The document discusses the muscles that control movements of the upper and lower limbs. It begins by covering muscles of the pectoral girdle and upper arm, including the serratus anterior muscle which protracts and depresses the scapula. It then discusses muscles of the pelvic girdle and lower limb, including the quadriceps femoris muscles which extend the knee and hamstring muscles which flex the knee.
Lower Limb Human Anatomy ( Muscles )
by DR RAI M. AMMAR
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Vertebral Column is a complex structure of the Human body. It does not only provides protection for spinal cord but also provide mobility and stability of the trunk and the extremities. To learn structure of Vertebral Column and more Online Medical Resource, Visit at http://gisurgery.info
Branches/roots from L4-L5-S1 join and become superior gluteal nerve giving motor supply to abductor muscle of gluteus medius and gluteus minimus
Branches/roots from L5-S1-S2 join and form inferior gluteal nerve giving motor supply to gluteus maximus, this muscle has 2 function for extension and external rotation of the hip
Muscles of the axial skeleton. Pictures of the muscles, origins, insertions, actions. Does not include all the muscles we discussed in class, but includes some fun photos & side notes.
Lower Limb Human Anatomy ( Muscles )
by DR RAI M. AMMAR
www.facebook.com/drraiammar
www.twitter.com/drraiammar
www.instagram.com/drraiammar
www.linkedin.com/in/drraiammar
www.themedicall.com/blog/auther/drraiammar/
For Any Book or Notes Visit Our Website:
www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com
www.drraiammar.blogspot.com
YOUTUBE CHANNEL :
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu-oR9V3OdFNTJW5yqXWXxA
ANY QUESTION ??
Get in touch with us at Any of the Above Social Media or Email at
drraiammar@gmail.com
allmedicaldata@gmail.com
Vertebral Column is a complex structure of the Human body. It does not only provides protection for spinal cord but also provide mobility and stability of the trunk and the extremities. To learn structure of Vertebral Column and more Online Medical Resource, Visit at http://gisurgery.info
Branches/roots from L4-L5-S1 join and become superior gluteal nerve giving motor supply to abductor muscle of gluteus medius and gluteus minimus
Branches/roots from L5-S1-S2 join and form inferior gluteal nerve giving motor supply to gluteus maximus, this muscle has 2 function for extension and external rotation of the hip
Muscles of the axial skeleton. Pictures of the muscles, origins, insertions, actions. Does not include all the muscles we discussed in class, but includes some fun photos & side notes.
A half hour talk for around 80 National Honor students on using Wikipedia effectively for academia. An updated version of this Powerpoint has been uploaded on 5/13/08 at 12.20pm. You can also view the video of this talk at http://theory.isthereason.com/?p=2192
List the name of muscles of the shoulder region.
Describe the anatomy of muscles of shoulder
region regarding: attachments of each of them to scapula & humerus, nerve supply and actions on shoulder joint
List the muscles forming the rotator cuff and describe the relation of each of them to the shoulder joint.
Describe the anatomy of shoulder joint regarding: type, articular surfaces, stability, relations & movements.
Muscles of head, Muscles of face, Muscles of neck, Muscles of shoulder girdle, Muscles of upper limbs, Muscles of thorax, Diaphragm, Muscles of abdomen, Muscles of back, Muscles of perineum, Muscles of pelvis, Muscles of lower limb, Muscles of leg, Muscles of foot
The shoulder girdle or pectoral girdle is the set of bones in the appendicular skeleton which connects to the arm on each side. In humans it consists of the clavicle and scapula; in those species with three bones in the shoulder, it consists of the clavicle, scapula, and coracoid.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
1. The appendicular muscles control the movements of the upper and lower limbs, and stabilize and control the movements of the pectoral and pelvic girdles. We will first discuss the muscles that move the pectoral girdle and upper arm and then we will discuss the muscles that move the pelvic girdle and lower limb.
2. There are many muscles that act on the pectoral girdle to help it in its activities. Remember that the only bone which connects your shoulder to the rest of your skeleton is the delicate clavicle.
3. The muscles of the pectoral girdle originate on the axial skeleton and insert on the clavicle and scapula. These muscles are classified depending on their location on the anterior or posterior of the thorax.
4. The pectoralis minor muscle is an anterior thoracic muscle and is NOT visible on the surface as it is deep to the pectoralis major. It is synergistic to the serratus anterior muscles.
5. The serratus anterior muscle (an anterior thoracic muscle) originates on the lateral surface of upper ribs, passes deep to the medial border of the scapula and protracts and depresses the scapula, stabilizes the scapula, and superiorly rotates the scapula.
6. Serratus anterior muscles with the scapula tilted up for a better view of the insertion on the medial (vertebral) border of the scapula and anterior surface of scapula. Anterior view
8. Deltoid Biceps brachii Read about damage to the long thoracic nerve and paralysis of the serratus anterior in the clinical view in the text.
9. Both the rhomboid major and the rhomboid minor are located deep to the trapezius, and thus are not visible on the surface. The rhomboids adduct the scapula, elevate the scapula, and inferiorly rotate the scapula.
10. The rhomboid major muscle and the rhomboid minor muscle adduct, elevate and inferiorly rotate the scapulae. They are antagonistic to the serratus anterior and pectoralis minor muscles. Severe lateral abducting movements stress the rhomboids
11. Inform your partner of the location of the rhomboids (between the scapulae and deep to the trapezius) so these stressed muscles can be properly massaged at the end of a long day (“rub my rhomboids”).
13. The trapezius muscle elevates the scapula, draws the head back, and adducts (retracts) the scapulae. Note that its most superior attachment is the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone.
14. The trapezius muscle, along with the splenius capitis and semispinalis capitis, extends the head and hyperextend the neck . All three insert on the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone. Now do you know why there is so much stress on the back of your head?
15. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS SYNERGISTIC TO THE PECTORALIS MINOR? A TRAPEZIUS B SERRATUS ANTERIOR C RHOMBOID MAJOR AND MINOR D DELTOID E LATISSIMUS DORSI
16. The muscles that move the glenohumeral joint are classified according to those that originate on the axial skeleton (i.e.-latissimus dorsi) and those that originate on the scapula (i.e.- deltoid)
18. The latissimus dorsi inserts on the intertubercular groove of the proximal humerus. This muscle extends the arm at the shoulder joint and draws the arm downward and backwards while it rotates the arm medially (swimmer’s muscle).
20. The pectoralis major muscle flexes, adducts, and rotates the arm medially at the glenohumeral joint.
21. Rupture of the pectoralis major insertion on the greater tubercle of the humerus
22. Incision sites commonly used for insertion of breast implants. Such implants can be used simply for cosmetic reasons or for reconstruction following cancer surgery.
24. Plastic surgeons have told me that breast implants are best positioned in a pouch within or under the pectoralis major muscle to prevent displacement Most stable location Less stable location
25. The deltoid muscles getting a work-out while abducting the arm at the glenohumeral joint. This is an excellent example of a third class lever system.
26. The deltoid muscles are a good site for performing intramuscular (IM) injections of medication.
27. The deltoid muscle abducts the arm, rotates the arm, and extends the humerus at the glenohumeral joint. It inserts on the deltoid tuberosity on the lateral midregion of the humerus
28. The corocobrachialis is synergistic to the pectoralis major in flexing and adducting the arm. Its origin is the coracoid process of the scapula and it inserts on the middle shaft of the humerus.
29. The teres major works synergistically with the latissimus dorsi by extending, adducting, and medially rotating the arm. It originates on the inferior border and angle of scapula and inserts on the lesser tubercle and intertubercular groove at lateral proximal end of humerus.
30. There are four rotator cuff muscles to provide strength and stability for the glenohumeral joint: subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor.
31. The subscapularis is located on the anterior surface of the scapula. Its action is to medially rotate the arm , like when you wind up to pitch a baseball
32.
33. The supraspinatus abducts the arm, as when you start to execute a pitch of a baseball with your arm fully extended.
34.
35. The infraspinatus originates on the infraspinous fossa, inserts on the greater tubercle of the humerus, and adducts and laterally rotates the arm, like when you slow down your arm after pitching a baseball.
36.
37. The teres minor originates on the lateral border of the scapula, inserts on the greater tubercle of the humerus, and is synergistic to the infraspinatus.
39. Clavicle Coracoid process Head of humerus Acromion Read the clinical view in the text about rotator cuff injuries
40. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING MEDIALLY ROTATES THE ARM , LIKE WHEN YOU WIND UP TO PITCH A BASEBALL? A MUSCLE THAT INSERTS ON THE GREATER TUBERCLE OF THE HUMERUS B MUSCLE BETWEEN THE THORACIC CAGE AND SHOULDER BLADE C INFRASPINATUS D SUPRASPINATUS E TERES MINOR
41. There are several muscles that move the elbow joint/forearm . In the interest of simplicity I will limit our discussion only to the biceps brachii and triceps brachii .
42. Deep fascia divides the muscles of the brachium into an anterior compartment (which contains the biceps brachii) and a posterior compartment (which contains the triceps brachii).
43. The biceps brachii muscle flexes the elbow and supinates the forearm and hand at the elbow joint.
44. The biceps brachii muscles getting a work-out . This is an excellent example of a third class lever system.
45.
46. The triceps brachii muscle extends the arm at the elbow joint. This is a good example of a first class lever system.
47. The triceps brachii muscles getting a work-out while doing push-ups.
48. Most of the muscles in the forearm move the hand and wrist and/or the fingers . Palpate the bellies of these muscles near your elbow and the tendons near your wrist.
49. Note that there are no muscles located within your digits . The fingers are moved by the pulling action of tendons from muscles located in the antebrachium.
50. Most of the anterior compartment muscles are flexors of the wrist and fingers. Most of the posterior compartment muscles are extensors of the wrist and fingers.
52. On the palmar (anterior) surface of the wrist there is a strong fascial structure called the flexor retinaculum that hold the tendons close and prevents them from “bowstringing” outward. Flexor tendons leading to the digits and the median nerve pass through the tight space ( carpal tunnel ) between the flexor retinacula and the underlying bones.
53. Read about carpal tunnel syndrome in the clinical view in the text
54. The anterior compartment contains either extensors of the knee or flexors of the thigh. The medial compartment contains adductors of the thigh The posterior compartment contains flexors of the knee and extensors of the thigh. The lateral compartment contains a single abductor of the thigh
55. Most of the muscles that act on the thigh originate on the os coxae and insert on the femur. These muscles stabilize the highly moveable coxal joint (acetabulofemoral joint) and support the body during standing and walking. We will discuss only a few of these muscles in this introductory class.
56. The sartorius muscle (“tailor’s muscle”) is the longest muscle in the body and it is in the anterior compartment. It flexes the leg and thigh, and after it’s flexed, medially rotates the lower leg. This is the muscles that helps you cross your legs. It is easily visualized externally.
57. The sartorius muscle helps you position your legs to cross them. This muscle also helps you sit “Indian style” on the floor with legs crossed in front.
58. The sartorius muscle , like other major muscles of the thigh, is easily visible on the surface when it is tensed.
59. The gracilis muscle , a medial compartment muscle, is one of several groin muscles. The gracilis, since it is on the medial side of the thigh, adducts the thigh at the hip joint and flexes the leg at the knee joint.
60. The tensor fasciae latae is the only muscle in the lateral compartment. This muscle abducts and medially rotates the thigh. It attaches to the iliotibial tract (IT band ), which extends from the liliac crest to the lateral condyle of the tibia.
61. One of several maladies that can afflict runners is “IT band syndrome ”.
62. Friction of IT band over lateral side of femoral condyle
63. Site of pain with IT band syndrome on lateral side of knee
64. In my professional opinion, more attention is paid to the rectus abdominis and gluteus maximus muscles than is warranted. They are JUST MUSCLES and do not indicate the intrinsic worth of a person! Ask someone who has been married for more than 10 years how important superficialities are in the long term.
67. The gluteus maximus extends and rotates the thigh laterally at the hip joint while the tensor fasciae latae abducts the thigh at the hip joint. They both insert on the iliotibial tract (IT band) which attaches to the lateral tibial condyle.
68. The iliotibial tract extends down the lateral thigh and is easily palpated. It inserts on the lateral tibial condyle. Where it passes over the lateral femoral condyle it can cause friction and pain (IT band syndrome ) in runners.
69. An overly tight piriformis muscle can put pressure on the underlying sciatic nerve (piriformis syndrome).
70. An overly tight piriformis muscle can cause pressure on the sciatic nerve, resulting in pain or numbness in the leg (piriformis syndrome).
71. IF YOU WERE GOING TO PERFORM AN ALLOGRAFT REPLACEMENT OF THE ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT, WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING WOULD YOU USE? A SUPERFICIAL FASCIA B EPIMYSIUM C DEEP FASCIA D INSERTION OF TENSOR FASCIA LATAE E PIRIFORMIS
72. Most of the massive muscles that move the thigh originate on the pelvic girdle and insert on various places on the femur.
73. Chyna , a professional female wrestler, has significant thigh muscles! The anterior thigh muscles shown are the quadriceps femoris muscles.
74. The quadriceps femoris muscles act synergistically to extend the leg at the knee (tibiofemoral joint).
75. Three of the quadriceps femoris muscles are easily visible on the surface: vastus lateralis, rectus femoris (which runs straight up the middle), and the vastus medialis. Note the qudriceps femoris tendon above the patella and the patellar ligament below the patella.
76. The vastus lateralis is a good site for intramuscular (IM) injection of medications.
77. Visible on the surface Deep and not visible on surface The quadriceps muscles are actually four muscles that all share a common insertion via the quadriceps femoris tendon onto the patella. This tendinous structure then becomes the patellar ligament
78. The vastus intermedius muscle is deep to the other quadriceps muscles and is NOT visible on the surface.
80. Charles Barkley , a famous basketball player, was forced to end his career when he tore his quadriceps femoris tendon.
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84. The three major posterior muscles of the thigh help flex the knee and are antagonistic to the quads. They are collectively referred to as the hamstring muscles because of the butcher’s practice of using the tendons of insertion of these muscles to help hang hams on hooks for smoking and curing. All three have same origin.
85. Hams being hung via hamstring muscle tendons for smoking and curing
86. The biceps femoris muscle has its origin on the ischial tuberosity and linea aspera of femur and inserts on the head of the tibia. It flexes the leg at knee joint and extends and laterally rotates thigh at hip joint. The tendon of insertion forms the lateral margin of the popliteal fossa .
87. #2 is iliotibial tract (IT band) while #1 is the biceps femoris tendon of insertion. This tendon forms the lateral margin of the popliteal fossa. Lateral view of leg at knee
88. Both the semitendinosus and the semimembranosus muscles originate on the ishial tuberosity. The semitendinosus inserts on the proximal medial surface of the tibia while the semitendinosus inserts on the medial condyle of the tibia. They both flex the leg at the knee joint and extend and medially rotate the thigh at the hip joint. The tendons of insertion form the medial boundary of the popliteal fossa (the semitendinosus is more superficial).
90. The Mongol Hordes would cut the hamstring tendons of their fleeing enemies and then return later to kill them.
91. Read clinical view on lower limb muscle injuries in text
92. Muscles are found anteriolaterally No muscles are found anteriomedially Leg (crural) muscles
93. The deep fascia of the crural region partitions the leg musculature into three compartments (anterior, lateral, and posterior), each with its own nerve and blood supply. Note none anteriorlaterally None anteriorlaterally
94. The tibialis anterior muscle originates on lateral condyle and proximal shaft of tibia. The insertion is over the top of the foot onto the first metatarsal and a tarsal bone (cuneiform). The action is to dorsiflex the ankle and invert the foot at the ankle . I had a temporary nerve disorder that prevented me from using this important muscle! Anterior view
95. The peroneus (fibularis) longus muscle is located laterally, has its origin on the lateral condyle of the tibia and head and shaft of the fibula, and inserts under the arch of the foot on the first metatarsal and a tarsal bone (cuneiform) to plantar flex and evert the foot at the ankle. It is antagonistic to tibialis anterior. Lateral view
96. Note that when Mike Bond inverted his ankle he not only injured his ankle ligaments, he also injured his peroneus longus muscle. He then proceeded to bleed superiorly within the fascial compartment of his peroneus longus muscle!
97. The gastrocnemius muscle forms the major portion of the calf of the leg. Its origin is on the non-articular portions of the lateral and medial epicondyles of the femur and it inserts onto the calcaneus via the Achilles tendon. It plantar flexes the foot at the ankle and flexes the knee joint.
98. Posterior view The soleus muscle is deeper than the gastrocnemius. It has its origin on the proximal shaft of the fibula and medial border of tibia. Its insertion is the same as the gastrocnemius. Its action is to simply plantar flex the foot at the ankle.
99. Gastrocnemius muscle Soleus muscle Achilles tendon The gastrocnemius and soleus are collectively known as the triceps surae.
100. Achilles being dipped in the River Styx by his mother, Thetis, to make him invulnerable . Unfortunately, he was still not protected where she had held him by the heel. Later he was killed in battle by an arrow that struck him in the vulnerable heel. This gave rise to describing any area of weakness as an “Achilles heel”.
105. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING FLEXES THE TIBIOFEMORAL JOINT? A MUSCLE THAT INSERTS ON CALCANEUS B MUSCLE THAT CREATES LATERAL BORDER OF POPLITEAL FOSSA C MUSCLE THAT CREATES MEDIAL BORDER OF POPLITEAL FOSSA D MUSCLE THAT ORIGINATES ON THE ISCHIAL TUBEROSITY E ALL OF THE ABOVE
106. Compartment syndrome can occur with any skeletal muscle when pressure builds up inside its fascial sheath (compartment) because of bleeding or inflammation. The pressure will then compress blood vessels and the entire muscle will die for a lack of oxygen and a lack of energy. The leg shown was kicked in a soccer game. Read the clinical view in the text . Swollen leg Normal leg
111. RICE = rest, ice, compression, and elevation.
112. The intrinsic muscles of the foot originate and insert within the foot. They support the arches and move the toes to aid locomotion. As was true in the upper extremity, there are no muscles in the digits.
113. The plantar surface of the foot is supported by the plantar aponeurosis formed from the deep fascia of the foot. This aponeurosis extends between the phalanges of the toes and the calcaneus.
114. Read the clinical view about plantar fasciitis in text
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116. Muscle fatigue is typically caused by a build-up of lactic acid.
117. Muscle strains are usually caused by insufficient warm-up before competing
118. Atrophy is the wasting away of muscles that can result from nerve damage, disease, or lack of use. Bone loss will also occur.
119. Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of muscle cells, not an increase in the number of cells. It is caused by exercise and conditioning. Increased bone mass also occurs.
120. A cramp (Charley horse) is a prolonged and painful involuntary muscle contraction. Typically caused by lactic acid build-up, calcium deficiency, or oxygen deficiency. [It is occasionally called a “Charley horse” in association with a baseball player in the 1800’s who often suffered from muscle cramps.]
121. Muscular dystrophy is a genetic disease characterized by gradual atrophy and weakening of the muscles.
122. Muscular dystrophy is poorly understood and most children die before the age of 20.
276. Skeletal muscles attach to the skeleton and use the bones as levers and the joints as fulcra (pivots) so as to accomplish the work of moving against the resistance of gravity.
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278. Both arms at rest Both arms pushing against a wall