Groundwater exists below the surface in two zones - the unsaturated zone of aeration and the saturated zone. The water table marks the upper boundary of the saturated zone. Springs are formed where groundwater meets the surface, such as where a hillside intersects an aquifer. Recharge adds water to aquifers through direct percolation of precipitation or indirect recharge through runoff and streams. Wetlands can both add water to and discharge water from groundwater systems.

2. “The water beneath the surface of the ground,
consisting largely of surface water that has
seeped down: the source of water in springs
and wells.”

3.  In terms of groundwater hydrology, the
underground soil water is classified in to two
basic zones:-
a) Zone of Aeration
b) Zone of Saturation

7.  upper surface of the zone of saturation.
 pressure head is equal to the atmospheric
pressure.
 Water table also called Groundwater Table.

8.  Store and transmit water.
 Like sponge
 Water level in aquifers
 Depth of aquifers
 Aquitards

11. “A spring is a water resource formed when the side
of a hill, a valley bottom or other excavation
intersects a flowing body of groundwater.”
How are springs formed?
When weak carbonic acid (formed by rainwater
percolating through organic matter in the soil)
enters these fractures it dissolves bedrock.

12.  When weak carbonic acid (formed by rainwater
percolating through organic matter in the soil)
enters these fractures it dissolves bedrock.
When it reaches a horizontal crack or a layer of
non-dissolving rock such as sandstone or shale, it
begins to cut sideways.
 As the process continues, the water hollows out
more rock, eventually admitting an airspace, at
which point the spring stream can be considered a
cave.

14.  Gravity springs:
These springs emerge under unconfined conditions .They are
also called descending springs.
Artesian springs:
 These springs discharge under pressure due to confined
conditions . They are also called ascending or rising springs.
 Thermal springs:
These springs categorized on the basis of temperature.
 Hot Springs:
Hot springs have a higher.
 Warm springs:
“A warm spring has a temperature higher than the average
annual air temperature at the location of the discharge.”

15.  The relationship between groundwater recharge and discharge
is one of the most important aspects in the protection of
groundwater resources.
 Direct recharge:
Direct recharge is the water added to the aquifer in excess of
soil moisture deficits and evapotranspiration, by direct vertical
percolation of precipitation through the unsaturated zone.
 Indirect recharge:
indirect recharge results from percolation to the water table
following runoff and localization in joints, as ponding in low-
lying areas and lakes, or through the beds of surface
watercourses.

17.  Wetlands add water to the groundwater system.
 Ground water recharge is the primary mechanism for aquifer
replenishment which ensures future sources of groundwater
for commercial and residential use.

18.  Wetlands take water from the groundwater system.
 Ground water discharge helps maintain a wetland's water balance and
water chemistry. This wetland function is also critical to the formation of
hydric soils and the maintenance of ecosystem habitats in different types
of wetlands.

20.  The geology of a particular
area have direct impact on
the quality of the water.
 Rock type.
 TDS.
 TSS.