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- 2. Immigration: A GlobalPhenomenon • Can be a result of Push and Pull factors • Chain Migration – An immigrant who sponsors other immigrants who upon their arrival may sponsor still more – Potent factor contributing to immigration globally © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 3. Patterns of Immigrationto the United States • Three unmistakable patterns – Immigrantion has fluctuated dramatically over time due to government policy changes – Settlement has not been uniform across the country; centered in certain regions and cities – The source of immigrants has changed over time © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 4. Today’s Foreign-Born Population • About 12-13% are foreign born • Six states account for two-thirds of total foreign born population • Approximately 38.5 million foreign born people are from Latin America • Europeans account for less than 1 in 7 of the foreign born today © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 5. Early Immigration •35% of all immigrants to US eventually emigrated back to their home country • Not all new arrivals were welcome – Xenophobia – Nativism • Beliefs and policies favoring native-born citizens over immigrants © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 6. The Anti-Chinese Movement • Lured by discovery of gold and opening of job opportunities in the West – Railroad provided the greatest demand • Sinophobes – People with a fear of anything associated with China – Threat they posed as laborers © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 7. The Anti-Chinese Movement • Conflict Theory – Chinese were welcomed only when their labor was necessary – Restrictions were not applied evenly • Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 – Denied naturalization rights to Chinese in US – Decline in legal immigration © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 8. Restrictionist Sentiment Increases • The extension of restrictions from the anti- Asian movement to European nationalities • 1908 – The Gentleman’s Agreement was signed – Prodded by anti-Japanese feelings – Japan halted further immigration to US & US agreed end discrimination of Japanese in US © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 9. Restrictionist Sentiment Increases • Two types of immigrants: old and new • New immigrants were seen as a threat to democracy and the American way of life • 1917 Congressional Bill on immigration – Included controversial literacy test – Prohibited immigration from South Sea Islands & other parts of Asia not excluded © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 10. The National OriginSystem • Established quotas based on percent of each ethnic group from the 1910 census – Drawn to block growing immigration from Southern Europe, such as Greece and Italy • The National Origin System – Quotas went unfilled and immigration dropped – Backlog in other countries © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 11. Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965 • Primary goals were to reunite families and protect American labor market – Also initiated restrictions on immigration from Latin America • Naturalization – The conferring of citizenship on a person after birth © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 12. Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965 • Rules for naturalization – 18 years of age; Continuous resident for 5 years (3 years for spouses of citizens) – Good moral character (absence of criminal offenses) – Ability to read and write ordinary English – Pass a test in U.S. government and history © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 13. Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965 • Legally admitted for the following reasons: – Citizen Family unification – Spouses of legal residents – Employment based – Refugees/political asylum seekers – Diversity – Other © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 14. Contemporary Social Concerns • Brain Drain – Skilled workers, professionals, & technicians desperately needed by their home countries • H-1B Visas – Permanent work permits to highly skilled immigrants resulting in an: • Economic & social cost to the developing nations © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 15. Contemporary Social Concerns • Conflict Theory – Views brain drain as another symptom of the unequal distribution of world resources – US does not need to take the steps necessary • To encourage native members of subordinate groups to enter desirable fields of employment © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 16. Contemporary Social Concerns • Population Growth – US is continues to accept large numbers of permanent immigrants • Nation’s birth rate has decreased so consequently, contribution of immigration is more significant – Immigration accounts for about 50% of nation’s growth © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 17. Contemporary Social Concerns – To some, US is overpopulated • Sierra Club took position restricting immigration – Recognizing more people puts greater strain on nation’s natural resources – Patterns of uneven settlement in US expected to increase • Mixed-Status Families © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 18. Language Barriers •Bilingualism: – Use of 2+ languages in work or education and the treatment of each language as legitimate • Bilingual education: – Program designed to allow students to learn academic concepts in their native language • While they learn a second language © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 19. Illegal Immigration •Control of illegal or undocumented immigrants bitterly debated • Exact number of undocumented or unauthorized workers subject to estimates • Illegal and legal immigrants tied by public to almost every social problem in a nation – Unemployment, “drug runners” & “terrorists” © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 20. Illegal Immigration •Cost of policing borders and locating illegal immigrants is sizable • Immigration and Reform Act of 1986 (IRCA) – Historic change in immigration policy – Amnesty granted to 1.7 million illegal immigrants; document long term residency © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 21. Illegal Immigration •Conflict Theory – Immigrants, primarily poor and Hispanic or Asian • Are being lodged at the bottom of the nation’s social and economic hierarchies © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 22. Illegal Immigration •Functionalist Theory – Employers, by paying low wages, are able to produce goods and services • That are profitable for industry and affordable to consumers – Despite poor working conditions often experienced by illegal immigrants: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 23. Illegal Immigration •They continue to come because it is in their best economic interest • Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 – Emphasized more effort to keep immigrants from entering the country illegally • No access to social security and welfare © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 24. Path to Citizenship • Naturalization: – Citizenship is conferred on a person after birth – This is a process outlined by Congress and extends to foreigners the same benefits: • Given to native-born United States citizens © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 25. Economic Impact ofImmigration • Much public and scholarly debate • Most significant factor is whether a study examines national impact of immigration – Or only its effect on a local area • Many hold stereotypical belief that immigrants end up on welfare – And cause increase in taxes © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 26. Economic Impact ofImmigration • Remittances (Migradollars) – Money that immigrants return to their country – Widely recognized as critical to the survival to millions of households worldwide – States have sought legal redress because federal government has not seriously • Considered granting aid to heavily burdened states © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 27. Economic Impact ofImmigration • Paradoxical situation – Strong economy and concerns about immigration – Suggests other concerns • Ethnic & racial tension more important in explaining current attitudes toward immigration © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 28. Women and Immigration • Men dominate much of labor migration worldwide • Diversified labor force in US and policies that facilitate relatives coming – US immigration has been fairly balanced • Second-class status of women in society is reflected in immigration © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 29. Women and Immigration – 1907-1922 • Women who married immigrants who were not citizens lost their citizenship –not applied to men • Immigrant women face additional challenges – Responsibility of navigating the new society when it comes to services for their family © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 30. Women and Immigration – Males are more consumed with work leaving adult women to navigate bureaucracies • City services, schools, medical facilities, stores, and markets – Less likely to seek outside help for medical care or issues of domestic violence – More likely to be the liaison for the household © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 31. The Global Economyand Immigration • Globalization – The worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements • And financial markets through trade, movement of people, and exchange of ideas © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 32. The Global Economyand Immigration • Transnationals – Immigrants who sustain multiple social relationships – Linking their societies of origin and settlement © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 33. The Environment andImmigration • The public expressed growing concern on a variety of environmental issues – From water quality to global warming • Environmental factors are behind a significant amount of world migration • Up to 200 million people may move due to environmental factors from 2005 & 2050 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 34. Refugees • Peopleliving outside their country for fear of political or religious persecution • Enough exist to populate an entire nation • US makes the largest contribution of any nation to worldwide assistance programs – Resettles 70,000 refugees annually © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 35. Refugees • USgovernment is officially committed to accepting refugees from other nations • 1968 United Nations treaty on refugees – Countries obliged to refrain from forcibly returning people to territories • Where their lives or liberty might be endangered © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 36. Refugees • Asylees – Foreigners who have already entered the US and now seek protection because of • Persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution • Based on race, religion, nationality, social group, or political opinion © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.