This document discusses nuclear batteries, which generate electricity from radioactive decay without a nuclear chain reaction. It describes two main conversion techniques: thermal and non-thermal. Thermal converters use heat from radioactive decay, like thermionic converters, radioisotope thermoelectric generators, and Stirling radioisotope generators. Non-thermal techniques include betavoltaics, which use a semiconductor junction to directly convert beta particle energy to electricity. Common radioactive isotopes used in nuclear batteries include tritium and nickel-63. Their applications include powering spacecraft, pacemakers, and other devices, due to their extremely long lifetime and high energy density.

2. INTRODUCTION
 The nuclear battery is a device which uses energy decay from
the radioactive isotope to generate electricity.
 Nuclear reactors generate electricity from atomic energy, but
they not use in chain reaction.
 Nuclear Battery Also known as Atomic Battery, Tritium
Battery and Radioisotope Generator

3. WORKING OF NUCLEAR BATTERY
Nuclear
Battery
Thermal
Converter
Non-Thermal
Converter
Conversion techniques of nuclear battery can be grouped
into two types :

4. THERMAL CONVERTERS
Thermionic converter
Radioisotope thermoelectric generator
Thermo photovoltaic cells
Stirling radioisotope generator

5. THERMIONIC CONVERTER
A thermionic converter consists of a hot electrode which
thermionically emits electrons over a space charge,
producing a useful power output.
To optimize the electrode work functions and provide an
ion supply (by surface ionization) to neutralize the
electron space charge.

6. THERMO PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS
Thermophotovoltaic cells is convert infrared light
emitted by a hot surface, into electricity.
Thermophotovoltaic cells have an efficiency slightly
higher than thermoelectric couples, potentially
doubling efficiency.

8. STIRLING RADIOISOTOPE
GENERATOR
A Stirling engine driven by the temperature difference
produced by a radioisotope.
New developments have led to the creation of a more
efficient version, known as an Advanced Stirling
Radioisotope Generator.

9. NON-THERMAL CONVERTERS
Direct charging generators
Betavoltaics
Alphavoltaics
Optoelectric

10. DIRECT CHARGING GENERATORS
These generator consists of a capacitor which is charged
by the current of charged particles from a radioactive
layer deposited on one of the electrodes.
Spacing can be either vacuum or dielectric.

11. BETAVOLTAICS
Betavoltaics are generators of electrical current, in form
of battery, which use energy for a radioactive emitting
source.
A common source used is the hydrogen isotope, tritium.
Betavoltaics use a non-thermal conversion process,
using a semiconductor p-n junction.

13. ALPHAVOLTAICS
Alphavoltaic are power sources devices that
use a semiconductor junction to produce
electrical particle from energetic alpha
particles.

14. NUCLEAR BATTERY USED
Atomic batteries use radioisotopes that produce low energy
beta particles or sometimes alpha particles.
 Tritium
 Nickel-63
 Technetium-99
 Curium-242
 Strontium-90

15. APPLICATIONS
They have extremely long life and high energy density, and
so they are mainly used as power sources for equipment
like-
Spacecraft.
Pacemakers (Medical device).
underwater systems.
automobile.

16. ADVANTAGES
extremely long life
Reliable electricity.
Amount of energy obtained is very high.
Lighter with high energy density.
Less waste generation.
Fuel used is the nuclear waste from nuclear fission.

17. DISADVANTAGES
High initial cost of production as its in the
experimental stage.
Energy conversion methodologies are not much
advanced.
disposal of radioactive fuels.
To gain social acceptance.

18. CONCLUSION
Clearly the current research of nuclear batteries
shows promise in future applications for sure. With
implementation of this new technology credibility
and feasibility of the device will be heightened.