The document discusses various topics related to energy storage. It defines energy storage as capturing energy produced at one time for use later. It categorizes energy storage technologies as mechanical, chemical, thermal, electrical, and electrochemical. It also describes key battery technologies like lithium-ion and flow batteries. Additionally, it covers topics like energy storage applications for electric vehicles and grids, as well as areas of ongoing research like hydrogen storage and metal organic frameworks for energy storage.

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2. Content
 What is energy storage ?
 Types of energy storage technologies.
 Energy storage market segmentation.
 Metrics in energy storage
 Battery classification
 Key technologies in rechargeable batteries
 Characteristics of various types of rechargeable batteries
 Ultracapacitors / Supercapacitors
 Energy storage for electric transport
 Large scale energy storage
 Some important areas of research in energy storage

3. What is Energy Storage ?
 Energy storage is the capture of energy produced at one time for use at a later time.
 A device that stores energy is generally called an accumulator or battery.
 Energy comes in multiple forms including radiation, chemical, gravitational potential, electrical potential,
electricity, elevated temperature, latent heat and kinetic.
 Energy storage involves converting energy from forms that are difficult to store to more conveniently or
economically storable forms.
 Some technologies provide short-term energy storage, while others can endure for much longer. ed

4. Types of Energy Storage Technologies
Mechanical
- Pumped storage
- Hydroelectricity
- Fly wheel
- Compressed Air Energy
Storage
- Solid mass gravitational
Electrochemical
- Lead acid
- Lithium ion
- Sodium sulfur
- Sodium nickle
chloride.
- Flow batteries
Thermal
- Brick storage heater
- Cryogenic energy storage
- Liquid nitrogen engine
- Eutectic system
- Ice storage air conditioning
- Molten salt storage
- Phase change material
- Seasonal thermal energy
storage
- Solar pond
- Steam accumulator
- Thermal energy storage
Electrical
- Supercapcitors
- Capacitors
- SMES (Superconducting -
magnetic energy storage)
Chemical
Biofuels
Hydrated salts
Hydrogen storage
Hydrogen peroxide
Vanadium pentoxide
Power to gas

5. Energy Storage Market Segmetation
Energy Storage Market Segmentation
StationaryMobile
Consumer devices
-Mobile Phones
-Smartphones
-Laptops
-Power tools
-Video gaming machines
- Batteries for plug-in
electric vehicles.
- Batteries for hybrid
Vehicles.
- Batteries for other
electric vehicles (buses,
trains etc)
Electric transport
-Storage for utilities
-Used to shift energy
produced
Large scale storage

6. Metrics in Energy Storage
Metric Units Description
Energy Capacity MWh, kWh Maximum amount of energy stored in a device when fully charged
Power MW, kW Rate at which energy is transferred (charged or discharged). In electrical battery
systems, there is a balance between
power and energy; increasing the power of a system will reduce its energy
Discharge Time Seconds / Minutes /
Hours
Time required to discharge a device
Cost per kWh Currency / kWh Measure cost per unit of energy capacity and power
Calendar life Months / Years Time before a battery becomes unusable whether it is in active
use or inactive. Almost all devices degrade over time regardless of their cycling regime
Cycle life Number Represents the number of cycles that a battery can provide. If the battery degrades
before its calendar life, it is often
because it has reached the end of its cycle life
Round-trip
efficiency
Percentage Percentage of energy stored that is lost in one cycle

7. Battery Classifications
- Cannot easily be recharged after use.
- Are discarded following discharge.
- Most primary cells utilize electrolytes
that are contained within absorbent
material or a separator (ino free or
liquid electrolyte), and are thus
termed dry cells.
Primary Batteries
(Non rechargeable)
Secondary Batteries
(Rechargeable)
- Can be electrically recharged
after use to their original pre-
discharge condition
- By passing current through
the circuit in the opposite
direction to the current
during discharge.
Recharging a cell

8. Key Technologies in Rechargeable Batteries
Li based Lead Acid Na S Flow batteries

9. Characteristics of Various Types of Rechargeable Batteries
Type Characteristics
Li based - Rechargeable battery in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge, and back
when charging.
- Li-ion batteries use lithium compound as the electrode material, compared to the metallic lithium used in the non-rechargeable
lithium battery.
Lead Acid - Oldest type of rechargeable battery.
- Has a very low energy- to-weight ratio and a low energy- to-volume ratio.
- Capable of supplying high surge currents
- Suitable for use in motor vehicles to provide the high current required by automobile starter motors
Na S - Molten-metal battery constructed from sodium (Na) and sulfur (S).
- NaS has a high energy density, high efficiency of charge/discharge and long cycle life, and is made from inexpensive
materials.
- Used in grid energy storage.
Flow
batteries
- Rechargeable fuel cell in which electrolyte containing one or more dissolved electroactive species flows through an electrochemical
cell that reversibly converts chemical energy directly to electricity.
- Primarily used in load balancing, electric vehicles, UPS, power conversion and storage

10. Ultracapacitors / Supercapacitors
- Ultracapacitors are energy storage devices that can charge and discharge rapidly (in milliseconds) and
generate short bursts of power while having extremely limited (less than a few seconds) energy storage capacity.
- Supercapacitors represent a step change from capacitors, improving upon the traditional
capacitor in ways including: On the performance front, an ultracapacitor can release energy
much faster and with much more power than a battery, which relies on a slow chemical reaction.
- The charge/discharge cycle of supercapacitors is measured in seconds vs. hours for batteries.
increasing the amount of charge that the plates can store. This is achieved through coating the plates
with a porous material (e.g., activated carbon) which gives them a much higher surface area to store charge
- A thin physical separator is introduced in place of a conventional separator, eliminating the need for a bulky
dielectric. This greatly reduces the separation and the actual physical size of the capacitor.
- Ultracapacitors / supercapacitors are predominantly used in heavy and public transport and motor racing.

11. Energy Storage for Electric Transport
Electric transport applications have four main battery types of interest.
Nickel-based aqueous
Nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride are the two main nickel-based aqueous
(liquid electrolyte) battery types. Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs): Vehicle that uses both an internal
combustion engine (using conventional gasoline, diesel, or biodiesel) in cost and toxicity of cadmium are the main
concerns for nickel-cadmium batteries (EU has imposed bans in most cases).
Lithium-ion
The most popular and commonly used battery type for portable consumer electronics, displaying favorable
characteristics like durability, high specific energy, correspondingly light weight, and reasonably fast-charge/discharge capability
Lithium metal and Metal-air
Currently under development with a promise of up to a tenfold increase in energy. Full fledged deployment in transportation sector
has not been made as it is in the R&D stage, though these technologies have demonstrated basic performance and energy density potential
in niche applications

12. Large Scale Energy Storage
 Large-scale energy storage (also called grid-scale energy storage) refers to the
methods used to store electricity on a large scale within an electrical power grid.
Non-Electrochemical Electrochemical
Large scale
energy storage
technologies
1. Pumped Hydro- Storage
2. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)
3. Flywheel
4. Ultra-Capacitor
5. Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)
1. Lithium-ion
2. Sodium Sulfur Batteries
3. Flow Batteries
4. Advanced Lead Acid
Batteries
5. Fuel Cells

13.  Energy storage is the capture of energy produced at one time for use at a later time.
 Energy storage technologies can be broadly categorized in to Mechanical, Chemical, Thermal, Electrical, Electrochemical.
 Energy storage market is segmented as mobile and stationary .
 Primary batteries are rechargeable while secondary batteries are not rechargeable.
 The key technologies in rechargeable batteries are Li based, lead acid, Na S, flow batteries.
 The charge/discharge cycle of supercapacitors is measured in seconds vs. hours for batteries.
 Electric transport applications have four main battery types of interest Nickel-based aqueous, Lithium-ion, Lithium metal and
Metal-air.
 Large-scale energy storage (also called grid-scale energy storage) refers to the methods used to store electricity on a large scale
within an electrical power grid.
 Large scale energy storage technologies are classified as electrochemical and nonelectrochemical.
Large Scale Energy Storage

14. Some Important Areas of Research in Energy Storage
 Storage of energy generated from renewable sources in remote location.
 Hydrogen production from sea water, its storage and fuel cells.
 Petroleum production from CO2 and its storage.
 MOF (metal organic framework) as energy storage materials.

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