NUCLEAR BATTERY

1. NUCLEAR BATTERY TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERINGDEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
15CH46 – TECHNICAL SEMINAR & REPORT
WRITING
15CH46 – TECHNICAL SEMINAR & REPORT
WRITING
BY :
AKASH.R(1606001),
2nd
year
FACULTY IN CHARGE :
PROFESSOR AND HEAD- Dr . M.THIRUMARIMURUGAN
ASSITANT PROFESSOR-Dr. R .AZARUDEEN
ASSITANT PROFESSOR-Ms. R.AISHWARYA

2. ATOMIC NUCLEAR BATTERY
CONTENTS
•OBJECTIVE
•PHASE OF REPORT
•LITERARY SURVEY
•INTRODUCTION
•NUCLEAR BATTERY
•ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
•APPLICATIONS
•CONCLUSION
•REFERENCE

3. OBJECTIVES
• To Develop small, reliable , compact ,light
weight power supplies for future
generation.

4. PHASE OF THE REPORT
• PHASE 1: Working and Types of Nuclear
Battery technology .
• PHASE 2: Conversion Techniques and
innovative ideas to be implemented in
nuclear battery technology.

5. LITERATURE SURVEY
SR
NO.
TITLE YEAR AUTHOR
1.
"Pervasive Power:A Radioisotope-Powered Piezoelectric Generator“
-WORKING OF RADIOISOTOPE
GENERATOR
2005 Lal, Amit; Rajesh Duggirala; Hui Li
2. "Tiny 'nuclear batteries' unveiled.“-
APPLICATION AND SCOPES OF
NUCLEAR BATTERIES A
2009 BBC NEWS
3. "Thermionic converter“- WORKING
OF THERMIONIC GENERATOR
2015 Fitzpatrick, G.O.
4.
”Alpha- and Beta-voltaics”-
INFORMATION ABOUT BETA
VOLTAICS
2011 NASA Glenn Research Centre
5.
"Atomic Battery Converts Radioactivity Directly Into Electricity.“
-ELECTRICITY FROM NUCLEAR
BATTERIES
2009 Gizmag

6. LITERATURE SURVEY
S.
NO
TITLE YEAR AUTHOR
6.
A 25-Year Battery: Long-lived nuclear batteries powered by hydrogen isotopes are in
- APPLICATION OF NUCLEAR
BATTERY
2009 Katherine Bourzac
7. "Betavoltaic energy conversion“-
HOW ELECTRICITY OBTAINED
FROM BETAVOLTAICS.
1973 Olsen, L.C.
8.
Taking a fresh look at the future of nuclear power
- FUTURE OF NUCLEAR BATTERY
2015 International Energy Agency

7. INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS NUCLEAR BATTERY ?
* Nuclear battery is a device which uses energy
from decay of radioactive isotopes.
* They use atomic energy for generation of
electricity but they do not use chain reaction like
conventional nuclear reactors.
* They have long life and high energy density.

8. NUCLEAR ENERGY
CONVERSION TECHNIQUES:
•Conversion techniques can be grouped into
thermal and non-thermal.
•THERMAL CONVERTER : output power is a
function of temperature difference .
•NON-THERMAL CONVERTER : output power is
not a function of temperature difference.

9. THERMAL CONVERTER
• THERMAL CONVERTERS:
Thermionic converter- based on the principles of
thermionic effect (or) thermionic emission.
Radioisotope thermoelectric generator – based on
the principles of thermoelectric effect (or) Seebeck
effect.
Thermo photovoltaic cells- Based on the principles of
photovoltaic effect

10. NON THERMAL CONVERTER
• NON-THERMAL CONVERTERS:
DIRECT CHARGING- based on the principles of
capacitor.
BETA-VOLTAICS- the beta particles are emitted from
radioactive materials and are used as heat source for a
diode to produce electricity on the similar principles of
photovoltaic effect.

11. THERMIONIC CONVERTER
• A thermionic converter consists of a hot electrode which
thermionically emits electrons over a space charge
barrier to a cooler electrode, producing a useful power
output.

12. RADIOISOTOPE THERMOELECTRIC
GENERATOR
• A Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (RTG, RITEG) is an electrical
generator that uses an array of thermocouples to convert the heat released
by the decay of a suitable radioactive material into electricity by the Seebeck
effect.
• This generator has no moving parts

13. NON THERMAL CONVERTER
:BETA VOLTAICS
• Beta voltaics are generators of electric current which use energy
from a radioactive source emitting beta particles .
• The beta emitting source emits the beta particles. This energy is
used for the formation of electron-hole pair that is responsible
for the production of voltage across the PN-junction.
• These cells have a specific power of 24 watts &10 years of
operating cycle.
• The efficiency is about 25 %.

14. BETA VOLTAIC BATTERY

15. STRUCTURE OF BETA
VOLTAICS

16. AQUEOUS NUCLEAR
BATTERY
• The aqueous nuclear battery works on the principle of
radiolysis of water .
• Water radiolysis is the splitting of water molecules to
produce free radicals that are powerful reducing and
oxidizing (redox) agents .
• Free radicals are a highly reactive but short-lived
chemical species that can also be converted into
electricity.
• This permits beta particles' ionization energy to excite
electrons while remaining far below the substrate’s band
gap
• Making the beta particles a reliable electrical energy
source that can expand the cell's power output .

17. WORKING OF AQUEOUS
NUCLEAR
•As high-energy beta radiation passes through the Pt and TiO2,
(substrates) the TiO2 nanostructure produces electron-hole pairs,
which creates an electron flow and resultant electric current.
• The holes move toward the Pt/liquid interface while the
electrons move to the other electric contact due to electric
potential at the Pt/electrolyte interface.
• A water-based semiconductor lattice structure acts as a buffer
by providing shielding from the radioactive source and absorbing
large amounts of beta particle’s energy.

18. ADVANTAGES
• Life span – minimum of decades
• Reliable electricity
• Amount of energy obtained is very high.
• Lighter with high density.
• Less waste generation.
• Fuel used is nuclear waste from nuclear
fission.

19. DISADVANTAGES
• High initial cost of production as its in the
experimental stage.
• Energy conversion methodologies are not
much advanced.
• Regional and country-specific laws regarding
use and disposal of radioactive fuels.
• To gain social acceptance.

20. APPLICATION
•They are used as power source for spacecraft
•They are used in pacemaker.
•They are used in unmanned power facilities.
•They used as portable batteries in electronics applications

21. CONCLUSION
• Small compact devices of future require small
batteries
• Nuclear batteries increase functionality
,reliability and longeivity.
• Nuclear batteries are Batteries of the near
future.

22. REFERENCE
• Olsen, L.C. (December 1973). "Betavoltaic energy conversion". Energy
Conversion. Elsevier Ltd. 13 (4): 117–124, IN1, 125–127. doi:
10.1016/0013-7480(73)90010-7.
• Maher, George (October 1991). "Battery Basics". County Commissions,
North Dakota State University and U.S. Department of Agriculture. North
Dakota State University. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
• Edwards, Rob (29 November 2007).
"Tritium hazard rating 'should be doubled'". NewScientist.
• WALD, MATTHEW L. (8 January 2014).
"From Harvard, a Cheaper Storage Battery". New York Times.
Retrieved 10 January 2014

23. REFERENCE
•
"Bruce Power's Unit 2 sends electricity to Ontario grid for first time in 17 ye
. Bruce Power. 2012-10-16. Archived from the original on 2013-01-
02. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
• Jump up^
http://world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/n
• Jump up^ James Conca, "China shows how to build nuclear
reactors fast and cheap", Forbes, 22 O ct. 2015.
• Maher, George (October 1991). "Battery Basics". County
Commissions, North Dakota State University and U.S. Department
of Agriculture. North Dakota State University. Retrieved August
29, 2011.
• Jump up^ Edwards, Rob (29 November 2007). "Tritium hazard
rating 'should be doubled'". NewScientist.