Nuclear batteries convert the decay of radioisotopes into electricity, providing a reliable and long-term power source with a lifespan of at least ten years. They work through various mechanisms including betavoltaic effects and direct charge collection, though their use of radioactive materials raises safety and economic concerns. Despite high initial production costs and size limitations, the potential applications across fields like medicine, space exploration, and military technology highlight their innovative advantages over conventional chemical batteries.

1. PRESENTED BY
A. PREMKUMAR

2. INTRODUCTION:
•A BURGEONING NEED EXIST TODAY FOR SMALL COMPACT
,RELIABLE,LIGHTWEIGHT POWER SUPPLY TO PROVIDE
ELECTRICAL POWER IN SUCH APPLICATIONS AS AUTOMOBLIES.
•BECAUSE OF THE SHORT AND UNPREDICATABLE LIFESPAN OF
CHEMICAL BATTERIES HOWEVER REGULAR REPLACEMENT
WOULD BE REQURIED TO KEEP THESE DEVICES HUMMING
•DUE TO LACK OF FUEL CELLS THE DEMAND TO EXPLOIT THE
RADIOACTIVITY ENERGY HAS BECOME INEVITABLE HIGH
•THE SOLUTION FOR LONG TERM ENERGY SOURCE IS OF
COURSE THE NUCLEAR BATTERY

3. WHAT IS A NUCLEAR BATTERY?
•THE DEVICE WHICH CONVERTS RADIOISOTOPES DECAY
TO ELECTRICITY
•BASED ON CONVERSION PRINCIPLES THE
RADIOACTIVEISOTOPES ARE DIVIDED INTO THREE TYPES
THEY ARE
1)DIRECT CONVERSION
1)BETAVOLTAIC EFFECT
2)CONTACT POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
3)SECONDARY EMMISION
2)INDIRECT CONVERSION
3)DIRECT CHARGE NUCLEAR BATTERY

4. betavoltaic
•THE BETAVOLTAIC EFFECT IS
CREATION OF EXCESS ELETRON-
HOLE PAIR BY IMPINGING BETA
PARTICLES
•IT HAS OPEN CIRCUIT VOLTAGE
NOT EXCEEDS SEVERAL VOLTS
•LOSS OF OUTPUT IS DETERMINED
BY RADIOACTIVE DECAY OF
ISOTOPE AND THE RADIATION
DEGRAUTION OF BETAVOLTAIC

5. CONTACT POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE:
•THE PARTICLE FROM RADIOACTIVE GAS COLLIDES WITH
MOLECULES OF GAS TO CREATE NEGATIVE POSITIVE
IONS WHICH MOVE TO OPP ELETRODE

6. SECONDARY EMISSION:
•IT IS BASED ON COLLECTION OF SECONDARY ELECTRON
CAUSED BY COLLOSION OF HIGH ENERGY PRIMARY BETA
PARTICLES WITH A THIN LAYER OF DIELETRIC MATERIAL
BETWEEN ELETRODE
•THE NUMBER OF SECONDARY ELETRON IS MUCH GREATER
THEN PRIMARIES
•YET ENERGY IS LESS THE DEVICE ARE NOT BUILT DUE TO
EFFECT NOT GREATER THAN1%

7. INDIRECT CONVERSION:
•ANOTHER POSSIBLE WAY TO GENERATE ELECTRON FROM
RADIOACTIVE DECAY IS A DOUBLE STEP CONVERSION
•IN THIS METHOD RADIOACTIVE DECAY ENERGY(BETA AND
ALPHA PARTICLE)IS CONVERTED TO UV OR VISIBLE LIGHT
RADIATION
•THEN LIGHT CONVERTED TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY BY
A PHOTOVOLATIC

8. DIRECT CHARGE NUCLEAR BATTERY:
•DCNB IS DIRECT COLLECTION OF CHARGED PARTICLES
EMITTED FROM A SOURCES ELETRODE ON AN OPP ELETRODE
CAN BE BUILT USING BETA OR ALPHA EMITS
PRINCIPLE:
DCNB IS A RADIOACTIVE SOURCE ON OR IN A CONDUCTIVE
FOIL FACING A METAL FOILON WHICH THE ELETROSTATIC
CHARGE IS ACCUMULATED
•THE LIFETIME OF BATTERY IS LONGER

10. JUNCTION TYPE BATTERY:
•As the Ni-63 decays it emits
beta particles, which are high-
energy electrons that
spontaneously fly out of the
radioisotope's unstable
nucleus.
•
•The emitted beta particles
ionized the diode's atoms,
exciting unpaired electrons and
holes that are separated at the
vicinity of the p-n interface.
These separated electrons and
holes streamed away form the
junction, producing current.

11. SELF-RECIPROCATING BATTERY:
•A reciprocating cantilever utilizing emitted
charges from a millicurie radioisotope thin film
is presented. The actuator realizes a direct
collected-charge-to-motion conversion. The
reciprocation is obtained by self-timed contact
between the cantilever and the radioisotope
source.
•A static model balancing the electrostatic and
mechanical forces from an equivalent circuit
leads to an analytical solution useful for
device characterization. A scaling analysis
shows that microscale arrays of such
cantilevers provide an integrated sensor and
actuator platform.

13. ADVANTAGES:
•The most important feat of nuclear cells is
the life span they offer, a minimum of 10
years!.
•The largest concern of nuclear batteries
comes from the fact that it involves the use
of radioactive materials. This means
throughout the process of making a
nuclear battery to final disposal all
Radiation Protection Standards must be
met.
•Balancing the safety measures and power
advantages will determine the economic
feasibility of nuclear batteries.

14. DISADVANTAGES:
•First and foremost, as is the case with most breath
taking technologies, the high initial cost of production
involved is a drawback
•. But as the product goes operational and gets into bulk
production, the price is sure to drop.
•The size of nuclear batteries for certain specific
applications may cause problems, but can be done away
with as time go.
• Though radioactive materials sport high
efficiency, the conversion methodologies
used presently are not much of any
wonder and at the best matches
’conventional energy sources

15. APPLICATIONS:
•Nuclear batteries find manifold applications due to its long life
time and improved reliability. In the ensuing era, the replacing of
conventional chemical batteries will be of enormous advantages.
This innovative technology will surely bring
break-through in the current technology which
was muddled up in the power limitations
•Medical application
•Space application
•Under water sea probes and sensors
•Military applications.

16. Conclusion:
•The world of tomorrow that science
fiction dreams of and
technology manifests might be a very
small one. It would reason that small
devices would need small batteries to
power them.
•It has long lifetime efficiency
•The principal concern of nuclear
batteries comes from the fact .

18. QUESTIONS
QUESTIONS
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