1. CNC machines evolved from NC machines with the introduction of computers to control machine tools numerically.
2. Early CNC systems used punched tapes to input programs, while modern systems use computers and memory to input, edit, and store programs along with accepting CAD files.
3. CNC machines use feedback devices like encoders and touch probes to provide closed loop control and accurately position tools.
The document summarizes the history and development of numerical control, including its evolution from mechanized machining in the 15th century to computerized numerical control (CNC) in the 20th century. It describes the basic components and functions of NC machines, including the machine control unit, machine tool, control loops unit, and data processing unit. It also discusses the different types of numerical control systems such as conventional NC, direct NC, and computer NC.
Chapter 2 constructional feature of cnc machineRAHUL THAKER
This document discusses the constructional features of CNC machines. It classifies CNC systems according to the type of machine into point-to-point, straight-cut, and continuous path systems. It also categorizes them based on programming method as absolute or incremental, and by control system type as open-loop or closed-loop. Point-to-point systems move in straight lines for operations like drilling. Continuous path systems enable contouring for milling complex profiles. Programming specifies tool movements, and feedback loops help verify final positions match programs. Common machine elements include motors, ball screws, and feedback devices.
This document provides information about CNC axes and motion nomenclature. It discusses different types of CNC machine tools like gantry machines and lathes. It describes the Cartesian coordinate system used for machine coordinates, with the x, y and z axes defined using the right hand rule. The document also discusses absolute and incremental positioning systems for CNC machines.
The document discusses computer numerical control (CNC) technology. It provides a brief history of CNC development from the first numerically controlled machine commissioned by the US Air Force in 1949. It defines CNC as using a microcomputer to store machine instructions and control logic. The document outlines common CNC applications in machining like milling and turning, as well as forming processes. It also discusses the typical components of a CNC system and provides examples of industries that utilize CNC manufacturing.
This presentation provides an overview of CNC machines. It discusses that CNC machines use computer programs to control slide movements and machine functions rather than a human operator. The evolution of numerical control is described beginning in 1947 with the development of using punched cards to operate digitron systems. Different types of CNC machines such as mills, lathes, and EDM machines are covered. The presentation also discusses CNC programming basics including codes, tool paths, and an example programming for a cylindrical part.
This document contains information about computer-assisted part programming using APT (Automatically Programmed Tool) language. It discusses the tasks divided between the human programmer and computer, including input translation, arithmetic computations, editing, and post processing. It also describes defining part geometry, specifying tool paths and operations, and includes examples of part programs for drilling and milling operations.
This document discusses adaptive control systems for machining. It defines adaptive control as a feedback system that automatically adjusts machining variables like cutting speed and feed rate based on actual process conditions. The three main functions of adaptive control are identification, decision, and modification. Adaptive control systems are classified as adaptive control with optimization, which uses a performance index, or adaptive control with constraints, which maximizes variables within set limits. Benefits include increased production and tool life, while limitations include lack of reliable tool sensors and standardized interfaces with CNC units.
The document discusses CNC machining centers. It defines a CNC machine center as an advanced manufacturing machine tool that can perform various machining operations with accuracy and quality. CNC machine centers allow operations like drilling, milling, and lathing to be done on a single machine. They are used to manufacture parts that require multiple operations, reducing production time compared to separate machines. CNC machine centers can be horizontal, vertical, or universal depending on the configuration, and include mechanisms like automatic tool changers to further reduce production time.
The document summarizes the history and development of numerical control, including its evolution from mechanized machining in the 15th century to computerized numerical control (CNC) in the 20th century. It describes the basic components and functions of NC machines, including the machine control unit, machine tool, control loops unit, and data processing unit. It also discusses the different types of numerical control systems such as conventional NC, direct NC, and computer NC.
Chapter 2 constructional feature of cnc machineRAHUL THAKER
This document discusses the constructional features of CNC machines. It classifies CNC systems according to the type of machine into point-to-point, straight-cut, and continuous path systems. It also categorizes them based on programming method as absolute or incremental, and by control system type as open-loop or closed-loop. Point-to-point systems move in straight lines for operations like drilling. Continuous path systems enable contouring for milling complex profiles. Programming specifies tool movements, and feedback loops help verify final positions match programs. Common machine elements include motors, ball screws, and feedback devices.
This document provides information about CNC axes and motion nomenclature. It discusses different types of CNC machine tools like gantry machines and lathes. It describes the Cartesian coordinate system used for machine coordinates, with the x, y and z axes defined using the right hand rule. The document also discusses absolute and incremental positioning systems for CNC machines.
The document discusses computer numerical control (CNC) technology. It provides a brief history of CNC development from the first numerically controlled machine commissioned by the US Air Force in 1949. It defines CNC as using a microcomputer to store machine instructions and control logic. The document outlines common CNC applications in machining like milling and turning, as well as forming processes. It also discusses the typical components of a CNC system and provides examples of industries that utilize CNC manufacturing.
This presentation provides an overview of CNC machines. It discusses that CNC machines use computer programs to control slide movements and machine functions rather than a human operator. The evolution of numerical control is described beginning in 1947 with the development of using punched cards to operate digitron systems. Different types of CNC machines such as mills, lathes, and EDM machines are covered. The presentation also discusses CNC programming basics including codes, tool paths, and an example programming for a cylindrical part.
This document contains information about computer-assisted part programming using APT (Automatically Programmed Tool) language. It discusses the tasks divided between the human programmer and computer, including input translation, arithmetic computations, editing, and post processing. It also describes defining part geometry, specifying tool paths and operations, and includes examples of part programs for drilling and milling operations.
This document discusses adaptive control systems for machining. It defines adaptive control as a feedback system that automatically adjusts machining variables like cutting speed and feed rate based on actual process conditions. The three main functions of adaptive control are identification, decision, and modification. Adaptive control systems are classified as adaptive control with optimization, which uses a performance index, or adaptive control with constraints, which maximizes variables within set limits. Benefits include increased production and tool life, while limitations include lack of reliable tool sensors and standardized interfaces with CNC units.
The document discusses CNC machining centers. It defines a CNC machine center as an advanced manufacturing machine tool that can perform various machining operations with accuracy and quality. CNC machine centers allow operations like drilling, milling, and lathing to be done on a single machine. They are used to manufacture parts that require multiple operations, reducing production time compared to separate machines. CNC machine centers can be horizontal, vertical, or universal depending on the configuration, and include mechanisms like automatic tool changers to further reduce production time.
1. Numerical control (NC) systems were developed to automate machine tools using programmed sequences of instructions to control machine motions and functions.
2. NC systems use machine control units to read part programs containing coded instructions and translate them into mechanical actions to control machine tools.
3. Modern computer numerical control (CNC) systems provide greater flexibility over early NC systems by using computers to generate part programs and allow real-time adjustments to machine operations.
Cnc tooling for cnc machine(130670119596)Kushal Shah
we have seen what the NC machine is and its various
parts, it is easier to understand what the CNC machine is. CNC is
the short form for Computer Numerical control. We have seen that
the NC machine works as per the program of instructions fed into
the controller unit of the machine. The CNC machine comprises of
the mini computer or the microcomputer that acts as the controller
unit of the machine. While in the NC machine the program is fed
into the punch cards, in CNC machines the program of instructions
is fed directly into the computer via a small board similar to the
traditional keyboard.
This describes the mechanism of Computer Numerical Control along with its types, control system, motion system, Programming of CNC, G codes, Part programming, adaptive control machining etc.
Chapter 3 CNC turning and machining centersRAHUL THAKER
This document discusses CNC turning and machining centers. It describes turning as a machining process using a lathe where the tool moves parallel to the workpiece axis to remove material. CNC lathes are replacing older lathes. Milling involves using rotating cutting tools to produce flat and helical surfaces. Machining centers are classified as vertical, horizontal, or universal depending on the spindle orientation. Machining centers have automatic tool changers and may have automatic workpiece positioners or pallet changers to reduce non-productive time during machining operations.
The document provides an overview of numerical control (NC) and computer numerical control (CNC) machines. It discusses:
1) The historical development of NC from mechanized production equipment to programmable automation using NC, PLCs, and robots.
2) The basic definition and components of an NC machine, including the numerical controller, NC code, and interactions between the operator and machine.
3) The main components of NC machines - the machine control unit, machine tool, and various control units. It also discusses different types of machine control units.
4) Key aspects of NC motion control including point-to-point and continuous path control, open and closed loop systems, and different
CNC machines use computer programs and numeric control to operate machine tools like milling machines and lathes. Key features include automated tool changes and multi-axis movement controlled by motors. CNC programming involves specifying coordinates, feed rates, spindle speeds, and preparatory codes like G-codes for different motions and functions. Programs are debugged to ensure accurate machining based on part designs.
The document discusses different methods of NC part programming including manual part programming, computer-assisted part programming, manual data input, NC programming using CAD/CAM, and computer automated part programming. It also provides details on punched tape formats, G-codes and M-codes used in NC part programming.
1. Numerical control (NC) systems were developed to automate machine tools using programmed sequences of instructions to control machine motions and functions.
2. NC systems use a machine control unit to read numerical input from a program and translate it into mechanical motions of the machine tool.
3. Modern computer numerical control (CNC) systems provide even greater flexibility and precision by using computers to generate and process NC programs and control machine tools.
Introduction to CNC machine and Hardware. aman1312
Complete detailing of cnc machine and its operations with its required hardware necessary for increasing its Automation and increasing its manufacturing capability. Also increase in complex shape manufacturing.
difference of NC and CNC ,Part programming,Methods of manual part programming,Basic CNC input data,Preparatory Functions ,Miscellaneous Functions,Interpolation:Canned cycles:part programming on component,Tool length compensation,Cutter Radius,Task compensation:Types of media of NC
This document discusses CNC (computer numerical control) machining. It covers basic components of a CNC system including the machine control unit and describes part programming methods. It discusses sequential controllers and manual part programming. It also covers tool path generation for rough and finish machining of complex surfaces and quality aspects of CNC machining. References for further reading on the topic are provided at the end.
The document discusses milling fixtures and their components. Milling fixtures securely hold workpieces for milling operations. They have locating elements to precisely position workpieces and clamping elements to securely hold them against cutting forces. Key components of milling fixtures include a base, tenons to locate the fixture on the machine table, setting blocks to position cutters, and clamps or vices to hold workpieces in place. Different types of milling fixtures are used for operations like face milling or gang milling and can have mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic clamping systems.
Advantages & Limitations of CNC machine tools,Introduction DNC,Component of a DNC system,Principle,Functions of DNC
Types of DNC systems,Comparison between NC, CNC and DNC machine tools
This document discusses tooling for CNC machines, including cutting tools made of materials like high-speed steel, tungsten carbide, and ceramic. It also describes design features of CNC tooling like accuracy, flexibility, and rigidity. Finally, it covers automatic tool changers, which allow CNC machines to change tools through program instructions by rotating a tool magazine or drum to replace old tools with new ones.
CNC machines and their components are discussed. CNC machining uses computer-controlled machine tools to precisely cut metal or other materials. Key components of a CNC system include the machine control unit, machine tool, driving system, feedback devices, and display unit. CNC machines offer advantages like higher accuracy, reduced lead times, and increased productivity compared to conventional machine tools. Common types of CNC machines are CNC lathes for turning cylindrical parts and machining centers for milling complex shapes.
This document discusses the geometry of plain milling cutters and twist drills. It describes the key features of milling cutters such as radial rake angle, radial relief angle, land, and lip angle. It also explains different types of milling operations including up milling, down milling, string milling, and gang milling. For twist drills, it outlines the drill point, twist drill nomenclature, and recommended drill geometries for different materials. Equations are provided for estimating drilling forces based on drill diameter and feed rate.
This document provides definitions and principles related to locating and clamping in jigs and fixtures design. It defines a jig as a device that holds work and locates the tool path, and a fixture as a device that locates work on a machine table. It discusses locating principles like six point location and 3-2-1 principle. It also covers various locating and clamping devices like pins, buttons, V-locators, and different types of clamps. The document aims to provide fundamental guidelines for effective design of jigs and fixtures.
This presentation is prepared as per syllabus of "COMMUNICATION ANALYSIS AND SKILL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (CASP)" prescribed by BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, KARNATAKA for 5th sem diploma all branches.
This pptx is prepared by lots of information in websites,Textbooks(Author B
A Srinivas and M R Manjunath),And guidance of our lecturers Srinath V- B.E,FIE & M D Dayanand- B.E . SET Polytechnic, Melukote
This document summarizes a presentation given by Nilrajsinh Vasandia on introduction to NC, CNC, and DNC machine tools. The presentation included definitions and components of NC, CNC, and DNC systems. It discussed the differences between NC, CNC, and DNC, covering topics like part program input/storage, program modification, the inclusion of feedback systems, and ability to import CAD files. Motion control systems and programming methods for NC and CNC machines were also outlined.
The document provides an introduction to computer aided manufacturing (CAM) and numerical control (NC) systems. It defines CAM as using computer programs to generate tool paths for machining parts. It then defines NC as a form of programmable automation where a machine's mechanical actions are controlled by a coded program. The basic components of an NC system are described as the program of instructions, machine control unit, and processing equipment. Different types of NC machines like horizontal machining centers (HMC) and vertical machining centers (VMC) are also summarized.
This presentation provides an overview of a summer internship training on computer numerical control (CNC) machining. It introduces concepts related to computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) such as the definition and advantages of CAM. It also defines numerical control and CNC, compares NC and CNC machines, and discusses the different types of CNC machine tools. The presentation describes the elements, classification, advantages, and disadvantages of CNC machine tool systems. It also covers basic CNC topics like axis designation, machine versus work zero, coding systems, and the controls of specific CNC turning and milling machines.
1. Numerical control (NC) systems were developed to automate machine tools using programmed sequences of instructions to control machine motions and functions.
2. NC systems use machine control units to read part programs containing coded instructions and translate them into mechanical actions to control machine tools.
3. Modern computer numerical control (CNC) systems provide greater flexibility over early NC systems by using computers to generate part programs and allow real-time adjustments to machine operations.
Cnc tooling for cnc machine(130670119596)Kushal Shah
we have seen what the NC machine is and its various
parts, it is easier to understand what the CNC machine is. CNC is
the short form for Computer Numerical control. We have seen that
the NC machine works as per the program of instructions fed into
the controller unit of the machine. The CNC machine comprises of
the mini computer or the microcomputer that acts as the controller
unit of the machine. While in the NC machine the program is fed
into the punch cards, in CNC machines the program of instructions
is fed directly into the computer via a small board similar to the
traditional keyboard.
This describes the mechanism of Computer Numerical Control along with its types, control system, motion system, Programming of CNC, G codes, Part programming, adaptive control machining etc.
Chapter 3 CNC turning and machining centersRAHUL THAKER
This document discusses CNC turning and machining centers. It describes turning as a machining process using a lathe where the tool moves parallel to the workpiece axis to remove material. CNC lathes are replacing older lathes. Milling involves using rotating cutting tools to produce flat and helical surfaces. Machining centers are classified as vertical, horizontal, or universal depending on the spindle orientation. Machining centers have automatic tool changers and may have automatic workpiece positioners or pallet changers to reduce non-productive time during machining operations.
The document provides an overview of numerical control (NC) and computer numerical control (CNC) machines. It discusses:
1) The historical development of NC from mechanized production equipment to programmable automation using NC, PLCs, and robots.
2) The basic definition and components of an NC machine, including the numerical controller, NC code, and interactions between the operator and machine.
3) The main components of NC machines - the machine control unit, machine tool, and various control units. It also discusses different types of machine control units.
4) Key aspects of NC motion control including point-to-point and continuous path control, open and closed loop systems, and different
CNC machines use computer programs and numeric control to operate machine tools like milling machines and lathes. Key features include automated tool changes and multi-axis movement controlled by motors. CNC programming involves specifying coordinates, feed rates, spindle speeds, and preparatory codes like G-codes for different motions and functions. Programs are debugged to ensure accurate machining based on part designs.
The document discusses different methods of NC part programming including manual part programming, computer-assisted part programming, manual data input, NC programming using CAD/CAM, and computer automated part programming. It also provides details on punched tape formats, G-codes and M-codes used in NC part programming.
1. Numerical control (NC) systems were developed to automate machine tools using programmed sequences of instructions to control machine motions and functions.
2. NC systems use a machine control unit to read numerical input from a program and translate it into mechanical motions of the machine tool.
3. Modern computer numerical control (CNC) systems provide even greater flexibility and precision by using computers to generate and process NC programs and control machine tools.
Introduction to CNC machine and Hardware. aman1312
Complete detailing of cnc machine and its operations with its required hardware necessary for increasing its Automation and increasing its manufacturing capability. Also increase in complex shape manufacturing.
difference of NC and CNC ,Part programming,Methods of manual part programming,Basic CNC input data,Preparatory Functions ,Miscellaneous Functions,Interpolation:Canned cycles:part programming on component,Tool length compensation,Cutter Radius,Task compensation:Types of media of NC
This document discusses CNC (computer numerical control) machining. It covers basic components of a CNC system including the machine control unit and describes part programming methods. It discusses sequential controllers and manual part programming. It also covers tool path generation for rough and finish machining of complex surfaces and quality aspects of CNC machining. References for further reading on the topic are provided at the end.
The document discusses milling fixtures and their components. Milling fixtures securely hold workpieces for milling operations. They have locating elements to precisely position workpieces and clamping elements to securely hold them against cutting forces. Key components of milling fixtures include a base, tenons to locate the fixture on the machine table, setting blocks to position cutters, and clamps or vices to hold workpieces in place. Different types of milling fixtures are used for operations like face milling or gang milling and can have mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic clamping systems.
Advantages & Limitations of CNC machine tools,Introduction DNC,Component of a DNC system,Principle,Functions of DNC
Types of DNC systems,Comparison between NC, CNC and DNC machine tools
This document discusses tooling for CNC machines, including cutting tools made of materials like high-speed steel, tungsten carbide, and ceramic. It also describes design features of CNC tooling like accuracy, flexibility, and rigidity. Finally, it covers automatic tool changers, which allow CNC machines to change tools through program instructions by rotating a tool magazine or drum to replace old tools with new ones.
CNC machines and their components are discussed. CNC machining uses computer-controlled machine tools to precisely cut metal or other materials. Key components of a CNC system include the machine control unit, machine tool, driving system, feedback devices, and display unit. CNC machines offer advantages like higher accuracy, reduced lead times, and increased productivity compared to conventional machine tools. Common types of CNC machines are CNC lathes for turning cylindrical parts and machining centers for milling complex shapes.
This document discusses the geometry of plain milling cutters and twist drills. It describes the key features of milling cutters such as radial rake angle, radial relief angle, land, and lip angle. It also explains different types of milling operations including up milling, down milling, string milling, and gang milling. For twist drills, it outlines the drill point, twist drill nomenclature, and recommended drill geometries for different materials. Equations are provided for estimating drilling forces based on drill diameter and feed rate.
This document provides definitions and principles related to locating and clamping in jigs and fixtures design. It defines a jig as a device that holds work and locates the tool path, and a fixture as a device that locates work on a machine table. It discusses locating principles like six point location and 3-2-1 principle. It also covers various locating and clamping devices like pins, buttons, V-locators, and different types of clamps. The document aims to provide fundamental guidelines for effective design of jigs and fixtures.
This presentation is prepared as per syllabus of "COMMUNICATION ANALYSIS AND SKILL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (CASP)" prescribed by BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, KARNATAKA for 5th sem diploma all branches.
This pptx is prepared by lots of information in websites,Textbooks(Author B
A Srinivas and M R Manjunath),And guidance of our lecturers Srinath V- B.E,FIE & M D Dayanand- B.E . SET Polytechnic, Melukote
This document summarizes a presentation given by Nilrajsinh Vasandia on introduction to NC, CNC, and DNC machine tools. The presentation included definitions and components of NC, CNC, and DNC systems. It discussed the differences between NC, CNC, and DNC, covering topics like part program input/storage, program modification, the inclusion of feedback systems, and ability to import CAD files. Motion control systems and programming methods for NC and CNC machines were also outlined.
The document provides an introduction to computer aided manufacturing (CAM) and numerical control (NC) systems. It defines CAM as using computer programs to generate tool paths for machining parts. It then defines NC as a form of programmable automation where a machine's mechanical actions are controlled by a coded program. The basic components of an NC system are described as the program of instructions, machine control unit, and processing equipment. Different types of NC machines like horizontal machining centers (HMC) and vertical machining centers (VMC) are also summarized.
This presentation provides an overview of a summer internship training on computer numerical control (CNC) machining. It introduces concepts related to computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) such as the definition and advantages of CAM. It also defines numerical control and CNC, compares NC and CNC machines, and discusses the different types of CNC machine tools. The presentation describes the elements, classification, advantages, and disadvantages of CNC machine tool systems. It also covers basic CNC topics like axis designation, machine versus work zero, coding systems, and the controls of specific CNC turning and milling machines.
This document provides an introduction and overview of Numerical Control (NC), Computer Numerical Control (CNC), and Distributed Numerical Control (DNC) machine tools. It defines each type of machine tool and describes their basic components and programming methods. NC machines use programmed punched tapes to control automated functions, while CNC machines utilize a dedicated computer as the control unit. DNC systems connect multiple NC machines in real-time to a central computer for shared program storage and transmission. The document outlines the classification, advantages, and limitations of these different machine tool systems.
Modern Machine Tools:
CNC machines: Introduction, principles of operation,
Types – Vertical machining centres and horizontal machining centres,
major elements, functions, applications,
controllers,
open loop and closed loop systems
Types of automatic machines,
Transfer machines
The document discusses numerical control (NC) and computer numerical control (CNC) machine tools. It describes the basic components and functions of NC machines, including different types of NC machines classified by the type of machine path (point-to-point, straight-cut, continuous path) and programming method (absolute, incremental). The document also covers the specification and components of NC machines, including programming instructions, the machine control unit, and the machine tool. It discusses the construction details and design considerations for CNC machine tools.
This document provides information about numerical control (NC) and computer numerical control (CNC) machining. It defines NC as using coded programs to automatically operate machines, with CNC adding an onboard computer. The history of NC is described from its origins in 1947 to modern CNC. Key aspects of CNC systems like controllers, programming, and integrated CAD/CAM are summarized. Other machining techniques like EDM and laser cutting are also briefly outlined.
This document provides an overview of computer numerical control (CNC) machines. It discusses the history and evolution of CNC, the key elements and programming of CNC machines, and their advantages over manual machines. CNC machines automate manufacturing processes by using computer code to control machine tools and automate cutting, shaping, and assembly. They offer benefits like easier programming, storage of programs, avoidance of human errors, and ability to produce complex parts as cheaply as simple ones.
CNC machines are controlled by computers to perform machining operations. A CNC machine system consists of a program, tape reader, mini-computer, servo system, and the machine tool itself. The program is fed into the control unit which directs the servo system to control the machine's motions. Common types of CNC machines include lathes, milling machines, lasers, routers, plasma cutters, and 3D printers. CNC machines offer advantages like higher precision and accuracy, reduced labor costs, and the ability to easily change or modify programs.
The document provides information about computer numerical control (CNC) machines and systems. It discusses how CNC technology automated machining processes and increased flexibility. It then describes the construction and configuration of CNC systems, including their central processing unit, servo control unit, operator control panel, machine control panel, and programmable logic controller. The document outlines the components and functions of CNC systems and how they automate machine tool operations through programmed commands.
The document describes an industrial training institute that offers a 24-week CNC machining and programming course. The course covers topics like CNC turning, milling, programming using Fanuc and Siemens controllers, tooling, safety procedures, and more. It is aimed at candidates with qualifications in mechanical/production fields and includes both theoretical and practical training.
The document discusses numerical control (NC) machine tools. [1] NC refers to controlling manufacturing operations through coded numerical instructions inserted directly into machine tools. [2] John T. Parsons is considered the inventor of NC in the 1940s when he used punched cards to control machine tool movements. [3] A NC system consists of a program of instructions, controller unit that interprets the program and controls the machine tool.
Ch-11 NC; CNC; DNC; FMS; Automation and Robotics_2.pdfJAYANTKUMAR469151
The document discusses NC/CNC machines and programming. It begins by defining NC and CNC, noting that NC machines used punched tape or cards for control while CNC machines added computers for greater capability. CNC machines allow for canned cycles, sub-programming, cutter compensation and other enhancements over NC. The document then provides a brief history of CNC development and discusses differences in CNC languages. It also covers conversational control, advantages and disadvantages of CNC, and programming concepts like work coordinates, tool compensation, canned cycles and important G and M codes.
The document lists various manual part programs related to turning and milling operations that students must complete as part of the Mechanical Engineering Department's CIM & Automation Lab. It includes 21 turning operation programs and 5 milling operation programs. The document also provides details on the basic steps in the NC procedure, including process planning, part programming, part program entry, proving the part program, and production. It describes concepts like coordinate systems, zero points, reference points, and part programming formats.
This document provides information about a course on CNC Machine Tools. It outlines 5 modules that will be covered in the course: 1) Introduction to CNC Machine Tools, 2) Structure of CNC Machine Tools, 3) Drives and Controls, 4) CNC Programming, and 5) Tooling and Work Holding Devices. Each module will cover topics related to the components, programming, and applications of CNC machine tools.
This document provides an introduction and overview of computer numerical control (CNC) machines. It discusses the history and development of CNC from 1949 to present day, including the transition from punched tape input to direct computer control. The key advantages of CNC over manual machining are described, such as easier programming, storage of programs, and avoidance of human errors. Different types of servo motors used in CNC systems and common CNC terminology are also introduced at a high level.
The document provides information about CNC programming and machining centers. It discusses the history of NC, CNC and DNC machines. It describes the basic components of NC machines including the part program, program tape, machine control unit and machine tool. It also covers CNC machines, the differences between NC and CNC, classifications of NC machines, direct numerical control systems, and features of machining centers such as automatic tool changers and automatic work positioning. Finally, it discusses CNC programming including word address format, program blocks, sequence numbers, feed and spindle functions, tool selection, preparatory codes and miscellaneous codes.
Numerical Control (NC) machine tools – CNC types, constructional details, special features, machining centre, and part programming fundamentals CNC – manual part programming – micromachining – wafer machining
Numerical control (NC) is a form of programmable automation that uses coded alphanumeric data to control the mechanical actions of machine tools. This data represents positions of the workhead and workpart and other instructions. Early NC used punched paper tape to store programs, but later computer numerical control (CNC) added memory and allowed programs to be written at a computer terminal. CNC equipment consists of a machine control unit that stores and executes part programs to control processing equipment like machine tools. Part programs contain instructions for tool positions, speeds, and other functions to transform a workpiece.
The document provides information about a training report on CNC machines undertaken at Prabhushilla Engineering Private Limited. It discusses the advantages of CNC machines and describes their configuration including main components like the central processing unit, servo control unit, operator control panel, and programmable logic controller. It also covers CNC systems, position feedback types, open and closed loop positioning, and functions of CNC machines.
01 introduction to Manufacturing processesM Siva Kumar
Manufacturing processes can be grouped into casting/molding, forming, machining, joining/assembly, surface treatments, and heat treating. A manufacturing system includes the operations and processes to produce a product, while a production system also includes people, equipment, materials, markets, management, and the manufacturing system. Common machining processes include turning, milling, drilling, grinding, tapping, hobbing, broaching, and advanced processes like electrical discharge machining, laser beam machining, and water jet cutting.
1. The document discusses milling operations and processes. It describes different types of milling machines, cutters, workholding devices, toolholding devices, and machining operations like face milling and peripheral milling.
2. It provides information on milling applications in various industries like aerospace, automotive, medical, and discusses factors involved in calculating machining time.
3. Cutting parameters for milling operations like cutting speed, feed per tooth, axial and radial depths are also outlined.
The document discusses various gear manufacturing processes. It describes gear generating processes like gear milling, hobbing, broaching and shaping. It provides details on gear finishing operations such as grinding, shaving, burnishing, honing and lapping. Various gear types are also covered, including spur gears, helical gears, herringbone gears, rack and pinion gears, worm gears and bevel gears. The document outlines the key steps, advantages and disadvantages of different gear manufacturing and finishing techniques.
1. Abrasive machining processes such as grinding are used to machine hard, brittle, and complex materials where close tolerances and surface finishes are required. Grinding involves the use of a rotating abrasive wheel to remove small amounts of material from the workpiece.
2. The main types of grinding processes are surface grinding, cylindrical grinding, creep feed grinding, and centerless grinding. Surface grinding is used on flat surfaces, cylindrical grinding on external or internal cylindrical surfaces, creep feed grinding uses large depths of cut for high material removal, and centerless grinding does not support the workpiece with centers.
3. Finishing processes like honing, lapping, and superfinishing can further improve
Drilling involves making cylindrical holes using rotating cutting tools. There are various drilling machine types including turret, radial, pillar, and CNC drilling machines. Key aspects of drilling include tool geometry, workholding devices, tool holding devices, and common machining operations like drilling, reaming, tapping, and counterboring. Cutting parameters like speed, feed rate, and cutting time calculations depend on factors like material, tool material, and operation type.
This document provides examples of calculating machining time for lathe turning operations. The first example calculates that it would take 0.49 minutes to turn a steel part from 60mm to 59.6mm diameter over 60mm length using a tungsten carbide tool at 45 degrees and other specified parameters. The second example calculates that it would take 14.71 minutes to rough turn an aluminum bar from 75mm to 60mm diameter over 120mm length using high speed steel tool at 60 degrees and other given values.
The document provides information about various types of lathes and machining operations performed on lathes. It discusses the history of lathe development from ancient times to modern CNC lathes. It describes different lathe components like beds, headstocks, toolholding devices, workholding devices and specifications. It explains common machining operations like turning, facing, grooving and threading. In under 3 sentences.
Tool life refers to the amount of time a cutting tool can machine material satisfactorily before needing replacement or reconditioning. It is measured in actual machining time, number of pieces cut, material volume removed, or cutting length. Tool life depends mainly on cutting parameters like velocity, feed, and depth of cut. Initially, tool wear is rapid but then levels off into a steady state wear region before accelerating again towards failure. Taylor's tool life equation models the relationship between cutting velocity and tool life, showing they are inversely proportional. The equation has since been modified to also account for the effects of feed and depth of cut on tool life.
04 types of chip formation, cutting temperature,etc.,M Siva Kumar
1. The document discusses different types of chip formation including discontinuous, continuous, and serrated chips, which depend on factors like workpiece material and cutting conditions.
2. It also covers cutting temperature, how most of the energy from machining is converted to heat, and how high temperatures can reduce tool life. Cutting fluids are discussed as a way to reduce cutting temperature.
3. The three main types of tool failure are fracture, temperature-related, and gradual wear, with gradual wear being the preferred mode since it leads to the longest tool life. Flank and crater wear are described as two areas where gradual wear occurs.
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2. Key tool materials discussed are high-speed steels, cast cobalt alloys, tungsten carbide, ceramic tools, cubic boron nitride, and diamond. Coated tools using titanium nitride, aluminum oxide and other coatings are also covered.
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This document discusses the fundamentals of machining tools used in turning operations. It covers key cutting parameters and tool geometry concepts such as rake angle, lip angle, relief angle, and cutting edge angle. The document also describes orthogonal and oblique cutting as well as tool nomenclature standards including the ISO system for defining tool angles using reference planes and coordinate axes.
The document discusses various plastic moulding processes. There are two main types of plastics - thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics. Thermoplastics can be reshaped when heated, while thermosetting plastics solidify permanently after heating. Common moulding processes include injection moulding, compression moulding, blow moulding, extrusion moulding, rotational moulding, calendaring, and thermoforming. Each process uses heat and pressure to form plastic materials into desired shapes. Injection moulding is widely used to mass produce plastic parts.
The document summarizes the rolling process. It defines rolling as plastically deforming metal by passing it between rolls. Rolling provides close dimensional control and high production. There are two main types: hot rolling and cold rolling. The document describes various rolling terminologies, mill products, defects, and different rolling processes like hot rolling, cold rolling, shaped rolling, and thread rolling. It also discusses factors like angle of contact, forces involved, and how to control flatness.
Extrusion is a process that uses pressure to force a billet through a die opening to create an object with a constant cross-section. Most metals are hot extruded due to the large forces required. Extrusion can produce complex shapes, especially for more readily extrudable metals like aluminum. Common extrusion products include automotive and construction parts. Factors like temperature, pressure, and lubrication affect the extrusion process and properties of the final product. Defects can occur due to non-uniform deformation or temperatures that cause cracking.
This document discusses various types of casting defects including their causes and remedies. It describes defects such as mismatch, misrun, cold shuts, shrinkage cavities, blow holes, porosity, hot tears, metal penetration, pin holes, swell, drop, and rat tails/buckles. The document explains that casting defects occur due to issues in the casting process involving gases, moulding materials, pouring metal, and metallurgy. Remedies involve modifications to the gating system, pouring process, sand properties, alloy composition and casting design.
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Welding is a process that joins materials by heating them to a temperature that causes melting or softening, with or without the use of pressure or filler material. There are two main types: plastic welding uses pressure to join heated materials, while fusion welding heats materials to a molten state to fuse them together. Oxyacetylene welding uses a flame from burning acetylene and oxygen to heat and fuse metals. It can be used with or without a filler rod and produces temperatures up to 34,000°C, making it suitable for welding steels, aluminum, copper and cast iron.
Welding is a process that joins materials by heating them to suitable temperatures. There are several types of welding processes, but they can generally be categorized as fusion welding, solid state welding, or a hybrid of the two. Some key welding processes include shielded metal arc welding, gas metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, resistance spot welding, laser beam welding, friction stir welding, and explosion welding. Welding finds applications in many industries for joining similar and dissimilar materials.
1. Shell casting involves making a shell mold by applying a mixture of sand and thermosetting resin to a heated metal pattern. This allows for casting of parts with complex shapes and good surface finish tolerance.
2. Investment casting, also called lost-wax casting, involves making a wax pattern that is coated with refractory material to form a ceramic mold, melting out the wax to leave a cavity for molten metal. This enables production of parts with intricate details and close tolerances.
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2. Brief history
1942 Bendix Corporation, a USA helicopter blade manufacturing company,
needs three-dimensional cam parts.
Coordination of movements is necessary.
1947 John Parson (a Bendix corporation worker) using punched tapes
is able to control simultaneously axes movements of a machine
MIT collaborates
1953 Numerical Control (NC) term appears at M.I.T.
1970 Computer Numerical Control (CNC) is created
Microprocessors origin.
1980 Direct Numerical Control (DNC) is possible.
A large number of machines are controlled by a computer.
Definition
CNC (Computer Numerical Control (CNC) refers to the method of controlling a machine
tool or the machining process by means of a computer.
Coded numerical instructions are inserted into the CNC
NC Punched Tape
INTRODUCTION
3. INTRODUCTION-Numerical Control (NC)
Numerical Control (NC)
NC (numerical control) machine tools are the machine tool, of which the various functions are
controlled by : letters , numbers and symbols.
The NC machine tool runs on a program fed to it; without human operator. The NC program consist of
a set of instruction or statement for controlling the motion of the drives of the machine tools as well
as the motion of the cutting tool.
4. CNC Machine Tools
In CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machines, a dedicated computer is used to perform the most of
basic NC machine functions.
CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machine is a NC machine which uses a dedicated computer as the
machine control unit.
The entire program is entered and stored in computer memory. The machining cycle for each
component is controlled by the program contained in the computer memory.
Input / Output
Devices
Machine Tool
Memory (ROM) Control
program for : Z Slide
X Slide
Memory (RAM)
Part Program
Feed Back Unit
INTRODUCTION-CNC Machine Tools
5. CNC Machine Tools
INTRODUCTION-CNC Machine Tools
Input / Output Console : It is the unit through which part program is fed to the CNC machine tool
system and required output is taken out. It basically consists of monitor and Keyboard.
Microprocessor : This controller takes input from Input / Output device, Feedback from feedback unit
and actuates the drives as well as the tool of the machine tool.
Memory : It consists of RAM & ROM. The RAM stores part program, while ROM stores the programs
for machine control.
Feedback unit : The feedback unit takes input from machine tool and transfers it to control unit for
necessary corrections.
Machine tool : Machine tool is operated by the control unit.
Interfaces : They are the connections between the different components of the CNC machine tool
system.
6. DNC is a manufacturing system in which a number of machines are controlled by a computer
through direct- connection and in real time.
The configuration of the DNC system can be divided into:
Satellite computers are minicomputers and they serve to take some of the burden off central computer. Each
satellites controls several machine tools.
DNC system without satellite computer.
DNC system with satellite computer.
DNC Machine Tools
INTRODUCTION-DNC Machine Tools
8. Loop control types
OPEN LOOP
INTRODUCTION
It does not have any feedback mechanism.
It only has motion control but do not have any provision for feedback, which is needed to be compared
with input for better control & correction of drive system.
9. Machine control feedback: position & velocity
VIDEO
Loop control types
CLOSED LOOP
INTRODUCTION
It has a feedback mechanism.
It has the motion control with a provision of feedback of feedback.
Which can be used for accurately controlling the drive system by comparing it with the input
information until the required or desired position is achieved.
10. The disk has many circular tracks, the higher the
number of tracks the higher the resolution.
These devices do not lose position when power
is removed (homing sequence not needed on
startup).
They do not accumulate errors (not affected by
noise signal).
They are more complex and expensive.
CNC machine tool description
Feedback devices
ABSOLUTE ROTARY ENCODER
An encoder is a sensor for converting rotary motion or position to
analog/digital signal.
VIDEO
VIDEO
INTRODUCTION
11. CNC machine tool description
Feedback devices
INCREMENTAL ROTARY ENCODER
The feedback signal is always referenced to a start
or home position. They need an external processing
of signals.
In the event of a power failure, it must be
reinitialized.
They are susceptible to noise, thus, errors.
They are simpler and cheaper.
An encoder is a sensor for converting rotary motion or position to
analog/digital signal.
VIDEO
INTRODUCTION
12. 1. The part program is fed to the
machine through the tapes or
other such media.
2.In order to modify the program,
the tapes have to be changed.
3. In NC machine tool system, tape
reader is a part of machine
control unit.
4. System has no memory storage
and each time it is run using the tape.
5. It can not import CAD files.
6.It can not use feedback system.
1. In CNC machine tool system, the
program is fed to the machine
through the computer.
2.The programs can be easily modified
with the help of computer.
3. The microprocessor or minicomputer
forms the machine control unit.
The CNC machine does not
need tape reader.
4.It has memory storage ability, in which
part program can be stored.
5. System can import CAD files and
convert it to part program.
6.The system can use feedback system.
1. The part program is fed to
the machine through the
Main computer
2. In order to modify the
program, single
computer is used
3. Large memory of DNC
allows it to store a large
amount of part program.
4. Same part program can be
run on different machines
at the same time.
5. The data can be processed
using the MIS software so
as to effectively carry out
the Production planning
and scheduling.
CNC Machine Tool System DNC Machine Tool SystemNC Machine Tool System
Comparison between NC, CNC and DNC machine tools
13. CNC manufacturers
Programming languages
First systems developed and use a programming language similar to
FORTRAN or BASIC
Automatically Programmed Tools (APT) and its many variants
COMPACT II
Dedicated CAM systems
In these systems a dedicated CAM system
helps in developing the CNC part programs
May be linked to a major CAD system such
as AutoCAD, Solidworks, CADKEY,….
Examples
Mastercam
Virtual Gibbs
Smartcam
Edgecam
Alphacam
CAD/CAM systems
Major CAD systems have integrated
manufacturing systems for better interfacing and
translation
Examples are:
Pro engineer – Pro Manufacture
Unigraphics
I-DEAS – Solids machining
CATIA
Intergraph
INTRODUCTION
14. The axes are named
according to DIN 66217.
VIDEO
Three-axes milling machine
Six-axis milling machine
Turning machine
VIDO
A+
C+
B+
AXIS NOMENCLATURE
15. M - Machine Zero or home: This is set by the manufacturer as the origin of the coordinate
system of the machine.
W -Part zero or point of origin of the part: This is the origin point that is set for
programming the measurements of the part. It can be freely selected by the programmer.
R-Machine Reference point. This is a point on the machine established by the
manufacturer around which the synchronization of the system is done. The control positions
the axis on this point.
Reference systems
AXIS NOMENCLATURE
17. Fill the tool carousel.
Define Tool Length & Radius Offsets
Once he workholding device is properly
installed and aligned, set part X,Y&Z zero
datum.
Check coolant and air supply levels,
ensure work area is clean, …
CNC MACHINE SETUPAND OPERATION
18. Machine Reference (R) setting
TOOL LENGTH
COMPENSATION OFF
G44
TOOL LENGTH
COMPENSATION ON
G43
RRRR
T1
L1 L2 L3 L4
RRRR
T2 T3 T4
OFFSET TABLE
TOOL TOOL
OFFSE
T
RADIUS LENGTH
T1 D1 55.234
T2 D1 72.345
T3 D1 61.098
T4 D1 66.683
… … ... …
CNC-REFERENCE SYSTEMS
19. Tool on the workpiece
Machine Reference (R) setting
Low accuracy.
Time consuming method.
Only tool length (L) values are measured.
W
T1 T2 T3 T4
L4 = 0L3 < 0
L2 > 0
L1 < 0
W
Tool is rotating and thus, part or referencing block gets marked.
RRRR
CNC-REFERENCE SYSTEMS
20. Machine Reference (R) setting
Using a tool length setter gauge
Good accuracy.
Time consuming method.
Only tool length (L) values are measured.
W
L2<0L1=0
RR
L1
M
50
z1
z2
L2
50
L1= z1-50 L2= z2-50
R
R
BASEDONAREF.TOOLBASEDONMACHINEDATUM
VIDEO
Part or referencing block does not get marked. TOOL LENGTH MEASUREMENT
CNC-REFERENCE SYSTEMS
21. Part zero (W) setting
Prior to defining part zero, procedure should be:
1. Study how the drawing is dimensioned.
2. Decide on the workholding device type and part zero (W) definition.
Machine operator defines part zero (W) position anywhere.
Most common positions:
o Left lower side of the part (all data position values are positive).
o Part symmetry axis.
o
o
CLAMP CASE Centering pins side.
VISE CASE Stationary chuck & vise stop side.
Movable chuck
Stationary chuck
Vise stop
Centering pinsClamps
Clamps (with or without centering pins) Vise (with or without vise stop)
CNC-REFERENCE SYSTEMS
22. X
Z
Y
Symmetry
X
Y
Z
Y
Part zero (W) setting
X
Z
Y
X
Y
Z
Y
VISE VISE
Stationary chuck & Y axis part symmetryX-Y axis part symmetry
CNC-REFERENCE SYSTEMS
23. Part zero (W) setting
X
Y
Z
X
Z
VISE CLAMP
X
Y
Z
X
Stationary chuck & left lower part Stationary chuck & Y axis part symmetry
CNC-REFERENCE SYSTEMS
24. Part zero (W) setting
VIDEO
Using the tool
Low accuracy.
Tool is rotating and thus, part gets
marked.
Using a mechanical edge finder1 2
Low accuracy.
Optical edge finder similar
X
DATUM SETTING
X
Y DATUM SETTING
VIDEO
YZ
CNC-REFERENCE SYSTEMS
25. 3
Part zero (W) setting
Using a touch probe
High accuracy.
X
Y DATUM SETTING
VIDEO VIDEO Z
CNC-REFERENCE SYSTEMS
26. 2 types:
1. Touch-trigger probes
2. Scanning probes (continuous measuring)
PRO & CON:
A ost any machined geometry may be measured in-situ.
uced machine downtime.
P t unclamping for measuring is avoided.
I nnot consider possible machine axes errors.
lm
Red
ar
t ca
Touch probe stylus tips
3
Part zero (W) setting
CNC-REFERENCE SYSTEMS
Using a touch probe
28. BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
Preparatory
functions
or G-codes
Speed function
Block identification
Identifies the block of information.
Block structure
N**** G** X****.*** Y****.*** Z****.*** A****.*** B****.*** C****.*** F****.** S****.**
Linear and angular
positioning data Feed function
T** D** M** N** ; *****
Miscellaneous or auxiliary functions
Tool offset number
Tool number
Number of block repetitions
Block comment
Not ISO,
corresponds to
FAGOR 8055M
=
29. Feed function (F) Speed function (S)
The speed function S is the speed at which the
tool (in milling) or part (in turning) rotates.
The maximum S value is limited by the machine
parameters.
The feed function F is the speed at which the tool
center point moves.
The programmed F is effective working in linear
(G01) or circular (G02, G03).
The maximum F value is limited by the machine
parameters.
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
30. Tool number (T)
The "T" code identifies the tool position in the tool magazine.
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
Tool offset number (D)
The tool offset contains the tool dimensions.
Each tool may have several offsets associated with it.
… … … … … … … …
…
TOOL TOOL
OFFSE
T
RADIUS LENGTH …
T1 D1 8.002 55.234 …
D2 7.502 55.234 …
D3 8.002 55.026 …
TOOL TOOL
OFFSE
T
RADIUS LENGTH …
T2 D1 4.000 72.345 …
D2 11.990 60.036 …
D3 7.500 33.110 …
31. M functions DESCRIPTION
M00 Program STOP / Spindle STOP / Coolant OFF
M03 Spindle ON clockwise
M04 Spindle ON counterclockwise
M05 Spindle STOP
M06 Tool change
M08 Coolant ON
M09 Coolant OFF
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
M30 End of program
Auxiliary or Miscellaneous (M) functions
32. Preparatory functions or G-codes
M functions MODAL DESCRIPTION
G00 * Rapid traverse
G01 * Linear interpolation
G02 * Clockwise circular interpolation
G03 * Counterclockwise circular interpolation
G05 * Controlled corner rounding
G07 * Square corner
G36 * Automatic radius blend
G39 * Chamfer
G40 * Cancellation of tool radius compensation
G41 * Left-hand tool radius compensation
G42 * Right-hand tool radius compensation
G43 * Tool length compensation
G44 * Cancellation of tool length compensation
G90 * Absolute programming
G91 * Incremental programming
… … …
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
MODAL = Once programmed, it remains active until
another incompatible G function is
programmed or until M30 / EMERGENCY
or RESET.
33. It is a positioning linear movement at maximum
F value defined in the machine parameters.
Not valid for cutting.
It can be programmed as G00, G0 or G.
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
Preparatory functions or G-codes
Rapid traverse (G00) Linear interpolation (G01)
It is a working linear movement at the
programmed F value.
It can be programmed as G01 or G1.
…
N80 G00 X500 Y300
…
…
N120 G01 X500 Y300 F400
…
(TP)
(SP)
(TP)
(SP)
G00 X Y
TP
G01 X Y
TP
35. I
J
SP
TP
CC
I
J
SP
TP
CC
It is a working circular movement at the programmed F value.
It can be programmed as G02 or G2 / G03 or G3.
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
Preparatory functions or G-codes
Clockwise circular interpolation (G02)
Counterclockwise circular interpolation (G03)
…
N60 G02 X300 Y300 I200 J0
…
CARTESIANCOORDINATES
WITHARCCENTER
G02 X Y I J
TP Distance from the SP to
the Circle Center (CC).
…
N60 G03 X300 Y300 I0 J200
…
G03 X Y I J
TP Distance from the SP to
the Circle Center (CC).
36. SP
TP
SP
TP
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
Preparatory functions or G-codes
…
N40 G02 X400 Y150 R150
…
…
N40
…
Clockwise circular interpolation (G02)
Counterclockwise circular interpolation (G03)
CARTESIANCOORDINATES
WITHARCRADIUS
G02 X Y R
R + : Arc < 180ºTP
A complete circle cannot be programmed.
G02 X400 Y150 R-150
R+
…
N40 G03 X400 Y300 R150
…
…
N40 G03 X400 Y300 R-150
…
R+
G03 X Y R
R + : Arc < 180ºTP
37. BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
Preparatory functions or G-codes
Clockwise circular interpolation (G02)
Counterclockwise circular interpolation (G03)
EXERCISE 2 EXERCISE 3
EXERCISE 4 EXERCISE 5
SP
w
SP
w
w
SP
w
SP
38. BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
Preparatory functions or G-codes
Clockwise circular interpolation (G02)
Counterclockwise circular interpolation (G03)
EXERCISE 6
SP
w
39. Preparatory functions or G-codes
Absolute programming (G90)
Incremental programming (G91)
G90: The positioning data refers to the part zero (default).
G91: The positioning data corresponds to the distance to be travelled from the point where the
tool is situated.
N100 G01 X-25 Y0 ; P5
N110 G01 X0 Y-30 ; P6
…
= SP
w
…
N70 G01 G90 X70 Y15 F350 ; P2
N80 G01 X70 Y30 ; P3
N90 G01 X45 Y45 ; P4
N100 G01 X20 Y45 ; P5
N110 G01 X20 Y15 ; P6
…
Absolute programming (G90)
…
N70 G01 G91 X50 Y0 F350; P2
N80 G01 X0 Y15 ; P3
N90 G01 X-25 Y15 ; P4
Incremental programming (G91)
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
40. Preparatory functions or G-codes
Absolute programming (G90)
Incremental programming (G91)
EXERCISE 7
w
EXERCISE 8
SP
SP
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
41. Preparatory functions or G-codes
Square corner (G07) Round corner (G05)
The CNC starts executing the following block as
soon as the position programmed in the current
block has reached the dead band (default)
Sharp edges, Machining time ↑, Shocks ↑.
To be used with G00: face milling, canned
cycles, …
The CNC starts executing the following block as
soon as deceleration of the currently executing
axes start (“?” distance depends on the feedrate
F value) Rounded edges, Machining time ↓
NOT to be used with G00: slot milling,
engraving, contouring,…
Fx
…
N60 G01 G07 X50 Y100 F400
N70 G01 X140 Y100 F300
…
…
N60 G01 G05 X50 Y100 F400
N70 G01 X140 Y100 F300
…
w
t
Fy
t
w
DEAD BAND: The range
through which an input can be
varied without initiating response
t
Fy
t
Fx
Acceleration
Constant feed
Deceleration
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
42. Preparatory functions or G-codes
Cancellation of tool radius compensation (G40)
Left-hand tool radius compensation (G41)
Right-hand tool radius compensation (G42)
The CNC automatically calculates the path the tool should follow based on the contour of the part
and the tool radius value stored in the tool offset table.
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
43. Preparatory functions or G-codes
Automatic radius blend (G36) Chamfer (G39)
It rounds a corner with a determined radius,
without having to calculate the center nor the
start and end points of the arc.
Function G36 is not modal.
…
N60 G01 G36 R5 X250 Y450 F400
N70 G01 X400 Y0
…
…
N60 G01 G39 R15 X350 Y600 F400
N70 G01 X500 Y0
…
G36 R
It chamfers corners between two straight lines,
without having to calculate intersection points.
Function G39 is not modal.
G39 R
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
49. Cycles are referred to repetitive program sequences commonly used In machining operations
that makes easier programming.
• Canned cycles or Fixed cycles: They are an inbuilt feature of the CNC usually
permanently stored as a pre-program and cannot be altered by the user (G80-G89)
• User-defined cycles or Sub-routines: They are created when the necessary fixed
cycle is not available.
FIXED CYCLES OR CANNED CYCLES
CANNED
CYCLE
NUMBER
DESCRIPTION
G80 Canned cycle cancellation
G81 Drilling cycle
G84 Tapping cycle
G85 Reaming cycle
G87 Rectangular pocket cycle
G88 Circular pocket cycle
50. G81 G98/G99 X Y Z I K
G81: Drilling cycle
FIXED CYCLES OR CANNED CYCLES
Only one drill machining
N0 T1 D1 ; Ø8mm drill N10 M06
N20 G00 G43 X30 Y20 Z100 F300 S1400 M03
N30 G81 G98 X30 Y20 Z2 I-15 K100 ; P1
N40 G80 N50 M30
Four drills machining
N0 T1 D1 ; Ø8mm drill N10 M06
N20 G00 X30 Y20 Z100 F300 S1400 M03
N30 G81 G99 X30 Y20 Z2 I-15 K100 ; P1
N40 G00 X80 Y20 ; P2
N50 G00 X80 Y50 ; P3
N60 G00 G98 X30 Y50 ; P4
N70 G80
N80 M30
Valid for drilling depth
≤ 3*Ø
Valid for pecking cycle
Dwell time
(1/100s)
I.P. R.P.
Distance from
w to the
drilling depth
Distance from
w to the R.P.
Machining
coordinates
Withdrawal
planes
Z
I
15
Initial Plane (I.P.) - G98
Reference Plane (R.P.) - G99
W
8
4 3
1 2
51. G81 G98/G99 X Y Z I K
G81: Drilling cycle
FIXED CYCLES OR CANNED CYCLES
Valid for drilling depth
≤ 3*Ø
Valid for pecking cycle
Four drills machining
N0 T1 D1 ; Ø8mm drill
N10 M06
N20 G00 G43 X30 Y20 Z100 F300 S1400 M03 ; Z100
N30 G81 G99 X30 Y20 Z2 I-15 K100 ; Z2
N40 G00 G98 X30 Y50 ; Z100
N50 G81 G99 X80 Y50 Z27 I10 K100 ; Z27
N60 G00 G98 X80 Y20 ; Z100
N70 G80
N80 M30
Dwell time
(1/100s)
I.P. R.P.
Distance from
w to the
drilling depth
Distance from
w to the R.P.
Machining
coordinates
Withdrawal
planes
Z
Z’R.P. - G99
Initial Plane (I.P.) - G98
Ref. Plane’ (R.P.) - G99’
W
15
I’
I
25
10
8
2 3
1 4
52. G84: Tapping cycle
N0 T7 D7 ; M-10 tap
N10 M06
N20 G00 G43 X50 Y20 Z100 F600 S600 M03
N30 G84 G98 X50 Y20 Z2 I-60 R0
N40 G80
N50 M30
Z
I
Ref. Plane (R.P.) - G99
Initial Plane (I.P.) - G98
W
60
G84 G98/G99 X Y Z I K R
Dwell time
(1/100s)
I.P. R.P.
Distance from
w to the thread
depth
Distance from
w to the R.P.
Machining
coordinates
Withdrawal
planes
FIXED CYCLES OR CANNED CYCLES
Type of tapping
R=0 Normal tapping
R=1 Rigid tapping
53. N0 T4 D4 ; Ø12H6 reamer
N10 M06
N20 G00 G43 X30 Y20 Z100 F500 S2500 M03
N30 G85 G99 X30 Y20 Z2 I-35 K100
N40 G00 G98 X30 Y50
N50 G85 G99 X80 Y50 Z22 I-15 K100
N60 G00 X80 Y20
N70 G80
N80 M30
G85 G98/G99 X Y Z I K
Dwell time
(1/100s)
I.P. R.P.
Distance from
w to the
reaming depth
Distance from
w to the R.P.
Machining
coordinates
Withdrawal
planes
FIXED CYCLES OR CANNED CYCLES
G85: Reaming cycle
12
2 3
1 4
Z
Z’R.P. - G99
Initial Plane (I.P.) - G98
Ref. Plane’ (R.P.) - G99’
W
35
I’
I
20
15