The document discusses various types of chemical energy storage batteries. It begins by defining batteries as devices that convert chemical energy to electrical energy through electrochemical reactions. Batteries are then classified as either primary (non-rechargeable) or secondary (rechargeable) batteries. Several common battery types are described in detail, including lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, lithium-ion, sodium-sulfur, and zinc-bromine batteries. Their basic workings, advantages, and disadvantages are summarized. The document also discusses fuel cells as another method of chemical energy storage.

1. CHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE

2. Batteries
• A device that converts the chemical energy into electrical
energy.
• “Combination of individual cells”
• Cell is chemical combination of material and electrolyte
constituting the basic electrochemical energy storer.
• Battery a black box into which electrical energy is put,
stored electrochemically, and later recovered as
electrical energy.

3. Classification of batteries
Batteries
Primary Secondary

4. Primary batteries
Primary batteries / non-chargeable – e.g. dry cell
- chemical reaction are non reversible
• Can produce current immediately
• These are most commonly used in portable devices that
have low current drain, such as in alarm and
communication circuits
• the chemical reactions are not easily reversible and
active materials may not return to their original forms

5. Secondary batteries
Secondary batteries / rechargeable –
e.g. lead acid battery- chemical reaction
are reversible
• Chief interest of solar electrics
• Storage batteries
• Generally portable, common mobile sources of energy,
• Ex. Starting-lighting ignition (SLI) of automobiles,
other applications in mines locomotives, forklift trucks,
golf carts, road vehicles and submarines

6. Basic battery theory
• Two electrodes (anode and
cathode) immersed in
electrolyte
• Electrical load connected
between electrodes
• The electrons flows through
external load and ion
through in the electrolyte
recombining at other
electrodes
• Electrolysis
• A chemical process in which
bonded elements and
compounds are dissociated
by the passage of an
electric current.
• The electrolysis of water:
2H2O + energy = 2H2 + 2O2

7. Battery - During Charge
ElectrolyteAnode + Cathode -
Charger
Current
Voltage and energy increases
Energy
Heat
Heat
chemical
reaction

8. electrolyteAnode + Cathode -
Load
Current
Voltage and energy decreases
Work
Heat
Heat
Chemical
reaction
Battery - During Discharge

9. Definition of fundamental quantities
• Energy capacities of batteries
1)Energy stored(watt-hr)
2)Energy stored per weight (watt-hr/kg)
3)Energy stored per volume(watt-hr/m³)
• Power capacity
It is the rate at which stored energy can safely be taken out of
a battery and restored
• Specific Power
The maximum rated power output/ kg the battery can supply
• Energy efficiency - useful energy out (watt-hr)/ recharge
energy (watt-hr)
• Cycle life
It is number of times the battery can be charged and
discharged under specified condition

10. Classification of batteries
A) Conventional batteries
e.g. lead acid, nickel cadmium, nickel iron, nickel zinc,
silver cadmium, zinc bromine
B) Metal gas batteries
e.g. iron-air, zinc-air, zinc-oxygen, zinc-chlorine, nickel
hydrogen etc.
C) Alkali-metal-high temperature batteries
e.g. sodium-sulfur, sodium-chlorine, lithium-sulfur etc.

11. Lead acid battery
• Invented by Gaston Plante in France in 1859
• First practical storage battery
• Lead-acid batteries having a very low energy-to-weight ratio
and a low energy-to-volume ratio, their ability to supply high
currents means that the cells maintain a relatively large
power-to-weight ratio.
• These features, along with their low cost, make them
attractive for use in motor vehicles to provide the high current
required by automobile starter motors

12. Working principle
• + ve electrode : Lead-di-
oxide (PbO₂)
• - ve electrode : Metallic
lead (Pb)
• Electrolyte : sulphuric
acid solution
• PbO₂ + Pb + 2 H₂SO₄ ↔
PbSO₄ (+) + PbSO₄ (-) +
2H₂O

13. Working of a lead acid battery

14. • Positive electrode (anode) made from lead alloy and
lead dioxide
• The negative electrode (cathode) is made from pure
lead and both electrodes are immersed in sulphuric
acid
While charging
• Lead oxide-anode, pure lead- cathode, liberating
H2So4 in water
• On charging sulphuric acid is produced and the
specific gravity of the electrolyte increases
Discharging
• When the battery is discharged water is produced,
diluting the acid and reducing its specific gravity
Lead acid battery

15. • Wet cell stand-by (stationary) batteries designed for deep discharge
are commonly used in large backup power supplies for telephone and
computer centers, grid energy storage and off-grid household electric
power systems
• Lead-acid batteries are used in emergency lighting in case of power
failure
• Large lead-acid batteries are used to power the electric motors in
diesel-electric (conventional) submarines and are used on nuclear
submarines as well
• Motor vehicle starting, lighting and ignition (SLI) batteries (car
batteries) provides current for starting internal combustion engines.
• Lead-acid batteries were used to supply the filament (heater) voltage
(usually between 2 and 12 volts with 2 V being most common) in early
vacuum tube (valve) radio receivers.
Applications

16. Advantages
• Inexpensive and simple to manufacture
• Reliable and well-understood technology
• Low self-discharge
• Low maintenance requirements
Disadvantages
• Cannot be stored in a discharged condition
• Low energy density
• Allows only a limited number of full discharge cycles - well suited for
standby applications that require only occasional deep discharges
• Environmentally unfriendly - the electrolyte and the lead content can
cause environmental damage
• Transportation restrictions on flooded lead acid
• Thermal runaway can occur with improper charging

17. Nickel-iron cell battery
• By Thomus A. Edison in early 1900
• Anode – Nickel oxide - hydroxide , Cathode – Iron
• Electrolyte – Potassium hydroxide
• 2NiOOH.H₂O + Fe ↔ 2Ni(OH)₂ + Fe(OH)₂
o The active materials are held in nickel-plated steel tubes or perforated
pockets. It is a very robust battery which is tolerant (overcharge, over-
discharge and short-circuiting).
o It is often used in backup situations where it can be continuously
charged and can last for more than 20 years. Due to low specific
energy, poor charge retention and its high cost of manufacture, other
types of rechargeable batteries have displaced the nickel-iron battery
in most applications
o They are currently gaining popularity for solar voltaic backup
applications where daily charging makes them an appropriate
technology
• Advantages - used for rail, raod car, mine lighting, industrial trucks
• Disadvantages - Upon standing it losses its charge & requires addition
of water time to time

18. Nickel-Cadmium battery
• By W. Junjer in sweden
• The nickel-cadmium battery (NiCd or NiCad) is a type of rechargeable battery
using nickel oxide hydroxide and metallic cadmium as electrode.
• 2NiOOH.H₂O + Cd ↔ 2Ni( OH) ₂ + Cd (OH)₂
• Advantages : longer life, Little loss of water and no evaluation of hydrogen
o Applications : Small NiCd dry cells are used for portable electronics and toys
o When NiCds are substituted for primary cells, the lower terminal voltage and
smaller ampere-hour capacity may reduce performance as compared to
primary cells
o Miniature button cells are sometimes used in photographic equipment, hand-
held lamps (flashlight or torch), computer-memory standby, toys and novelties,
cordless and wireless telephones, emergency lighting and other applications.

19. Advantages
• Fast and simple charge - even after prolonged
storage
• High number of charge/discharge cycles
• Good load performance
• Long shelf life
• Simple storage and transportation
• Good low temperature performance
Disadvantages
• Relatively low energy
• Memory effect
• Environmentally unfriendly - the NiCd contains toxic
metals
• Some countries are limiting the use of the NiCd
battery

20. Lithium ion battery
• One of the most energetic rechargeable batteries
Advantages
• They're generally much lighter than other types of
rechargeable batteries of the same size. The electrodes of
a lithium-ion battery are made of lightweight lithium and
carbon. Lithium is also a highly reactive element,
meaning that a lot of energy can be stored in its atomic
bonds. This translates into a very high energy density for
lithium-ion batteries

21. Lithium ion battery

22. • The metal case holds a long spiral comprising
three thin sheets pressed together:
• A Positive electrode
• A Negative electrode
• A separator
• Inside the case these sheets are submerged in
an organic solvent that acts as the electrolyte.
Ether is one common solvent.
• The separator is a very thin sheet of micro-
perforated plastic. As the name implies, it
separates the positive and negative electrodes
while allowing ions to pass through.
• The positive electrode is made of Lithium
cobalt oxide, or LiCoO2. The negative
electrode is made of carbon. When the battery
charges, ions of lithium move through the
electrolyte from the positive electrode to the
negative electrode and attach to the carbon.
During discharge, the lithium ions move back
to the LiCoO2 from the carbon.

23. • A typical lithium-ion battery can store 150 watt-hours of
electricity in 1 kilogram of battery.
• A lithium-ion battery pack loses only about 5 percent of
its charge per month, compared to other batteries
• They have no memory effect, which means that you do
not have to completely discharge them before recharging,
• Lithium-ion batteries can handle hundreds of
charge/discharge cycles.

24. Disadvantages
• They start degrading as soon as they leave the factory. They will
only last two or three years from the date of manufacture whether
you use them or not.
• They are extremely sensitive to high temperatures. Heat causes
lithium-ion battery packs to degrade much faster than they normally
would.
• If you completely discharge a lithium-ion battery, it is ruined.
• A lithium-ion battery pack must have an on-board computer to
manage the battery. This makes them even more expensive than
they already are.
• There is a small chance that, if a lithium-ion battery pack fails, it will
burst into flame.

25. Sodium–sulfur battery
• Sodium–sulfur battery or liquid metal battery is a type of molten
metal battery constructed from sodium (Na) and sulfur (S).
• This type of battery has a high energy density, high efficiency of
charge/discharge (89–92%) and long cycle life, and is fabricated
from inexpensive materials.
• However, because of the operating temperatures of 300 to 350 °C
and the highly corrosive nature of the sodium polysulfides, such
cells are primarily suitable for large-scale non-mobile applications
such as grid energy storage
• The battery has a solid electrolyte membrane between the anode
and cathode, compared with liquid metal batteries where the anode,
the cathode, and also the membrane are liquids.

27. • Pure sodium presents a hazard because it spontaneously burns/explodes in
contact with water, thus the system must be protected from moisture.
• Corrosion of the insulators was found to be a problem in the harsh chemical
environment as they gradually became conductive and the self-discharge
rate increased.
• NaS batteries are a possible energy storage technology to support
renewable energy generation, specifically wind farms and solar generation
plants.
• In the case of a wind farm, the battery would store energy during times of
high wind but low power demand. This stored energy could then be
discharged from the batteries during peak load periods.
• In addition to this power shifting, it is likely that sodium sulfur batteries could
be used throughout the day to assist in stabilizing the power output of the
wind farm during wind fluctuations.

28. Zinc-bromine battery
• A solution of Zinc bromide is stored in two tanks.
• When the battery is charged or discharged the solutions
(electrolytes) are pumped through a reactor and back
into the tanks.
• One tank is used to store the electrolyte for the positive
electrode reactions and the other for the negative.
• Zinc bromine batteries from different manufacturers
have energy densities ranging from 34.4–54 Wh/kg

29. The primary features of the zinc bromine battery are:
• High energy density relative to lead-acid batteries
• 100% depth of discharge capability on a daily basis
• High cycle life of >2,000 cycles at 100% depth of discharge, at
which point the battery can be serviced to increase cycle life to over
3,500 cycles
• No shelf life limitations as zinc-bromine batteries are non-perishable,
unlike lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries, for example.
• Scalable capacities from 10 kW·h (0.036 GJ) to over 500 kW·h
(1.8 GJ) systems
• The ability to store energy from any electricity generating source

30. • A flow battery is a form of rechargeable battery in which
electrolyte containing one or more dissolved electro-
active species flows through an electrochemical cell that
converts chemical energy directly to electricity
Flow battery

31. Battery Storage
• Flow batteries store energy in charged electrolytes and
utilize proton exchange membranes similar to fuel cells.
This storage technology is not developed enough at this
point for practical wind energy application. Battery size,
tank capacities, containment, and cell life are the most
critical issues.

33. Wind-hydrogen storage system
Power GridVariable
-speed
drive
Rectifier
Electrolyzer
Compressor Storage
Fuel-cell
Inverter
Wind
turbine
Storage system
efficiency: 25% to 35%
Fuel
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
H2
H2
H2
e-
H2

34. BASIC CHARGING METHODS
 Constant Voltage Cheap battery chargers
 Constant Current Switches off at voltage set-point
 Taper Current Unregulated constant voltage
 Negative Pulse Charge Short discharge pulse
 IUI Charging Constant I, constant V, equalize
 IUO Charging Constant I, constant V, float
 Trickle charge Compensate for self discharge
 Float charge Constant voltage below gassing V
 Random charging Solar panel

35. BATTERY CAPACITY
Type Capacity (mAh) Density (Wh/kg)
Alkaline AA 2850 124
Rechargeable 1600 80
NiCd AA 750 41
NiMH AA 1100 51
Lithium ion 1200 100
Lead acid 2000 30

36. DISCHARGE RATES
Type Voltage Peak
Drain
Optimal
Drain
Alkaline 1.5 0.5C < 0.2C
NiCd 1.25 20C 1C
Nickel metal 1.25 5C < 0.5C
Lead acid 2 5C 0.2C
Lithium ion 3.6 2C < 1C

37. HOW TO MAXIMIZE BATTERY LIFE
 Do not mix with the new batteries used. It reduces the life of
both.
 Store batteries in room temperature (60 – 90 degrees typical).
 For re-chargeable batteries: Do not over charge batteries. It will
reduce the cycle time of battery.
 Don’t over drain the batteries as well.
 Use the right charger for each type of batteries.

38. General uses of a battery
• Alarm System
• Radios
• Clock
• Cameras
• Digital devices
• Hearing aids
• Toys
• Flashlights
• Calculators
• Medical Devices
 Cars/Trucks
 Computers/Laptops
 Motorcycle
 Boats
 Cordless Phone
 Drill packs
 Electric Wheel Chair
 Ipods/Mobile Sound systems

39. Advantages of batteries
• Mitigation of oil shortage and import problem
• Lower cost of electric energy
• Lower capital cost
• No envt. Pollution
• Savings in power transmission
• Shorter time for construction
• Reliability In power emergency and regulation

40. • Batteries can be used for only a limited time, even
Rechargeable batteries can be recharged a certain
number of times
• Some equipment (high consuming power
equipment) become heavier when using batteries
• Some batteries are dangerous and can lead to fire,
explosion and chemical pollution
• Some types of batteries need to be maintained and
checked periodically
Disadvantages of batteries

41. Fuel cells
• Fuel cells use a chemical reaction, rather than
combustion (burning a fuel), to produce electricity in a
process that is the reverse of electrolysis.
• In electrolysis, and electric current applied to water
produces hydrogen and oxygen. By reversing this
process, hydrogen and oxygen are combined in the fuel
cell to produce electricity and water.

42. Working principle
• Hydrogen (fuel) is fed into the
anode of the fuel cell.
• Oxygen (from air) is fed into the
cathode side.
• Encouraged by a catalyst,
electrons are stripped from the
hydrogen atom.
• Freed of the electrons, the protons
pass through the electrolyte, while
the electrons are forced to take a
different path to the cathode.
• As the electrons travel their
separate path, they create an
electric current that can be
utilized.
• At the cathode, another catalyst
rejoins the hydrogen atom, which
then combines with the oxygen to
create a molecule of water.

43. Storage of chemical energy
• Energy content about 0.3 cubic meter at STP is one kWh
• Familiar reaction is electrolysis where direct current is passed
through a conducting aqueous solution producing hydrogen at
one electrode and oxygen at the other
• Energy from the wind was converted into electricity (DC) in one
scheme for the electrolysis of water
• Electrolytic cell – Estimated to offer about 60% efficiency and
hydrogen was produced and stored by electrolysis at 211 kg/cm2
• Volume required to store hydrogen at a pressure of 211 kg/cm2,
would be only 0.001 m3 per kWh

44. Types of fuel cells
Classified on the basis of operating
conditions and various electrolytes used.
– Alkaline fuel cells (AFC)
– Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM)
– Phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC)
– Molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC)
– Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC)
– Regenerative fuel cells

45. Hydrogen Production by
Solar Electrolysis
• Solar electric power and/or utility grid power
• Power Controller
• Electrolyzer
• Hydrogen Purifier
• Oxygen Purifier
• Hydrogen and Oxygen Storage Tanks
• Electrolyte Storage Tank and Transfer Pump
• Makeup-water Purifier

46. • Solar electric power is
produced by two 16-panel
Solar photovoltaic arrays
and a gaggle of other
smaller panels.
• When the two house
battery banks are fully
charged, two 50 Amp
charge controllers
disconnect the PV power,
and the PV voltage rises.
• controller senses the
voltage rise and transfers
the PV power to the
electrolyzers to make
hydrogen and oxygen.

47. Advantages
• No green house gases
• Not much political dependence
• More operating time.
Disadvantages
• Storage of Hydrogen due to highly inflammable
nature of H2. Though metal hydrides(FeTiH1.7)
and NH3 can be alternative.
• High capital cost due to Platinum catalyst used
in the process.

48. Thank you !!!