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This chapter discusses underground water and karst landforms. It notes that 97% of Earth's water is salt water, while the remaining 3% includes 30.1% subsurface water. It describes the zones of underground water including the zone of aeration, zone of saturation, and the water table. Karst landscapes are formed by the dissolution of limestone by subsurface water, creating features like sinkholes, disappearing streams, and caves. Geothermal water sources like hot springs and geysers access underground water that has been heated within the earth.
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Karst Topography
Karst topography is a type of landscape formed by the dissolution of limestone and dolostone by groundwater. It requires water, limestone that is at least 80% calcium carbonate, and a network of joints and fractures for water to flow through. Features include sinkholes, caves, and disappearing streams. Sinkholes form where water drains through joints in the limestone, collapsing the surface. Caves form near the water table and contain formations like stalactites, stalagmites, and columns.
Karst aquifers
Karst aquifers are underground aquifers formed from the dissolution of soluble rocks like limestone, creating drainage systems with sinkholes and caves. Water flows through enlarged fractures and conduits in the limestone, making karst aquifers highly permeable but also vulnerable to pollution. The dissolution occurs when acidic water reacts with the rock, widening cracks over time and potentially forming underground rivers. Farming can be challenging in karst areas as rainwater flows directly into the ground through crevices rather than remaining as surface water. Keeping pollution out of karst aquifers requires responsible handling and disposal of potential contaminants by citizens in these areas.
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This document provides an overview of karst topography and the geological processes involved in its formation. Karst topography is shaped by the dissolution of soluble bedrock like limestone by mildly acidic water. This causes features like caves, sinkholes, stalactites, stalagmites, and disappearing streams. The water dissolves along fractures in the bedrock, enlarging openings underground and forming drainage systems. Over thousands of years, this process creates characteristic karst landforms.
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Karst Topography
Karst topography is a type of landscape formed by the dissolution of limestone and dolostone by groundwater. It requires water, limestone that is at least 80% calcium carbonate, and a network of joints and fractures for water to flow through. Features include sinkholes, caves, and disappearing streams. Sinkholes form where water drains through joints in the limestone, collapsing the surface. Caves form near the water table and contain formations like stalactites, stalagmites, and columns.
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Karst aquifers are underground aquifers formed from the dissolution of soluble rocks like limestone, creating drainage systems with sinkholes and caves. Water flows through enlarged fractures and conduits in the limestone, making karst aquifers highly permeable but also vulnerable to pollution. The dissolution occurs when acidic water reacts with the rock, widening cracks over time and potentially forming underground rivers. Farming can be challenging in karst areas as rainwater flows directly into the ground through crevices rather than remaining as surface water. Keeping pollution out of karst aquifers requires responsible handling and disposal of potential contaminants by citizens in these areas.
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This document provides an overview of karst topography and the geological processes involved in its formation. Karst topography is shaped by the dissolution of soluble bedrock like limestone by mildly acidic water. This causes features like caves, sinkholes, stalactites, stalagmites, and disappearing streams. The water dissolves along fractures in the bedrock, enlarging openings underground and forming drainage systems. Over thousands of years, this process creates characteristic karst landforms.
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This document discusses different types of subsurface waters and their origins. It defines four main types: 1) Meteoric waters which occur near the surface and are involved in the hydrological cycle. 2) Formation waters (connate waters) which are trapped in sedimentary basins and have evolved over time through water-rock interactions. 3) Juvenile waters of igneous or metamorphic origin. 4) Mixed waters. It also discusses settings of earth's water, how water moves between settings like oceans, lakes, rivers, atmosphere, and groundwater, and reduction potential as a measure of water quality.
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This document discusses groundwater, including:
- Groundwater is water found beneath the Earth's surface, filling spaces in rock and sediment. It is a major source of water supply.
- Groundwater originates from precipitation that infiltrates underground. It moves through the hydrologic cycle and is stored in aquifers.
- Aquifers are permeable rock formations that can supply significant water to wells and springs. Properties like porosity and permeability determine how much water rock can hold and transmit.
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1. Prior to 18,000 years ago, the entire area was covered by an ice sheet up to 400 meters thick.
2. As the ice sheet retreated north of Norley/Cuddington, it deposited boulder clay and then stopped, unable to retreat further west due to pressure from ice flows from the Welsh highlands.
3. Outwash from the static ice front deposited glacial sands and gravels north of Norley/Cuddington and through gaps in the sandstone ridge.
4. Final retreat of the ice sheet left further extensive deposits of boulder clay across the area.
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The document discusses water resources on Earth. It describes how the water cycle works, with water evaporating from oceans and land into the air, condensing into clouds, and falling back as rain or snow. It also discusses groundwater, noting it is present underground and can be accessed via wells or springs. However, overuse of groundwater resources can cause depletion of the water table. Proper water management techniques like repairing leaks, rainwater harvesting, and drip irrigation can help prevent water wastage and replenish groundwater supplies.
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Groundwater is found underground in soil and rock pores and fractures. It is an important source of freshwater. Groundwater exists in three zones: the saturated zone where all pores are full of water, the capillary fringe just above it, and the aeration zone above that. The water table marks the top of the saturated zone. Groundwater interacts with streams, which can gain or lose water from interactions with the water table. Factors like porosity, permeability, and the slope of the water table influence groundwater storage and movement. Groundwater can emerge as springs, hot springs, or geysers, and be accessed via wells. Excessive pumping can cause problems like subsidence and saltwater contamination.
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This document discusses groundwater concepts including:
- Groundwater occurs below the earth's surface and its movement is controlled by the porosity and permeability of geological materials.
- Aquifers are geological formations that yield significant water quantities while aquitards impede groundwater movement.
- The water table delineates the saturated and unsaturated zones. It fluctuates seasonally and due to pumping which causes cones of depression.
- Groundwater flow depends on factors like hydraulic gradients, bedding planes, faults and the permeability of geological materials.
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This document discusses different types of subsurface waters and their origins. It defines four main types: 1) Meteoric waters which occur near the surface and are involved in the hydrological cycle. 2) Formation waters (connate waters) which are trapped in sedimentary basins and have evolved over time through water-rock interactions. 3) Juvenile waters of igneous or metamorphic origin. 4) Mixed waters. It also discusses settings of earth's water, how water moves between settings like oceans, lakes, rivers, atmosphere, and groundwater, and reduction potential as a measure of water quality.
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The document summarizes various aeolian and fluvial landforms and processes. It describes how wind erosion can cause abrasion, deflation, and attrition, shaping landforms like yardangs, desert pavements, and blowouts. Wind can transport materials through saltation, suspension, or traction and deposit them as ripples, loess, or various dune types. Fluvial processes involve erosion, transportation, and deposition by water to form and shape landforms. Young rivers have V-shaped valleys while mature rivers form floodplains and meanders. In old age, rivers flow across peneplains with few landforms.
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Groundwater and surface water are interconnected through the hydrologic cycle and comprise our water resources. However, extraction and pollution are threatening these resources. Over-pumping of aquifers like the High Plains Aquifer has caused water tables to drop significantly. The Middle East is also over-pumping groundwater, causing saltwater intrusion. Once polluted, groundwater remains contaminated for a long time since it flows more slowly than surface water. Increased water demand and improper management are reducing available fresh water supplies globally. Sustainable practices are needed to protect this vital resource for the future.
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Groundwater exists below the Earth's surface within the pore spaces and fractures of rocks and sediments. It originates from rainfall and snowmelt that percolates underground, where it moves slowly through the saturated zone and eventually resurfaces in streams, lakes, or oceans. The movement and storage of groundwater is dependent on the porosity, permeability, and saturation of geological formations. When groundwater is pumped from wells faster than it can recharge, water tables decline and other issues like land subsidence can occur. Groundwater supports various geological features and processes near the surface.
Hydro geology slides 11 to 20
The document describes the geological history of an area from the Permian to Triassic periods, approximately 290 to 230 million years ago. The area was located 15-20 degrees north of the equator in a desert climate, surrounded by higher ground. Braided rivers flowed from south to north, carrying large amounts of eroded sediment from the higher ground which was deposited in the subsiding basin to the north. This created a succession of sandstone and mudstone formations. During the Middle Triassic, the landscape became more subdued and fine-grained sediments like mudstone and siltstone were deposited along with evaporites such as gypsum and halite deposits from isolated saline lakes.
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This document defines and describes different types of groundwater aquifers. It explains that aquifers are underground layers of rock or sediment that contain water. There are four main types: unconfined aquifers, which have a water table exposed to the atmosphere; confined aquifers, which are sandwiched between impermeable layers; artesian aquifers, which contain pressurized groundwater; and perched aquifers, which are smaller zones of water perched above the main water table. The document also discusses aquifer porosity and permeability, the key properties that determine how much water aquifers can store and transmit.
Ground water zones
Groundwater exists below the surface in two zones - the unsaturated zone of aeration and the saturated zone. The water table marks the upper boundary of the saturated zone. Springs are formed where groundwater meets the surface, such as where a hillside intersects an aquifer. Recharge adds water to aquifers through direct percolation of precipitation or indirect recharge through runoff and streams. Wetlands can both add water to and discharge water from groundwater systems.
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This document discusses groundwater, including:
- Groundwater is water found beneath the Earth's surface, filling spaces in rock and sediment. It is a major source of water supply.
- Groundwater originates from precipitation that infiltrates underground. It moves through the hydrologic cycle and is stored in aquifers.
- Aquifers are permeable rock formations that can supply significant water to wells and springs. Properties like porosity and permeability determine how much water rock can hold and transmit.
Karst topography
The document presents a presentation on karst topography given by Ahmad Raza. It defines karst topography as areas with limestone or dolomite bedrock that have distinctive landforms formed by the dissolution of bedrock by water. It discusses the worldwide distribution of karst areas and the conditions required for karst formation. Key erosional landforms of karst include sinkholes, dolines, swallow holes, and caves. Depositional landforms include stalactites, stalagmites, and columns. Karst landscapes progress through youth, mature, and old stages as surface streams disappear underground over time. Karst is important for engineering projects, water resource studies, and paleoclimate research.
Geology: Water as a Resource
The presentation includes the following subtopics:
*FLUID STORAGE AND MOBILITY: POROSITY AND PERMEABILITY
* FLUID STORAGE AND MOBILITY: POROSITY AND PERMEABILITY
*SUBSURFACE WATERS
*AQUIFER GEOMETRY AND GROUNDWATER FLOW
*DARCY’S LAW AND GROUNDWATER FLOW
*CONSEQUENCES OF GROUNDWATER WITHDRAWAL
*OTHER IMPACTS OF URBANIZATION ON GROUNDWATER SYSTEMS
*OTHER FEATURES INVOLVING SUBSURFACE WATER
*WATER QUALITY
*EXTENDING THE WATER SUPPLY
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This document summarizes key features and characteristics of the ocean floor and seafloor landscapes. It describes major topographic features including mid-ocean ridges, abyssal plains, trenches, islands, seamounts, and continental margins. It also explains geological processes that shape the seafloor over time such as plate tectonics, sediment deposition, and turbidity currents. Modern technologies like sonar, seismic reflection profiling, and remote sensing have enabled detailed mapping and study of the diverse and globally significant seafloor environments.
Aquifers
An aquifer is an underground layer of permeable rock or sediment that contains water. Aquifers can be confined or unconfined. A confined aquifer is separated from the surface by an impermeable layer, while an unconfined aquifer allows water to seep directly from the surface above. Natural recharge of unconfined aquifers occurs through downward percolation of excess water, while confined aquifers recharge where the aquifer reaches the surface. Infiltration galleries are underground tunnels constructed with holes to intercept groundwater flowing towards lakes or rivers and collect it for extraction.
Ground water
This document defines groundwater as water present beneath the Earth's surface, within soil pores and fractures in rock formations. An aquifer is a unit of rock or sediment that yields usable water. The water table marks the depth where pores and fractures become fully saturated. Groundwater is extracted via wells for agriculture, municipal, and industrial uses. Its study is called hydrogeology. Springs form when aquifers fill to the point of overflowing onto land. Pumping a well creates a cone of depression in the water table or pressure levels around the well. The size of this cone depends on factors like the pumping rate, aquifer properties, storage, and thickness.
Hydro geology slides 21 to 30
1. Prior to 18,000 years ago, the entire area was covered by an ice sheet up to 400 meters thick.
2. As the ice sheet retreated north of Norley/Cuddington, it deposited boulder clay and then stopped, unable to retreat further west due to pressure from ice flows from the Welsh highlands.
3. Outwash from the static ice front deposited glacial sands and gravels north of Norley/Cuddington and through gaps in the sandstone ridge.
4. Final retreat of the ice sheet left further extensive deposits of boulder clay across the area.
Sedimentary depositional environments
This document discusses different sedimentary environments including terrestrial, marginal marine, and marine settings. Terrestrial environments include fluvial systems like braided rivers and meandering streams, alluvial fans, glacial deposits, lacustrine environments, and aeolian deposits in deserts. Marginal marine environments are located along the continental boundary and include beaches, barrier islands, lagoons, estuaries, and tidal flats. Marine environments discussed are coral reefs, continental shelf, continental slope, continental rise, and abyssal plain. Different sedimentary structures form in each environment providing clues to depositional conditions.
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The document summarizes key limestone landforms and features formed through chemical weathering processes. Surface features include limestone pavements, swallow holes, and clints and grykes, while subsurface features include stalactites, stalagmites, caverns, and gorges. These landforms result from water dissolving the calcium carbonate in permeable limestone through inputs like rainwater, leaving behind distinctive karst topography.
Karst topography
Karst topography forms in areas with soluble rock like limestone and dolomite. Groundwater dissolves the rock through chemical processes, forming distinctive landforms. Key features include sinkholes, caves, underground streams, and karst plains. Karst regions exist worldwide, including parts of Europe, Asia, and North America, requiring soluble bedrock and adequate rainfall for dissolution to occur.
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The document discusses different underground limestone features including stalagmites, stalactites, and caverns. Stalagmites form from water deposits on the ground, stalactites form from water deposits on cave ceilings. Caverns are created through chemical weathering which erodes limestone over time. Malham Cove has different rock layers and features that allow for erosion and the formation of caves and underground structures through chemical and water processes.
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Using LiDAR to Map Sinkholes (EPAN09)
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2. LiDAR works by sending laser pulses from an aircraft and measuring their return times to compute high-accuracy surface heights and positions. The study acquired LiDAR data for Jefferson County and processed it using filtering and terrain analysis to identify potential sinkhole depressions.
3. Field validation of 94 sites found sinkholes at 16.4% of sites and probable sinkholes at 43.6%, showing the LiDAR analysis was effective at highlighting depressions warranting further investigation.
Pressure On The Physical Environment 4 Limestone
Limestone is a permeable rock composed primarily of calcium carbonate from marine organisms. Its structure of layers and cracks allows water to dissolve the limestone through chemical weathering, forming karst topography. Key features of karst landscapes include swallow holes where streams sink underground, limestone pavements, underground caverns, and resurgences where streams emerge. Quarrying limestone provides economic benefits but also causes environmental issues like noise, traffic, and disrupted wildlife habitats. National park authorities aim to minimize these impacts through restoration.
Weathering and Erosion for Class
Weathering breaks down rocks into smaller pieces through physical or chemical processes. Physical weathering breaks rocks mechanically through frost wedging, plant roots, friction, temperature changes, and animal burrowing. Chemical weathering uses chemical reactions like oxidation and acidification to break rocks down. Common agents of chemical weathering include water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, living organisms, and acid rain. Erosion then transports these weathered materials through water, ice, wind, or gravity.
Karst
Un karst se produce cuando el agua de lluvia y ríos disuelve rocas solubles como la caliza y el yeso, creando cuevas y otras formas de relieve. La reacción química que causa la disolución se llama carbonatación. Esto ocurre cuando el agua con dióxido de carbono disuelto entra en contacto con la calcita o feldespatos en las rocas. Esto da como resultado paisajes kársticos con diferentes tipos de cavidades superficiales como dolinas y simas, y cavidades subterráneas como cuevas
Sinkholes in karst environments
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RUNNING WATER AND GROUND WATER
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This document provides information about water quality and issues affecting the Yadkin River watershed. It discusses how human activities like urbanization, agriculture, and industry introduce pollution into surface and groundwater sources. Specific issues impacting the Yadkin River watershed include high levels of nutrients and turbidity, toxic levels of mercury in fish, and coal ash spills from Duke Energy power plants contaminating the river. Maintaining water quality requires addressing both point source pollution from facilities and non-point source pollution from activities like construction and failing septic systems.
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This chapter discusses landforms and geomorphic processes in arid regions. It notes that while running water is more effective than wind at shaping the landscape, wind still plays an important role in desert environments where vegetation is sparse. Some key landforms created by fluvial processes include arroyos, alluvial fans, and playas in interior basins. Eolian processes form dunes, yardangs, and loess deposits. Deserts also exhibit features related to tectonic uplift and erosion over long time periods, like inselbergs and pediments. Together, the interplay of fluvial, eolian and tectonic forces sculpt diverse landscapes in the world's arid regions.
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The document discusses the water cycle and processes involved like evaporation, transpiration, precipitation, infiltration, and runoff. It describes how streams erode, transport sediments through dissolved, suspended and bed loads, and deposit materials in deltas. The characteristics of streams like gradient, discharge, meanders, and cutoffs are explained. Groundwater is discussed, including the zones of aeration and saturation, and the movement of groundwater through porous and permeable rocks and sediments within aquifers. Wells, cones of depression, and groundwater contamination are also summarized. Karst topography, sinkholes, caves, and cave formations like stalagmites and stalactites are defined.
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Hydrology 9.pdf
This document discusses groundwater and aquifers. It defines groundwater as water located below the earth's surface in spaces between rock particles and fractures. Precipitation infiltrates through the unsaturated zone and collects in the saturated zone below. The saturated zone contains groundwater, which can be extracted via wells. Groundwater flow is described by Darcy's Law, with velocity proportional to hydraulic gradient. Groundwater generally flows from areas of high elevation to low elevation, following the slope of the water table. The document also defines different types of aquifers and their characteristics, including unconfined, confined, perched, and artesian aquifers. Wells can tap unconfined or confined groundwater sources.
Unit 7 ch 11 s1 water resources
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Physical Geography Lecture 09 - Water Resources (Ground water and ice) 110716
Movement and locations of water. Underground water. Soil water belt, subsurface flow. Percolation. Porosity and Permeability. Hydrologic Zones. Zone of aeration, zone of saturation, water table, effluent and influent condition. Zone of confined water, aquaclude, aquifer, artesian well. Waterless zone. Groundwater management. Groundwater management issues. Aquifer recharge, cone of depression, subsidence, groundwater contamination. The case of Venice Italy. Hydrothermal activity. Hot springs, geysers, fumaroles. Permafrost, melting permafrost. Glaciers, alpine and continental glaciers. Melting glaciers. Lakes. Destruction of the Aral Sea. Swamps and marshes. Streams.
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- 1. Chapter 16: Underground Water and Karst Landforms Physical Geography Ninth Edition Robert E. Gabler James. F. Petersen L. Michael Trapasso Dorothy Sack
- 2. Underground Water and Karst Landforms
- 26. Physical Geography End of Chapter 16: Underground Water and Karst Landforms
Editor's Notes
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