More Related Content
What's hot
What's hot (19)
Viewers also liked
Viewers also liked (19)
Similar to Ch04 lecture (2)
Similar to Ch04 lecture (2) (20)
More from Uconn Stamford
More from Uconn Stamford (20)
Ch04 lecture (2)
- 1. IIMMMMIIGGRRAATTIIOONN AANNDD TTHHEE UUNNIITTEEDD SSTTAATTEESS CHAPTER 4
- 2. IImmmmiiggrraattiioonn:: AA GGlloobbaall PPhheennoommeennoonn • Can be a result of Push and Pull factors • CChhaaiinn MMiiggrraattiioonn • RReeffeerrss ttoo aann iimmmmiiggrraanntt wwhhoo ssppoonnssoorrss sseevveerraall ootthheerr iimmmmiiggrraannttss wwhhoo uuppoonn tthheeiirr aarrrriivvaall mmaayy ssppoonnssoorr ssttiillll mmoorree • Potent factor contributing to immigration globally • Most important aspect is that the immigrant anticipates knowing someone that can help in adjustment
- 3. Patterns ooff IImmmmiiggrraattiioonn ttoo tthhee UUnniitteedd SSttaatteess • Three unmistakable patterns • Number of immigrants has fluctuated dramatically over time due to government policy changes • Settlement has not been uniform across the country but centered in certain regions and cities • The source of immigrants has changed over time
- 4. F Today’s Foorreeiiggnn--BBoorrnn PPooppuullaattiioonn • About 12% are foreign born • Six states account for 70% of total foreign born population • California, New York, Florida, Texas, New Jersey, Illinois • Approximately 32.5 million foreign born people are from Latin America • Primarily Central America and Mexico • Europeans account for less than 6% foreign born today
- 5. EEaarrllyy IImmmmiiggrraattiioonn • In 1790 English immigrants were the dominant group, numerically 60% of the population, socially and politically • 35% of all immigrants to US eventually emigrated back to their home country • Not all new arrivals were welcome • XXeennoopphhoobbiiaa • FFeeaarr ooff hhaattrreedd ooff ssttrraannggeerrss • NNaattiivviissmm • BBeelliieeffss aanndd ppoolliicciieess ffaavvoorriinngg nnaattiivvee--bboorrnn cciittiizzeennss oovveerr iimmmmiiggrraannttss
- 6. TThhee AAnnttii--CChhiinneessee MMoovveemmeenntt • Lured by discovery of gold and opening of job opportunities in the West • Railroad provided the greatest demand • White settlers found Chinese customs and religion difficult to understand • SSiinnoopphhoobbeess • PPeeooppllee wwiitthh aa ffeeaarr ooff aannyytthhiinngg aassssoocciiaatteedd wwiitthh CChhiinnaa • Fear of ““yyeellllooww ppeerriill”” • Threat they posed as laborers
- 7. • Though many arguments were voiced, racial fears motivated the anti-Chinese movement and race was the critical issue • Conflict Theory • Chinese were welcomed only when their labor was necessary • Restrictions were not applied evenly • Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 • Denied naturalization rights to Chinese in the US • Decline in legal immigration • Dramatically effected the structure of the Chinese community and family
- 8. Restrictionist SSeennttiimmeenntt IInnccrreeaasseess • The extension of restrictions from the anti- Asian movement to European nationalities • 1908 – TThhee GGeennttlleemmaann’’ss AAggrreeeemmeenntt was signed • Prodded by anti-Japanese feelings • Japan agreed to halt further immigration to US and US agreed end discrimination of Japanese in US • Immigration ended but anti-Japanese feelings continued
- 9. • Two types of immigrants: old and new • New immigrants were seen as a threat to democracy and the American way of life • 1917 Congressional Bill on immigration • Included controversial literacy test • Prohibited immigration from South Sea Islands and other parts of Asia not already excluded • Curiously, law that closed the door on non- Anglo-Saxons yet permitted a waiver of the test if the immigrants came because of racial discrimination from their home governments
- 10. TThhee NNaattiioonnaall OOrriiggiinn SSyysstteemm • NNaattiioonnaall OOrriiggiinnss ssyysstteemm 11992200--11992211 eessttaabblliisshheedd qquuoottaass bbaasseedd oonn tthhee ppeerrcceenntt ooff eeaacchh ((NNaattiioonnaalliittyy)) eetthhnniicc ggrroouupp ffrroomm tthhee 11991100 cceennssuuss • Drawn to block growing immigration from Southern Europe, such as Greece and Italy • TThhee NNaattiioonnaall OOrriiggiinn SSyysstteemm • Favored Northern and Western European immigrants over Southern and Eastern European immigrants • Quotas went unfilled and immigration dropped • Backlog in other countries • Shaped the ethnic landscape of America
- 11. IImmmmiiggrraattiioonn aanndd NNaattuurraalliizzaattiioonn AAcctt ooff 11996655 • Primary goals of the act was to reunite families and protect American labor market • Also initiated restrictions on immigration from Latin America • NNaattuurraalliizzaattiioonn • TThhee ccoonnffeerrrriinngg ooff cciittiizzeennsshhiipp oonn aa ppeerrssoonn aafftteerr bbiirrtthh • Rules for naturalization • 18 years of age • Continuous resident for 5 years (3 years for spouses of citizens) • Good moral character (absence of criminal offenses) • Ability to read and write ordinary English • Pass a test in U.S. government and history
- 12. In 2000 and 2004,850,000 and 1,100,000 were legally admitted annually for the following reasons: • Citizen Family unification • Spouses of citizens (11%) • Children and adoptees (11%) • Parents (8%) • Other residents (10%) • Spouses of legal residents (10%) • Employment based (16%) • Refugees/political asylum seekers (7%) • Diversity (lottery among applicants from nations historically sending few immigrants (5%) • Other (6%)
- 13. CCoonntteemmppoorraarryy SSoocciiaall CCoonncceerrnnss • BBrraaiinn DDrraaiinn • TThhee iimmmmiiggrraattiioonn ttoo tthhee UUnniitteedd SSttaatteess ooff sskkiilllleedd wwoorrkkeerrss,, pprrooffeessssiioonnaallss,, aanndd tteecchhnniicciiaannss wwhhoo aarree ddeessppeerraatteellyy nneeeeddeedd bbyy tthheeiirr hhoommee ccoouunnttrriieess • HH--11BB VViissaass • PPeerrmmaanneenntt wwoorrkk ppeerrmmiittss ttoo hhiigghhllyy sskkiilllleedd iimmmmiiggrraannttss rreessuullttiinngg iinn aann eeccoonnoommiicc aanndd ssoocciiaall ccoosstt ttoo tthhee ddeevveellooppiinngg nnaattiioonnss • India • Pakistan • Philippines • Several African nations
- 14. • CCoonnfflliicctt TThheeoorryy • Views brain drain as another symptom of the unequal distribution of world resources • By relying on foreign talent, US does not need to take the steps necessary to encourage native members of subordinate groups to enter desirable fields of employment
- 15. • PPooppuullaattiioonn GGrroowwtthh • US is continues to accept large numbers of permanent immigrants • Nation’s birth rate has decreased so consequently, contribution of immigration is more significant • Legal immigration accounts for about 45-60% of nation’s growth • To some, US is overpopulated • SSiieerrrraa CClluubb took official position restricting immigration, recognizing more people puts greater strain on nation’s natural resources • Patterns of uneven settlement in US expected to increase so impact on population growth will be felt more in certain areas
- 16. IIlllleeggaall IImmmmiiggrraattiioonn • Control of illegal or undocumented immigrants most bitterly debated aspect of US immigration policy • Exact number of undocumented or unauthorized workers is subject to estimates and disputes • Illegal and even legal immigrants tied by the public to almost every social problem in the nation • SSccaappeeggooaattss ffoorr uunneemmppllooyymmeenntt,, ““ddrruugg rruunnnneerrss”” && ““tteerrrroorriissttss””
- 17. • Cost of policing borders and locating illegal immigrants is sizable • Immigration aanndd RReeffoorrmm AAcctt ooff 11998866 ((IIRRCCAA)) • Historic change in immigration policy • Amnesty granted to 1.7 million illegal immigrants who could document long term residency • CCoonnfflliicctt TThheeoorryy • Immigrants, primarily poor and Hispanic or Asian, are being lodged at the bottom of the nation’s social and economic hierarchies
- 18. • FFuunnccttiioonnaalliisstt TThheeoorryy • Employers, by paying low wages, are able to produce goods and services that are profitable for industry and affordable to consumers • Despite poor working conditions often experienced by illegal immigrants, continue to come because it is in their best economic interest • IIlllleeggaall IImmmmiiggrraattiioonn RReeffoorrmm aanndd IImmmmiiggrraanntt RReessppoonnssiibbiilliittyy AAcctt ooff 11999966 • Emphasized more effort to keep immigrants from entering the country illegally • No access to social security and welfare
- 19. Economic IImmppaacctt ooff IImmmmiiggrraattiioonn • Much public and scholarly debate • Most significant factor is whether a study examines national impact of immigration or only its effect on a local area • Many hold stereotypical belief that immigrants end up on welfare and cause increase in taxes
- 20. • RReemmiittttaanncceess ((MMiiggrraaddoollllaarrss)) • MMoonneeyy tthhaatt iimmmmiiggrraannttss rreettuurrnn ttoo tthheeiirr ccoouunnttrryy ooff oorriiggiinn • Widely recognized as critical to the survival to millions of households worldwide • States have sought legal redress because federal government has not seriously considered granting impact aid to heavily burdened states • Paradoxical situation • Strong economy and concerns about immigration • Suggests other concerns • Ethnic and racial tension more important in explaining current attitudes toward immigration in US
- 21. Women aanndd IImmmmiiggrraattiioonn • Men dominate much of labor migration worldwide • Diversified labor force in US and policies that facilitate relatives coming • US immigration has been fairly balanced • Second-class status of women in society is reflected in immigration • 1907-1922 • Women who married immigrants who were not citizens lost their US citizenship – did not apply to men
- 22. • Immigrant women face additional challenges • Responsibility of navigating the new society when it comes to services for their family • Males are more consumed with work leaving adult women to navigate bureaucracies • City services, schools, medical facilities, stores, and markets • Less likely to seek outside help for medical care or issues of domestic violence • More likely to be the liaison for the household
- 23. TThhee GGlloobbaall EEccoonnoommyy aanndd IImmmmiiggrraattiioonn • GGlloobbaalliizzaattiioonn • TThhee wwoorrllddwwiiddee iinntteeggrraattiioonn ooff ggoovveerrnnmmeenntt ppoolliicciieess,, ccuullttuurreess,, ssoocciiaall mmoovveemmeennttss,, aanndd ffiinnaanncciiaall mmaarrkkeettss tthhrroouugghh ttrraaddee,, mmoovveemmeenntt ooff ppeeooppllee,, aanndd eexxcchhaannggee ooff iiddeeaass • TTrraannssnnaattiioonnaallss • IImmmmiiggrraannttss wwhhoo ssuussttaaiinn mmuullttiippllee ssoocciiaall rreellaattiioonnsshhiippss lliinnkkiinngg tthheeiirr ssoocciieettiieess ooff oorriiggiinn aanndd sseettttlleemmeenntt
- 24. RReeffuuggeeeess • PPeeooppllee lliivviinngg oouuttssiiddee tthheeiirr ccoouunnttrryy ooff cciittiizzeennsshhiipp ffoorr ffeeaarr ooff ppoolliittiiccaall oorr rreelliiggiioouuss ppeerrsseeccuuttiioonn • Enough exist to populate an entire nation • US makes the largest contribution of any nation to worldwide assistance programs • Resettles 70,000 refugees annually and cumulatively hosted 1 million between 1990 and 2003
- 25. • Despite periodic public opposition, US government is officially committed to accepting refugees from other nations • 1968 United Nations ttrreeaattyy oonn rreeffuuggeeeess • CCoouunnttrriieess aarree oobblliiggeedd ttoo rreeffrraaiinn ffrroomm ffoorrcciibbllyy rreettuurrnniinngg ppeeooppllee ttoo tteerrrriittoorriieess wwhheerree tthheeiirr lliivveess oorr lliibbeerrttyy mmiigghhtt bbee eennddaannggeerreedd • AAssyylleeeess • FFoorreeiiggnneerrss wwhhoo hhaavvee aallrreeaaddyy eenntteerreedd tthhee UUSS aanndd nnooww sseeeekk pprrootteeccttiioonn bbeeccaauussee ooff ppeerrsseeccuuttiioonn oorr aa wweellll--ffoouunnddeedd ffeeaarr ooff ppeerrsseeccuuttiioonn bbaasseedd oonn rraaccee,, rreelliiggiioonn,, nnaattiioonnaalliittyy,, ssoocciiaall ggrroouupp,, oorr ppoolliittiiccaall ooppiinniioonn
- 27. • What are the functions and dysfunctions of immigration?
- 28. • What were the social and economic issues when public opinion mounted against Chinese immigration into the United States?
- 29. • Ultimately, what do you think is the major concern people have about contemporary immigration to the United States, the numbers of immigrants, their legal status, or their nationality?
- 30. • What principles appear to guide US refugee policy?
- 31. • Your Opinion! • IIss iitt rriigghhtt oorr wwrroonngg,, ppoosstt 99//1111,, ttoo rreettuurrnn rreeffuuggeeeess wwhhoo mmaayy bbee fflleeeeiinngg tthheeiirr hhoommeellaannddss bbeeccaauussee ooff wwaarr,, ffaammiinnee,, oorr rreelliiggiioouuss ppeerrsseeccuuttiioonn??