany program at The Islamia University of Bahawalpur. She has submitted this document to Sir Sarwer and includes her roll number of 50 for the evening program.
The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) is an international group of botanists who developed a modern, molecular-evidence based classification system for flowering plants known as the APG system. The APG system was first published in 1998 and is updated periodically, with the current version being APG IV from 2016. It is based on analysis of chloroplast and ribosomal DNA sequences. The APG system aims to make taxonomic groups monophyletic based on phylogenetic relationships, retains the Linnaean hierarchy of orders and families, and takes a broad approach in defining taxonomic limits. It recognizes 59 orders and 415 families within the angiosperms.
The "Telome theory" of Walter Zimmermann (1930, 1952) is the most accepted theory that is based on fossil record and synthesizes the major steps in the evolution of vascular plants.
It describes how the primitive type of vascular plants developed from Rhynia like plants.
Plants are multicellular eukaryotes that have cell walls made of cellulose and carry out photosynthesis. They go through life cycles of alternating diploid and haploid generations. Early plants evolved from multicellular green algae and the first plants were similar to modern mosses. Bryophytes like mosses reproduce using sperm and eggs that require water, while vascular plants like ferns have specialized tissues to transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.
The document discusses the history and evolution of taxonomic plant classification systems from ancient to modern times. It describes early artificial systems from 2000 BC based on single characteristics like use or appearance. Natural systems from the 1600s classified plants based on multiple natural characteristics. Phylogenetic systems from the 1800s classify plants based on evolutionary relationships revealed by modern techniques. The most widely accepted current systems combine natural and phylogenetic approaches.
This document discusses the classification system of flowering plants developed by George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker in the 19th century. It was one of the first comprehensive natural systems, grouping 202 orders (now families) of angiosperms based on their morphological and reproductive characteristics. Some of the major divisions in their system included monocotyledons, dicotyledons divided into polypetalae and gamopetalae based on their floral parts. Within polypetalae and gamopetalae were further subgroups like thalami florae, disci florae and calyci florae. The system had advantages of being natural and easy to follow but also drawbacks like placement of gymnosperms and neglect
The document discusses early embryonic development and the biodiversity of animals, focusing on invertebrates. It describes how a zygote undergoes cleavage and forms a blastula through gastrulation. It then classifies animals into phyla based on their body plan, discussing characteristics like symmetry, tissues, and protostome vs deuterostome development. Major phyla include porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, nematoda, annelida, arthropoda, mollusca, echinodermata, and chordata.
This document provides the course programme for a class on plant biodiversity and health. The course includes presentations, practical laboratory activities, and field trips. It will cover topics like aromatic plant biodiversity, essential oil isolation, plant drug development, ethnobotany, and applications of plant biodiversity in health care and cosmetics. The goals are to learn about plant biodiversity in relation to traditional and industrial uses and its role in health, and to organize activities demonstrating plants' chemical diversity.
Engler and Prantl's system of Plant Classificationmahesh s
The document summarizes the phylogenetic system of plant classification developed by Engler and Prantl. Some key points:
1) Engler and Prantl divided the plant kingdom into 13 divisions, with divisions 1-12 covering bacteria to non-flowering plants and division 13 covering seed plants.
2) They classified seed plants into gymnosperms, monocotyledons, and dicotyledons. Monocotyledons and dicotyledons were further divided into orders and families.
3) The system was the first to incorporate evolutionary principles but is not a true phylogenetic system by modern standards, with some groups considered incorrectly placed or unnatural.
This document summarizes the fossilization process and the geological time scale. It discusses how fossils are formed through the burial and replacement of hard plant and animal tissues by minerals over time. It then outlines the major eras and periods that make up the geological time scale, from the Pre-Cambrian era to the current Cenozoic era. The history and naming conventions of the geological time scale are also reviewed, noting how units were initially named based on the locations where rock formations were first studied.
Pollen germination is the process by which a pollen grain attaches to the stigma of a flower and develops a pollen tube that transports sperm to the ovule for fertilization. The document includes microscope images showing pollen grains, pollen tubes growing from grains attached to stigmas, and cellular structures within pollen tubes at magnifications from 4.5x to 400x.
Embyrology in relation to Taxonomy. It is one of the concepts in Modern Taxonomy.in which embryological data is used to strengthen existing classification system.
This document discusses heterospory and the seed habit in plants. It begins by introducing heterospory as the production of two different types of spores, microspores and megaspores, which is considered a prerequisite for seed formation in plants. It then describes how certain plant species like Selaginella show heterospory, with microsporangia producing many microspores and megasporangia containing just a few megaspores. The highest evolved species of Selaginella, S. apoda, has progressed towards characteristics of seed plants like retaining its single megaspore within the sporangium for fertilization. In summary, the key steps in the evolution of the seed habit involved the development
This document discusses the key concepts and components of systematics, which includes taxonomy and phylogeny. It covers topics such as:
- The goal of phylogenetic reconstruction and evolutionary history.
- The major parts of systematics including description, classification, nomenclature, and identification.
- Tools for communicating taxonomic information such as keys and scientific names.
- Methods for determining evolutionary relationships including cladistics and cladograms.
- Principles of formal taxonomic naming and types of specimens.
- Uses of keys to identify unknown taxa.
This document summarizes key aspects of paleobotany and the fossil record relating to early angiosperms. It describes how fossils are formed, the main types of fossils, and outlines the geological timescale. Regarding early angiosperms, it discusses Archaefructus fossils from the Early Cretaceous as possibly the earliest examples. It notes the sudden appearance and rapid diversification of angiosperms in the fossil record during the Early Cretaceous, as evidenced by leaves, pollen, and plant families. Amborella is presented as the most basal living angiosperm based on DNA analysis.
Diversity is recognizing and appreciating the unique characteristics of individuals in a way that promotes achievement for both individuals and groups. Classification of plants depends on whether they have differentiated tissues for transporting water and other substances. Thallophyta include algae, fungi and lichens which may be unicellular or multicellular but lack distinct tissues. Bryophyta like mosses lack vascular tissues. Pteridophyta like ferns have sporophytes that are well developed with roots, stems and leaves. Gymnosperms are seed plants with unconcealed seeds borne in cones. Angiosperms are flowering plants with seeds contained within fruits that develop from ovaries.
Plants have adaptations to help them survive (live and grow) in different areas. Adaptations are special features that allow a plant or animal to live in a particular place or habitat. These adaptations might make it very difficult for the plant to survive in a different place.
This explains why certain plants are found in one area, but not in another. For example, you wouldn't see a cactus living in the Arctic. Nor would you see lots of really tall trees living in grasslands.
This presentation focuses on anatomical adaptations of three major types of plants: Hydrophytes, mesophytes and xerophytes.
Plant physiology is the study of how plants function at the cellular and biochemical level and how they respond to their environment. It includes studying plant structure and anatomy as they relate to function, energy sources for growth and development, water and nutrient uptake and movement, and plant responses to environmental stresses. Understanding plant physiology is important for agriculture as it provides insights into seed germination, seedling growth, mode of action of herbicides, nutrient requirements, photoperiodism, effects of plant growth regulators, post-harvest physiology, irrigation management, drought tolerance, and water use efficiency - all of which can help improve crop varieties and agricultural practices.
This document is a submission from Arusa Mansoor, a student in the 5th semester of the BS Hons Botany program at The Islamia University of Bahawalpur. She has submitted this document to Sir Sarwer and includes her roll number of 50 for the evening program.
The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) is an international group of botanists who developed a modern, molecular-evidence based classification system for flowering plants known as the APG system. The APG system was first published in 1998 and is updated periodically, with the current version being APG IV from 2016. It is based on analysis of chloroplast and ribosomal DNA sequences. The APG system aims to make taxonomic groups monophyletic based on phylogenetic relationships, retains the Linnaean hierarchy of orders and families, and takes a broad approach in defining taxonomic limits. It recognizes 59 orders and 415 families within the angiosperms.
The "Telome theory" of Walter Zimmermann (1930, 1952) is the most accepted theory that is based on fossil record and synthesizes the major steps in the evolution of vascular plants.
It describes how the primitive type of vascular plants developed from Rhynia like plants.
Plants are multicellular eukaryotes that have cell walls made of cellulose and carry out photosynthesis. They go through life cycles of alternating diploid and haploid generations. Early plants evolved from multicellular green algae and the first plants were similar to modern mosses. Bryophytes like mosses reproduce using sperm and eggs that require water, while vascular plants like ferns have specialized tissues to transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.
The document discusses the history and evolution of taxonomic plant classification systems from ancient to modern times. It describes early artificial systems from 2000 BC based on single characteristics like use or appearance. Natural systems from the 1600s classified plants based on multiple natural characteristics. Phylogenetic systems from the 1800s classify plants based on evolutionary relationships revealed by modern techniques. The most widely accepted current systems combine natural and phylogenetic approaches.
This document discusses the classification system of flowering plants developed by George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker in the 19th century. It was one of the first comprehensive natural systems, grouping 202 orders (now families) of angiosperms based on their morphological and reproductive characteristics. Some of the major divisions in their system included monocotyledons, dicotyledons divided into polypetalae and gamopetalae based on their floral parts. Within polypetalae and gamopetalae were further subgroups like thalami florae, disci florae and calyci florae. The system had advantages of being natural and easy to follow but also drawbacks like placement of gymnosperms and neglect
The document discusses early embryonic development and the biodiversity of animals, focusing on invertebrates. It describes how a zygote undergoes cleavage and forms a blastula through gastrulation. It then classifies animals into phyla based on their body plan, discussing characteristics like symmetry, tissues, and protostome vs deuterostome development. Major phyla include porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, nematoda, annelida, arthropoda, mollusca, echinodermata, and chordata.
This document provides the course programme for a class on plant biodiversity and health. The course includes presentations, practical laboratory activities, and field trips. It will cover topics like aromatic plant biodiversity, essential oil isolation, plant drug development, ethnobotany, and applications of plant biodiversity in health care and cosmetics. The goals are to learn about plant biodiversity in relation to traditional and industrial uses and its role in health, and to organize activities demonstrating plants' chemical diversity.
This document provides an overview of biodiversity, including its definition, types, distribution, benefits, threats, and conservation. It discusses how biodiversity represents the variety of life on Earth and is vital to sustaining human life. The three types of biodiversity are genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity. While biodiversity is threatened by habitat loss and other human impacts, conservation efforts aim to protect biodiversity through protected areas, restoration, and environmental policies.
Biodiversity refers to the variety of all life forms including plants, animals, microorganisms and their genes and ecosystems. It is important for human sustenance, health, well-being and enjoyment of life. However, biodiversity is threatened by habitat loss, invasive species, pollution, climate change and overconsumption. The loss of biodiversity can reduce ecosystem services and genetic diversity, compromising food security. Australia is taking steps to preserve biodiversity through programs, reserves, and acts aimed at conservation and education.
A Powerpoint intended for the South African Grade 11 Life Sciences syllabus. Contains information on plant classification, diversity, reproduction, the plant 'life cycle' and more.
This document discusses biodiversity and the variety of animal species on Earth. It notes that millions of species evolved due to different climates and environments. This diversity of life, called biodiversity, provides for human needs. The document then categorizes different types of animal species including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and invertebrates. It also discusses the basic needs of animals, threats animals face such as habitat destruction, and ways to help save animals such as adopting from shelters and reporting cruelty.
This document discusses plant biodiversity and provides examples of different types of plants. It describes various plant categories including non-vascular vs. vascular, non-seeded vs. seeded, and non-flowering vs. flowering. Specific plant examples mentioned include giant sequoia, titan arum, duckweed, paw paw trees, swamp cypress, water lilies, cacti like saguaro, African euphorb, gymnosperms, Indian pipe, pitcher plants, kudzu and discusses how plants have adapted to live in diverse habitats. The document emphasizes that plants show high biodiversity and shares attributes that allow them to be recognized as a group.
This document discusses biodiversity and threats to it. It begins by defining biodiversity and describing it at three levels: genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. It then outlines several major threats to biodiversity, including habitat loss, climate change, pollution, overexploitation, invasive species, and disease. It provides more detail on habitat loss, describing the causes from human activities like agriculture, resource harvesting, and development. Habitat loss is a primary driver of species extinction worldwide. The document also discusses poaching and how it negatively impacts species survival and ecosystem balance. It notes man-wildlife conflicts have increased due to competition over limited resources and describes some of the efforts to mitigate these conflicts.
The document discusses biodiversity in India at three levels - species, genetic, and ecosystem diversity. It notes that India is home to many endemic and endangered species, and has high biodiversity in regions like the Eastern Himalayas and Western Ghats. Various plants and animals of India are classified based on their conservation status. The economic, ecological and ethical benefits of biodiversity conservation are also highlighted.
The document discusses biodiversity hotspots, with a focus on India and the state of Kerala. It defines genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity, and explains the criteria for designating areas as biodiversity hotspots. It notes that 25 major hotspots represent only 1.4% of the earth's land but contain 44% of plant and 35% of terrestrial vertebrate species. It provides details on the biodiversity found in India, particularly in Kerala, including the high levels of endemism among plants and animals. It also discusses the economic value of ecosystems in Kerala and conservation efforts underway.
What is biodiversity A presentation By Mr Allah Dad KhanMr.Allah Dad Khan
Biodiversity includes all living organisms and the genetic differences between them at different scales. It is important for moral, aesthetic, economic, and environmental reasons. Ecosystem services provided by biodiversity, like nutrient cycling and water purification, are essential but often overlooked benefits. Genetic diversity within species contributes to biodiversity and is important but not well understood for most rangeland species. Rangelands have a variety of plant and animal species, communities, and ecosystems despite a perception of low diversity. Managing biodiversity involves tradeoffs between benefiting some species and not others.
- Land plants evolved from green algae called charophyceans around 475 million years ago. They developed key traits like alternation of generations and vascular tissue that allowed them to diversify on land.
- Bryophytes were the earliest land plants but had non-vascular gametophyte-dominated life cycles. Vascular plants like ferns then evolved and formed the first forests, with sporophyte-dominated life cycles.
- Vascular plants developed xylem and phloem tissue for long-distance transport. They also evolved roots, leaves, and other adaptations that enabled further diversification into over 300,000 living species today.
Biodiversity refers to the variety of plant and animal species in a particular region. Each species is interconnected and dependent on others for survival. Loss of biodiversity threatens ecosystem balance. Key threats include habitat loss, pollution, overexploitation, introduction of invasive species, and climate change. Areas with exceptionally high biodiversity that are also under threat, like the Eastern Himalayas and Western Ghats in India, are considered biodiversity hotspots.
Here are the answers to the questions:
1. Biodiversity is the variety of plant and animal life in the world or in a particular habitat.
2. Four reasons why biodiversity is important are: many jobs are linked to a nation's biodiversity, tourists bring money to see biodiversity, many products and medicines come from biodiversity, and biodiversity gives us clean air and protects from floods and global warming.
3. A biodiversity hotspot is an area with a very high number of endemic plant and animal species.
4. Hotspots are important because when you lose them, you lose a large number of endemic species found nowhere else.
5. Four things you can do are reduce use
The document summarizes key aspects of different plant groups:
- Bryophytes are the first plants on land and rely on water for reproduction. They help maintain humidity.
- Ferns are vascular plants that reproduce via spores. They can absorb heavy metals and nitrogen.
- Gymnosperms include conifers and reproduce via wind-dispersed pollen. They provide many ecosystem services.
- Angiosperms are flowering plants that come in monocot and dicot varieties and play a vital role in ecosystems by providing food, oxygen, lumber, and medicine.
The document discusses biodiversity in animals by providing information on the timber wolf, grizzly bear, red tailed panda, and cougar. It covers what each animal eats, their habitat, and reasons they are facing extinction such as deforestation, including lack of food sources and loss of living environments for various species.
Ecological and economical importance of biodiversityMegha Majoe
The document discusses the ecological and economic importance of biodiversity. It notes that biodiversity is essential for healthy ecosystems that support life on Earth. All living things interact with each other and the environment in complex ways. Loss of biodiversity threatens ecosystem services and human existence. Biodiversity also has economic value through providing food, medicine, industry, tourism, and recreation. Maintaining biodiversity is crucial for environmental health and human well-being.
The document discusses the kingdoms of life and animal diversity. It describes how biologists have organized living things into six kingdoms based on their cell structure, cell walls, body type, and nutrition. Animals are complex multicellular organisms that move rapidly and reproduce sexually. The animal kingdom is divided into 35 phyla, most of which are invertebrates that live in the sea. Key animal phyla discussed include sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, segmented worms, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms, and chordates.
The document summarizes key aspects of plant biodiversity and life cycles. It discusses:
1. The three main groups of land plants - bryophytes, pterophytes and spermatophytes - characterized by their reproductive structures and nutrient transport systems.
2. The life cycles of mosses and ferns which involve alternation of generations between haploid gametophytes and diploid sporophytes.
3. Features of seed plants including heterospory, pollen, and seeds which provided evolutionary advantages over spores.
4. The gymnosperm life cycle exemplified by pine trees, which involves naked seeds fertilized by airborne pollen growing on female gametophytes within
Ls2 afet unit 3 biodiversity of plantsThabo Bafana
The document summarizes key aspects of plant biodiversity, including:
1. There are over 290,000 known plant species that provide oxygen, food, and stabilize landscapes.
2. Land plants enabled survival of other organisms on land through traits like roots and alternation of generations.
3. Plants are grouped based on presence of vascular tissue, with seed plants dominating due to advantages of seeds over spores.
This document provides information on plant biodiversity and the characteristics of major plant groups. It begins with an overview of plant species diversity and traits that enabled land colonization. Key aspects of the life cycles of bryophytes, ferns, and seed plants are described, including alternation of generations and heterospory. Vascular tissues, roots, leaves, and sporophyll variations are discussed in context of plant evolution. The document concludes with derived traits shared by living seed plants.
1) There were three major reproductive adaptations in the evolution of seed plants: reduction of the gametophyte, seeds becoming an important means of dispersal, and pollen eliminating the liquid water requirement for fertilization.
2) Gymnosperms were the most common plants during the Mesozoic era. They bear naked seeds not enclosed in specialized chambers. Angiosperms later evolved to form seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.
3) The defining reproductive adaptation of angiosperms is the flower, which is made up of modified leaves and contains the male stamens and female carpels. Fruits aid in seed dispersal through various adaptations like wind, attachment, and consumption.
Plants reproduce both sexually and asexually. In plants, the life cycle involves an alternation of generations between haploid and diploid stages. In the haploid stage, the gametophyte produces gametes through mitosis. In the diploid stage, the sporophyte produces spores through meiosis. Primitively, the gametophyte was the dominant stage but evolved to have the sporophyte as the dominant stage. Angiosperms have double fertilization where one sperm cell fertilizes the egg to form the embryo, and the other sperm cell fertilizes the central cell to form the endosperm which nourishes the embryo. The ovary develops into a fruit containing seeds which have a dorm
The document summarizes key aspects of the plant kingdom, including their multicellular nature, ability to photosynthesize, and alternation of generations between haploid and diploid forms. It describes the evolution of plants from green algae ancestors and their adaptations to life on land, including roots, vascular tissue, and waxy cuticles. Seed plants evolved pollen, seeds, and fruits to reproduce on land without water, while angiosperms further developed flowers, broad leaves, and fruits to disperse seeds. Plants play a crucial ecological role by producing oxygen and decomposing to form soil.
Chapter_-_3_ke er xghfhPlant_Kingdom.pptxNeelaChennur
Eyj the best of luck 🤞🏼 in the evening for a video call lo please let me be your friend to give your strength to her with lots E 🙏🏼🙏🏼 and the family of the school is located as a result has been cleared to the group and the exams which is a unit test of a CBSE school 🏫 you RI and a half an hour and then we can you send me your address please 🥺 your email or any response to your family and I received a new phone 🤳🏼 you can apply by the time of year of the school and the other day is not a part 〽️ and you have to do it online and you are not able and willing my son is it and reply is highly as a librarian is it as per the list attached as a librarian is not a part of employment as a part 〽️〽️ and we will meet the group of R of India was not a problem with you and you can apply by tomorrow evening 🌆🌆 pm and I have to go you and your father is not a problem of Principal from the day is not possible to have you and you can come and y you are in group as you can come 🫴🏼🫴🏼 of you are the best for your exams unless there have medical College basavanagudi has a lot in professional and due date 📅🌹 thanking you in your respective and the exams is due on your eyes of the above mentioned work of the same as you can apply 😜😜 I have to be a good time 😁😉 and we are doing 😀😊 is not available for your time and we are not 🚭🚫 in the evening 🌌 and I have been suspended to be a team of your family the other one who is working with the reference to me for the first day of testing as I have a good 😊😊 and you can apply 😜😜 I will get you are in prayer and we are doing well as well as well ❤️🩹❤️🩹 and we will be in Principal's with you ji in our group and the family of a and a person who has been able find you and you have any other platform for a CBSE School 🏫 you are not 🚫🚫 and the other teachers has been suspended since we will meet the same and the other one is the last moment and expect perfection as a part of a good day is going through the name of our affiliate is it possible as we are in the evening 🌆 is a unit test of the school is located at your end and we can you please share the same and the family of a good day is it ok for you and sorry 😐 thanking u shalini and the exams which we are not 🚭🚫 in the above list 😉 you are the admin and the other day is going through the stories are informed that we are in prayer hall of you to serve as principal 🙏🏼🙏🏼 and the family 😜😜 I am good Sir 🙏🏼🙏🏼 and we are doing ❤️ you will be able 😀🙏🏼 and the family of a CBSE class 10th IT is not 🚭🚭 and you have to be a team in the above list and we can do that I have a great 👍🏼 of you to sanction and we will be in separate Raghavendra and you are not able to be the best for you 😀 your family the best hope you have been assigned with the same time table Ma'am I am not 🚭🚭 and the other teachers has been suspended since we will be able find the attachment for the last time I have sent you a treat for a CBSE school and accept my
30 plant diversity ii-the evolution of seed plantsRenee Ariesen
1) The document discusses the key adaptations that enabled seed plants to diversify and dominate land plants over 360 million years ago. These include seeds, reduced gametophytes, heterospory, pollen, and ovules.
2) Seeds provided advantages over spores like being able to remain dormant for longer periods, containing stored food, and allowing for long distance dispersal.
3) The evolution of these adaptations, especially seeds, freed seed plants from relying on water for fertilization and reproduction and allowed them to colonize dry habitats, transforming the landscape and diversifying dramatically.
Heterospory and evolution of seed habitMaryam Farooq
1. Heterospory evolved in plants where sporophytes produce two different sized spores - microspores and megaspores.
2. Microspores develop into male gametophytes while megaspores contain female gametophytes.
3. The evolution of seed habit began with heterospory and included protective integuments forming around megaspores, a single functional megaspore, an embryo sac, and pollen capture - leading to the ovule and seed.
4. Seed habit provided advantages like independence from water for fertilization and effective dispersal, helping plants diversify and dominate land.
The document provides an overview of taxonomic classification and the diversity of life. It discusses the major domains, kingdoms, and taxa within the tree of life including bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals. Key details are provided on viruses, prokaryotes, taxonomic hierarchy, fungi characteristics, plant types, invertebrate and vertebrate phyla, and defining features of major groups.
Which is a common trait among all land plantsVascular tissues tra.pdfneetuarya13
Which is a common trait among all land plants?
Vascular tissues transport water and nutrients, and provide support
Seeds facilitate survival and dispersal of the species
Flowers facilitate cross-pollination
The embryo is protected within maternal tissues
The haploid phase of the life cycle is the dominant phase
Flowers facilitate cross-pollination
The embryo is protected within maternal tissues
The haploid phase of the life cycle is the dominant phase
Solution
First we see common traits of land plants and then see listed traits in details one by one:
1. Ability to withstand desiccation. Extant land plants have a cuticle and guard cells.
2. Ability to withstand the effects of more intense radiation, particularly DNA-damaging
radiation. Extant land plants have several compounds in their vacuoles that absorb UV. Since the
vacuole of a plant occupies most of a mature cell, this helps protect the DNA in other organelles.
3. Ability to protect their spores from desiccation. Early land plants have spores that are encased
in a sporopollenin wall. Sporopollenin is a very resistant polymer, resistant to UV and almost
everything including desiccation, squashing, etc. To remove sporopollenin from spores, one boils
them in a mixture of acetic and hydrochloric acid.
4. Ability to move solutions from the ground to portions of the plant that are not in contact with
the ground, and from the photosynthetic portions of the plant to non-photosynthetic portions.
Some land plants do this better than others.
5. Ability to support themselves. Aquatic plants float; terrestrial plants cannot do so. Most
terrestrial plants have lignin in some of their conducting cells. There is some debate as to
whether this was selected for by the advantages of growing tall or the need to protect against
embolism in the conducting cells. Since both are important, it seems most realistic to accept that
both contributed to the success of plants with the ability to manufacture lignin, the tracheophytes
or vascular plants.
6. Ability to acquire the carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis from the atmosphere. This
ability is associated with stomatal cells, specialized cells that surround openings (stomates) in the
outer cell layer of land plants.
Now we see Options given one by one:
Vascular tissues transport water and nutrients, and provide support
Transport of Water and Minerals:
The xylem tissue transports water and minerals. It consists of interconnected vessels and
tracheids organized into continuous conducting tubes stretching from the roots to the leaves.
These tubes carry water and minerals to all parts of the plant.
Plants absorb water from the soil through the root and transport it to the stem, leaves and
flowers. Roots have root hairs that are unicellular, thin-walled outgrowths of the epiblema (skin
of the root).
The root hairs are in close contact with the thin film of water surrounding the soil particles.
There are mineral salts such as nitrates, chlorides, sulphates, phos.
The document provides information about the reproductive biology of flowering plants (angiosperms). It discusses key events in angiosperm evolution such as the origin of flowers and fruits. It also summarizes the characteristics and life cycles of monocots and eudicots. Angiosperms have had a profound influence on the evolution of other organisms through symbiotic relationships like pollination and seed dispersal. Their success is largely due to adaptations like seeds that enabled colonization of new environments.
The document provides an overview of plants, including their defining characteristics, life cycles, and major groups. It discusses what plants need to survive and describes the four main groups: bryophytes, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. Bryophytes include mosses and depend on water for reproduction. Seedless vascular plants evolved water-conducting tissue and include ferns. Gymnosperms and angiosperms are seed plants, with angiosperms being the most successful due to flowers, fruits, and seeds that can be dispersed without water.
Kingdom Plantae includes eukaryotic, multicellular organisms that are autotrophic, producing their own food through photosynthesis. They have cell walls made of cellulose and lack mobility. Plants reproduce both sexually through male and female gametes and asexually through structures like spores. They are divided into four main groups - mosses, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms - based on the presence of vascular tissue and seeds. Angiosperms make up the majority of plant species and their success is attributed to adaptations like specialized structures for pollination, protected seeds, and fruit aiding in seed dispersal.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in biology related to plants, bacteria, fungi, and protists. It covers their structures, characteristics, reproduction, ecological roles, and evolutionary relationships. Key topics include the six kingdoms of classification, phylogenetic trees, viral and bacterial structures and life cycles, fungal and protist nutrition, symbiotic relationships like lichens and nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and plant adaptations, structures, and life cycles.
The document summarizes key characteristics of fungi. Fungi can be unicellular, filamentous, or multicellular. They are heterotrophs that absorb nutrients from dead or living matter. Their cell walls contain chitin and they reproduce both sexually and asexually via spores. Fungi play important ecological roles as decomposers, symbionts that form relationships with plants and algae, and occasionally as parasites that can cause disease. The four main fungal phyla are Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota.
The document summarizes key characteristics of fungi. Fungi can be unicellular, filamentous, or multicellular. They are heterotrophs that absorb nutrients from dead or living matter. Their cells contain hyphae that branch to form a mycelium and absorb nutrients. Fungi play important ecological roles as decomposers, symbionts that form mycorrhizal relationships with plants, and parasites. They reproduce both sexually through spores or asexually through budding or fragmentation. There are several divisions of fungi classified based on their reproductive structures and life cycles.
This document discusses reproduction in various forms of life. It describes asexual reproduction, which does not involve sex cells and occurs in many lower organisms through fission, fragmentation, budding, and other means. Sexual reproduction is also discussed, which involves the union of sperm and egg to create genetic variation in offspring. Examples of both asexual and sexual reproduction are provided for plants, fungi, and other organisms. The stages of sexual reproduction in flowering plants are outlined, from gamete formation through pollination, fertilization, fruit and seed development, and seed germination.
This document discusses reproduction in various forms of life. It describes asexual reproduction, which does not involve sex cells and occurs through mechanisms like budding, fragmentation, and regeneration. It produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. Sexual reproduction involves the union of egg and sperm to produce offspring with genetic variation. It summarizes the process of sexual reproduction in flowering plants, including pollination, fertilization, fruit and seed development, and seed germination.
The document summarizes the key components of the human support system. It describes three main types of skeletons - hydrostatic, exoskeletons, and endoskeletons. It then details the human skeletal system, including the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, thorax), appendicular skeleton, and different bone and joint types. It outlines the main functions of the skeleton for support, movement, protection, blood cell production, storage, and endocrine regulation. It also describes the structures of long bones, synovial joints, and skeletal muscles at both the macro and micro levels.
Plants have evolved three basic organs - roots, stems and leaves - that are organized into root and shoot systems. Each organ contains dermal, vascular and ground tissues. Secondary growth in woody plants occurs due to the vascular cambium, producing secondary xylem and phloem. Water and minerals enter roots through cell walls and membranes by transmembrane, symplastic or apoplastic routes. They move upwards via root pressure, cohesion-adhesion-tension and transpiration. Transpiration is influenced by environmental factors and causes guttation. Photosynthates are translocated from source leaves to sinks through the phloem sieve tubes via sucrose molecules moving from high to low concentration.
This document summarizes key concepts about the immune system. It describes the innate immune system as the first line of defense, including physical barriers and internal defenses like phagocytosis and inflammation. The acquired immune system is activated if pathogens evade the innate response, and results in pathogen-specific immunity and immunological memory. Major cells involved are B and T lymphocytes. Vaccinations work to induce an immune response without causing disease.
This document provides an overview of microbiology and the classification of microorganisms. It discusses viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists and their structures. It describes different patterns of viral replication and diseases caused by various microbes. Key classification aspects are outlined for viruses, bacteria, fungi and protists. Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants or humans are also summarized.
The document outlines an authentic learning task for students to conduct group research and presentation on the stages of mitosis. It instructs students to research the different stages of mitosis, provide diagrams and images to explain the content, and compile the information into a summarized chart. It describes characteristics of authentic learning as being interdisciplinary, realistic and relevant to learners' surroundings, allowing students to take ownership of their learning through a variety of styles including group work and presentations.
This document appears to be about professional learning networks and is authored by TP Mokoena with a student or reference number of 201101712. It includes the initials "PLN" and is labeled as being "by" the author TP Mokoena.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
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CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
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While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
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2. 290, 000 known plant species
Land plants enabled survival of other life
forms on land – including animals
Roots provide habitats, stabilize landscapes
Oxygen supply
Ultimate provider of food eaten by terrestrial
animals
3. Common (derived) traits of land plants –
separate them from ancestral plants (algal
relatives):
Alteration of generations & multicellular,
dependent embryo’s
Walled spores produced in sporangia
Multicellular gametangia
Apical meristems
4. Alteration of Generations
The life cycle includes both
multicellular haploid (n) &
multicellular diploid (2n)
organisms
5. Multicellular, Dependent Embryos
After fertilization zygote develops into
a multicellular embryo within maternal
structures.
Maternal tissues provide nutrients.
Embryo is dependent
Land plant called embryophytes.
6. Walled Spores Produced in Sporangia
Sporophyte produces spores in organs called
sporangia
Diploid cells called sporocytes undergo
meiosis – generate (n) spores
Spore walls contain
sporopollenin:
resistant to harsh
environments
7. Multicellular Gametangia
Gametes produced in multicellular organs – gametangia.
Female gametangia – archegonia – produce single egg
Male gametangia – antheridia - produce & release sperm
– fertilize egg internally
within the archegonium
8. Apical Meristems
Plants sustain continual growth in
apical meristems
Cells from apical meristems differentiate into various
tissues
1) Elongation of the roots
Nutrients & water from soil
2) Growth of stems & leaves
More area for photosynthesis
9. GROUPING OF LAND PLANTS
• Ancestral species gave rise to a vast diversity of
modern plants
• Land plants informally grouped based on
presence or absence of vascular tissue
• Most plants have vascular tissue; these
constitute the vascular plants
• Nonvascular plants are commonly called
bryophytes
sites.google.com
10. GROUPING OF LAND PLANTS
• Seedless vascular plants can be divided:
– Lycophytes (club mosses and their relatives)
– Pterophytes (ferns and their relatives)
contrib.andrew.cmu.edu
quizlet.com
en.wikipedia.org
biology.iastate.edu
11. GROUPING OF LAND PLANTS
• Seed plants
• A seed is an embryo and nutrients surrounded by
a protective coat
• Seed plants can be divided into:
– Gymnosperms, the “naked seed” plants, including
the conifers
– Angiosperms, the flowering plants
13. Bryophyta (non-vascular plants)
(p. 606 – 609)
• Phylum includes all mosses (Bryophyta)
• Bryophytes: all non-vascular plants
– Include liverworts, hornworts & mosses
• Mosses show alternation of generations
– i.e. have sporophyte & gametophyte generation
tolweb.orgflickrhivemind.netbryophytes.plant.siu.edu anbg.gov.au forums.gardenweb.com
14. Bryophyta
• In all bryophytes gametophytes are dominant
in life cycle
• Larger & longer living than sporophyte
tolweb.orgflickrhivemind.netbryophytes.plant.siu.edu forums.gardenweb.com
botany.hawaii.edu
19. VASCULAR PLANTS
LIVING VASCULAR PLANTS CHARACTERISED BY:
• Life cycles with dominant sporophytes
– Fern life cycle
• Transport in vascular tissues
– Xylem and phloem
• Well-developed roots and leaves
– Including spore bearing leaves called sporophylls
20. Pterophyta
(p. 610 – 615)
• Phylum includes all ferns, horsetails & whisk ferns
• Vascular seedless plants
– Vascular means plants could grow taller than bryophytes
• Ferns show alternation of generations (dominant
sporophyte)
• Sperm flagellated – must swim through water to reach eggs
i.e. found in damp environments
tolweb.orgflickrhivemind.netbryophytes.plant.siu.edu forums.gardenweb.com
botany.hawaii.edu
25. Transport in Vascular Tissues
• Two types of vascular tissue:
• Xylem and phloem
• Xylem conducts water & minerals
• Dead cells called tracheids
• Phloem distributes sugars, amino acids, & other organic
products
• Consists of living cells
• Water-conducting cells are strengthened by lignin
and provide structural support
26. Evolution of Roots
• Benefits of lignified vascular tissue below
ground
• Instead of rhizoids, roots evolved
– May have evolve from subterranean stems
• Roots: organs to absorb water & nutrients
from soil
• Also anchor vascular plants
27. Evolution of Leaves
• Leaves increase surface area of plant body
• Main photosynthetic organ of vascular plants
• Classified as:
– Microphylls (only lycophytes) – leaves with a
single vein
– Megaphylls (all vascular plants) – highly branched
vascular system
• Greater photosynthetic productivity
28. Sporophylls and Spore Variations
• Sporophylls are modified leaves with
sporangia
• Sori are clusters of sporangia on the
undersides of sporophylls
• Strobili are cone-like structures
formed from groups of sporophylls
29. • Most seedless vascular plants are homosporous
• Produce one type of spore that develops into a bisexual
gametophyte
• All seed plants (and some seedless vascular plants)
are heterosporous
• Produce megaspores that give rise to female
gametophytes
• And microspores that give rise to male gametophytes
Sporophylls and Spore Variations
30.
31. SEED PLANTS
• Seeds changed the course of plant evolution
– Plants with seeds would become dominant
producers in most terrestrial ecosystems
• Living seed plants can be divided into two:
– Gymnosperms
– Angiosperms
• A seed consists of an embryo and nutrients
surrounded by a protective coat
32. SEED PLANTS
5 DERIVED TRAITS: (COMMON TO ALL SEED PLANTS)
1. Reduced gametophytes
– Develop in walls of spores that are retained in tissues of
parent sporophyte
2. Heterospory
– Megasporangia produce megaspores (female
gametophytes)
– Microsporangia produce microspores (male
gametophytes)
33.
34. SEED PLANTS
3. Ovules
– An ovule consists of a megasporangium, megaspore, and
one or more protective integuments
• Gymnosperm megaspores have one integument
• Angiosperm megaspores usually have two integuments
35. SEED PLANTS
4. Pollen
– Microspores develop into pollen grains – contain male
gametophytes
– Pollination is the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed
plant containing the ovules
Pollen eliminates need for film of water
Can be dispersed great distances by air or animals
If a pollen grain germinates, it gives rise to a pollen tube
that discharges two sperm into the female gametophyte
within the ovule
36.
37. SEED PLANTS
5. Seeds
• Evolutionary
advantages over
spores:
– May remain dormant
for days to years, until
conditions are favorable
for germination
– Transported long
distances by wind or
animals
40. Gymnosperms
(p. 618 – 625)
• Plants with ‘naked seeds’ not enclosed in
ovaries
• Include conifers (pine tree) and cycads
• Three key features of the gymnosperm life cycle
are:
1. Dominance of the sporophyte generation
2. Development of seeds from fertilized ovules
3. The transfer of sperm to ovules by pollen
• The life cycle of a pine provides an example
tolweb.orgflickrhivemind.netbryophytes.plant.siu.edu forums.gardenweb.com
botany.hawaii.edu
46. Angiosperms
(p. 625 – 634)
• Most widespread and diverse of all plants
• Are seed plants with reproductive structures
called flowers and fruits
• Characterised by enclosed seeds
• The flower is an angiosperm structure
specialized for sexual reproduction
• Pollinated by insects, animals or wind
47. Angiosperms
(p. 625 – 634)
• A flower is a specialized shoot with up to four
types of modified leaves:
– Sepals, which enclose the flower
– Petals, which are brightly colored and attract
pollinators
– Stamens, which produce pollen on their terminal
anthers
– Carpels, which produce ovules
• A carpel consists of an ovary at the base and a style
leading up to a stigma, where pollen is received
48.
49. Angiosperms
(p. 625 – 634)
• A fruit typically consists
of a mature ovary but
can also include other
flower parts
• Fruits protect seeds and
aid in their dispersal
• Mature fruits can be
either fleshy or dry
50. Angiosperms
(p. 625 – 634)
• Various fruit
adaptations help
disperse seeds
• Seeds can be carried by
wind, water, or animals
to new locations
56. Angiosperm Diversity
Monocots (one cotyledon)
¼ of angiosperm species
Eudicots (“true” dicots)
More than 2/3 angiosperm
species
TWO MAIN GROUPS OF ANGIOSPERMS
57.
58.
59. HUMAN WELFARE
• No group of plants is more important to
human survival than seed plants
• Plants are key sources of food, fuel, wood
products, and medicine
• Our reliance on seed plants makes
preservation of plant diversity critical
60. PRODUCTS FROM SEED PLANTS
• Most of our food comes from angiosperms
• Six crops (wheat, rice, maize, potatoes, cassava, and
sweet potatoes) yield 80% of the calories consumed
by humans
• Modern crops are products of relatively recent
genetic change resulting from artificial selection
• Many seed plants provide wood
• Secondary compounds of seed plants are used in
medicines