The document summarizes key limestone landforms and features formed through chemical weathering processes. Surface features include limestone pavements, swallow holes, and clints and grykes, while subsurface features include stalactites, stalagmites, caverns, and gorges. These landforms result from water dissolving the calcium carbonate in permeable limestone through inputs like rainwater, leaving behind distinctive karst topography.

1. Surface landforms: Pavement Swallow (sink) hole limestone features. Subsurface features clints/grykes Stalagmites Stalactites Caverns Gorges

2. Characteristics of limestone Inputs Sedimentary rock Jointed Calcium carbonate Pervious Processes Chemical weathering Outputs (features) Pavement clints/grykes Swallow (sink) hole Stalagmites Stalactites Caverns Gorges

3. Features (1) Swallow hole - An exposed limestone joint down which a surface river 'dis appears'. (2) Clints and grykes - Rainwater flowing over an impermeable surface will, on reaching (permeable) limestone, be able to dissolve the joints into grooves called grykes, leaving blocks or clumps of limestone in between called clints (3) Limestone pavements - Exposed clints and grykes. (4) Stalactite - Water dripping from the roofs of caves leave behind microscopic particles of calcium carbonate. These build up as icicle shaped stalactites. (5) Stalagmite - Drips splashing onto the cave floor create stalagmites.

4. Formation.