The document provides information about the 12 cranial nerves, including:
- There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves that arise from the brain and relay sensory/motor information.
- The first cranial nerve is the olfactory nerve, which is responsible for smell. The second is the optic nerve, which relays visual information.
- Later cranial nerves control eye movement, facial expressions, hearing/balance, swallowing, heart rate and other functions.
- Mnemonics are provided to help remember the cranial nerve numbers, functions and pathways. Videos and websites are also listed as learning resources.
The thalamus is the large mass of gray matter in the dorsal part of the diencephalon of the brain with several functions such as relaying of sensory signals, including motor signals, to the cerebral cortex and the regulation of consciousness, sleep, and alertness.
The visual pathway/visual system is the part of central nervous system which gives organisms the ability to process visual detail , as well as enabling the formation of several non-image photo response functions.
It detects interprets information from visible light to build a representation of the surrounding environment .
The visual system carries out a number of complex tasks , including the reception of light and the formation of monocular representations; the buildup of a nuclear binocular perception from a pair of two dimensional projections ; the identification and categorization of visual objects ; assessing distances to and between objects and guiding body movements in relation to the objects seen.
The thalamus is the large mass of gray matter in the dorsal part of the diencephalon of the brain with several functions such as relaying of sensory signals, including motor signals, to the cerebral cortex and the regulation of consciousness, sleep, and alertness.
The visual pathway/visual system is the part of central nervous system which gives organisms the ability to process visual detail , as well as enabling the formation of several non-image photo response functions.
It detects interprets information from visible light to build a representation of the surrounding environment .
The visual system carries out a number of complex tasks , including the reception of light and the formation of monocular representations; the buildup of a nuclear binocular perception from a pair of two dimensional projections ; the identification and categorization of visual objects ; assessing distances to and between objects and guiding body movements in relation to the objects seen.
This presentation was developed by me and another classmate to present some of the major features and characteristics of the nervous system as relating to orofacial structures. We also focused on learning how to make adjustments and adaptations for individuals with nervous system disorders.
Pain related to the head and the face is often related to the Trigeminal Nerve. This is considered to be part of the Polyvagal or Social Engagement Nervous System.
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
How to get verified on Coinbase Account?_.docxBuy bitget
t's important to note that buying verified Coinbase accounts is not recommended and may violate Coinbase's terms of service. Instead of searching to "buy verified Coinbase accounts," follow the proper steps to verify your own account to ensure compliance and security.
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
41. Ophthalmic nerve- S uperior orbital fissure Maxillary nerve-foramen R otundum Mandibular nerve-foramen O vale Mnemonic for where the nerves exit: S tanding R oom O nly
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51. Anesthesia given near the mandibular foramen blocks sensation in the lower jaw, the lower lip, chin, and tongue
92. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is composed of cranial nerves and spinal nerves that relay information to and from the central nervous system (CNS).
93. Nerves can be sensory, motor, or mixed (sensory and motor)
94. Cranial nerves arise from the underside of the brain and are numbered with Roman numerals, starting anteriorly (I) and progressing posteriorly (XII)
97. Another to help remember the types of information these nerves carry (sensory, motor, or both) is thus: S ome S ay M oney M atters, B ut M y B rother S ays B ig B rains M atter M ore. S ome S ay M arry M oney, B ut M y B rother S ays B ad B usiness M arry M oney. S ome S ay M arry M oney, B ut M y B rother S ays B ig B rains M atter M ore. S ome S ay M arry M oney, B ut M y B rother S ays B ig B oobs M atter M ore. S ome S ay M arry M oney, B ut M y B rother S ays B ig B utts M atter M ore. S mall S hips M ake M oney, B ut M y B rother S ays B ig B oats M ake M ore. S ome S ay M arilyn M onroe, B ut M y B rother S ays B ridgette B ardot M mmm M mmmm. There are MANY mnemonics to designate sensory, motor, or both
99. Olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I) is purely sensory and bypasses the thalamus. It is responsible for our sense of smell.
100. Cranial nerve I (olfactory nerve) relies upon chemoreceptors in upper nasal mucous membranes.
101. Locations in upper mucous membranes of the nasal cavity where chemoreceptors of olfactory nerve are located.
102. The paired olfactory bulbs and tracts are located above the cribriform plate and lateral to the crista galli
103. Note the subarachnoid space and note the delicate nerve fibers that pass from the olfactory bulb and tract through the cribriform plate. A severe fall on the back of the head could sever these delicate fibers.
104. Optic nerve (cranial nerve II) is purely sensory. It relays visual nerve impulses to the occipital lobes.
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106. NORMALLY THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER BLOCKS MOST DANGEROUS FOREIGN PARTICLES, SUCH AS PATHOGENS, FROM REACHING THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. HOWEVER, ACCORDING TO YOUR SUPPLEMENTAL READING, HOW CAN THIS PROTECTION BE BYPASSED, POTENTIALLY INCREASING OUR RISK OF TOXIC DISEASE? A MIGRATION OF TOXIC MATERIALS DOWN HAIR SHAFTS AND FOLLICLES B MOVEMENT OF INGESTED MATERIALS VIA THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM C MIGRATION OF INHALED PARTICLES WITHIN THE CYTOPLASM OF CRANIAL NERVE I D INWARD PROGRESSION FROM ORBIT ALONG OPTIC NERVE E TRAUMA TO NASAL CONCHAE
107. Note that the optic chiasma is located immediately over the sella turcica and the pituitary gland
108. Note that some of the nerve fibers (from the medial portion of the retina) cross over at the optic chiasma and continue to the opposite occipital lobe
109. The medial portion of the retina is responsible for our temporal field of view while the lateral portion of our retina is responsible for our nasal field of view. So, it is the nerve fibers responsible for our temporal fields of view that cross in the central portion of the optic chiasma and continue on to the opposite occipital lobes.
110. Note the nerve tracts responsible for our temporal field of view cross in the central portion of the optic chiasm while the tracts for the nasal fields of view are in the outer portion of the optic chiasma and continue to the occipital lobe on that same side
111. The optic nerve tracts eventually go to the occipital lobes of the cerebrum
112. Coronal view of pituitary tumor rising superiorly from the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. Such tumors can put pressure on the central portion of the optic chiasma where nerve fibers for the temporal field of view normally pass. Read the clinical view in the text.
113. Pressure on the central portion of the optic chiasma can impair vision for the temporal fields of view.
116. In Chekov's emergency room, a doctor buzzes up a drill. Bones examines Chekov while the Drill Doctor demands to know who he is, how he got in, and what the hell he's doing. "Tearing of the middle meningeal artery," Bones muses. "What's your degree in -- dentistry?" the Drill Doctor asks. "How do you explain slowing pulse, low respiratory rate, and coma?" Bones demands. "Funduscopic examination!" Dr. Drill announces. "Funduscopic examination is unrevealing in these cases!" Bones snaps back . "A simple evacuation of the expanding epidural hematoma will relieve the pressure!" Dr. Drill shouts. "My god man, drilling holes in his head is not the answer -- the artery must be repaired. Now, put away your butcher knives and let me save this patient before it's too late!" Bones pleads. Dr. Drill puts down his drill and says he's going to have them removed. Quote from hospital room in Star Trek: The Voyage Home
117. Chekov suffered an epidural hematoma after a fall. This resulted in increased intracranial pressure and increased spinal fluid pressure. Healing device on forehead is applied by Dr. McCoy.
118. Note that the meninges and CSF travel along the optic nerve to the back of the eyeball.
119. Note subarachnoid space and CSF traveling to back of eyeball and optic disc (blind spot)
120. Close-up of subarachnoid space leading to optic disc.
121. The fundus (“the portion of a hollow organ furthest from its opening”) of the eyeball is the back of the eyeball. Funduscopic examination of the retina is being performed.
122. caused by increased spinal fluid pressure . The optic disc is bulging anteriorly
123. IF A SOLDIER HAD HIS RIGHT OCCIPTIAL LOBE DESTROYED BY SHRAPNEL FROM A ROADSIDE BOMB, WHAT FIELDS OF VISION WOULD HE LOSE ? A RIGHT NASAL AND RIGHT TEMPORAL B RIGHT NASAL AND LEFT NASAL C LEFT NASAL AND LEFT TEMPORAL D LEFT TEMPORAL AND RIGHT NASAL E LEFT TEMPORAL AND RIGHT TEMPORAL
124. The oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III) controls certain extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the eye. The occulomotor nerve passes through the superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid bone
125. The occulomotor nerve (cranial nerve III) controls some muscles on the outside of the eye (extrinsic) and some muscles on the inside of the eye (intrinsic).
126. The oculomotor nerve can control movement of the eye, dilation and contraction of the iris (colored part of eye), and change the shape of the lens for fine focusing. Pupil is hole in center of iris Iris is colored part of the eye that can contract or relax
127. Pressure on the tentorial incisure (tentorial notch) can lead to inactivation of one, or both, oculomotor nerves.
128. Close-up of tentorial incisure (tentorial notch) where pressure can occur on one or both sides.
134. The trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) has both motor and sensory functions in the face
135. The trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) has three divisions that serve defined regions of the face. Damage or disease to the branch in one division will lead to problems in that one division.
136. Shingles (reactivation of childhood chickenpox) can spread to the skin from one division of a nerve. In this case the first division (ophthalmic branch) of trigeminal nerve.
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138. The photic sneeze reflex is apparently an inherited condition of cross-wiring between the optic nerve and the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve that leads to sneezing when a person is exposed to bright light.
139. Dental anesthesia is often done to temporarily deaden the second and third divisions of cranial nerve V.
144. The abducens nerve also passes near the tentorial incisure
145. Close-up of abducens nerve near the tentorial incisure (tentorial notch). Pressure on this nerve on the right side will lead to palsy (paralysis) of the eye muscle on the right side (ipsilateral )
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147. The facial nerve has both motor and sensory functions in the face.
148. The motor functions of the facial nerve innervate the epicranius, buccinator, obicularis oris, and the platysma
149. The facial nerve stimulates glands and receives sensations of taste from front of the tongue.
150. When I checked the Internet, it seems that all four sensations of taste occur commonly through large areas of the tongue (there is some question about the accuracy of tongue maps). However, sweet is most intense in the front of the tongue and is detected by the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII). The facial nerve receives impulses from the chemoreceptors in the anterior 2/3 of the tongue.
151. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS ASSOCIATED WITH PARALYSIS OF CRANIAL NERVE VII? A BELL PALSY B CORNEAL DAMAGE C UNILATERAL INABILITY OF THE FRONTAL BELLY OF THE OCCIPITOFRONTALIS TO CONTRACT D HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS I E ALL OF THE ABOVE
152. Paralysis (palsy) of cranial nerve VII causes significant loss of quality of life.
153. The vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII) is created by the vestibular branch (which monitors equilibrium and balance) and by the cochlear branch (which is responsible for hearing). It is a purely sensory nerve.
154. The vestibular branch of cranial nerve VIII relays information to the brain so we can maintain balance and equilibrium.
158. Master Long knows about cranial nerve VIII and can damage hearing by rupturing ear drums and traumatizing the cochlea while simultaneously disrupting balance and equilibrium.
159. The glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX) has motor functions for swallowing and the parotid salivary gland and sensory functions for taste from chemoreceptors on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue . Swallowing muscles
160. As stated earlier, there is debate about the accuracy of tongue maps. However, the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX) receives input from chemoreceptors on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, including bitter .
161. The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) is the only cranial nerve to leave the regions of the head and neck. It is a parasympathetic nerve that reduces the activity of many visceral organs, (Surprisingly, parasympathetic nerves inhibit all body systems, except for the digestive system where they have a stimulatory effect!)
162. It is no wonder that the vagus nerve is called the wanderer!
163. The motor component of the vagus nerve innervates most throat and larynx muscles. The sensory component receives input from the external auditory canal and eardrum, throat, larynx, heart, lungs, esophagus, and most abdominal organs.
164. The accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI) arises from both the spinal cord and the brain. It innervates the t rapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles to move the head, neck, and shoulders. It also innervates throat muscles to aid in swallowing.
165. Damage to left branch of Accessory nerve. This person is at rest and normal tension from right sternocleidomastoid is pivoting neck to left side (“wry neck”).
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167. The hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII) innervates muscles of the tongue for swallowing and speech . It is NOT involved in taste!