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2.  A device which uses energy from the decay of a
radioactive isotope to generate electricity.
 Like nuclear reactors they generate electricity
from atomic energy , but differ in that they do not
use a “Chain Reaction”.
 Also known as Atomic Battery, Tritium Battery
and Radioisotope Generator

4. WHAT IS NUCLEAR BATTERY ??
• Atomic battery , also known as nuclear battery
• it is a device which uses emissions of radioactive isotope
to generate electricity
• they do not use a chain reaction to generate electricity

5. WHY NUCLEAR BATTERY ??
1) Chemical batteries require frequent replacements and are bulky.
2) Fuel and Solar cells are expensive and requires sunlight respectively.
3) Need for compact, reliable, light weight and long life power supplies.
4) It uses emissions from radioisotope to generate electricity so there is no
fear of hazardous radiations.
5) Has lifespan up to decades.
6) Do not rely on nuclear reaction, so no radioactive wastes.
7) Convert energy from radioactive decay to electricity.
8) Can be used in easily inaccessible and extreme conditions
9) Reduce the rate of replacements.

6. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
 Began in 1913, when Henry Moseley first demonstrated the
beta cell.
 The field received considerable in-depth research attention
for applications requiring long life power sources for space
needs during the 1950s and 1960s.
In 1954 RCA(Radio Corporation of America) researched a
small atomic battery for small radio receivers and hearing
aids.
Low efficiency due to loss of electrons.

7. UNDERSTANDING THE TERMS USED
Radiations
• Alpha- These are fast moving helium atoms.
They have high energy, typically in the MeV
range. They also are magnetic in nature
• Beta- These are fast moving electrons. They
typically have energies in the range of a few
hundred keV to several MeV.
• Gamma- These are photons, just like light,
except of much higher energy.
Radioisotopes
• Radioisotopes are artificially produced,
unstable atoms of a chemical element,
• Which have a different number of neutrons in
the nucleus,
• But the same number of protons and the same
chemical properties.

8. Conversion techniques can be grouped into two types:
Thermal: whose output power is a function of a temperature differential.
Non-Thermal: whose output power is not a function of a temperature
difference

9. Types of Nuclear Batteries
Nuclear
Batteries
Thermal
Converters
Non-Thermal
Converters
Thermionic converters
Reciprocating electromechanical
battery
Optoelectric
Alkali-Metal thermal to electric
converter
Direct charging generators
Thermo photovoltaic cells
Alphavoltaics
Radioisotope thermoelectric
generator
Betavoltaic

10. WORKING PRINCIPLE
• Nuclear batteries use the incredible amount
of energy released naturally by radio-active
source.
• Beta particles (high-energy electrons) fly
spontaneously from the radioactive source
and hit the copper sheet, where they
accumulate.(fig-1)
• Electrostatic attraction between the copper
sheet and the radioactive source bends the
silicon cantilever and the piezoelectric plate
on top of it.

11. • When the cantilever bends to the point
where the copper sheet touches the
radioactive source, the electrons flow
back to it, and the attractive force
ceases.(fig-2)
• The cantilever then oscillates, and the
mechanical stress in the piezoelectric
plate creates an imbalance in its charge
distribution, resulting in an electric
current.
Continued...

12. Thermionic Converter:
Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator:

13. Thermo Photovoltaic Cells
Alkali-Metal Thermal to Electric Converter

14. DIRECT CHARGING GENERATORS
• This method makes use of kinetic
energy as well as the magnetic
property of Alpha particles to
generate current.
• Spacing can be either vacuum or
dielectric.
• It consists of a core composed of
radioactive elements.
• Primary generator consists of a LC
tank circuit.
• LC circuit produces the oscillations
required for transformer operation.
Schematic diagram of LC resonating Circuit
1-Capacitor
2-Inductor
3-Core with radio-active
elements
4-Transformer T primary
winding
5-Resistance
6-Secondary Winding
7-Load

15. BETAVOLTAICS
• Uses energy from beta particles.
• Provides extended battery life and
power density over current
technologies.
• Beta particles emitted by radioactive
gas captured in silicon wafer coated
with diode material.
• It is similar to the mechanics of
converting sunlight into electricity in a
solar panel.
• Absorbed radiation creates electron-
hole pair.
• Results in the generation of electric
current.
Representation of Basic Beta Voltaic
Conversion
• Electrode A (P-region) has a positive
potential while Electrode B (N-region)
is negative

16. ALPHAVOLTAICS:
• Alpha voltaic power sources are devices that use a semiconductor junction to produce
electrical particle from energetic alpha particles.
OPTOELECTRIC:
• It converts nuclear energy to light which is used to generate electrical energy.
• Precision electrode assemblies contribute to the battery’s net power.
RECIPROCATING ELECTROMECHANICAL ATOMIC
BATTERIES:
• Electromechanical atomic batteries use the build up charge between two plates to pull one
bendable plate towards the other, until the two plates touch, discharge, equalizing the
electrostatic buildup, and spring back.
• The mechanical motion produced can be used to produce electricity through flexing of a
piezoelectric material or through a linear generator.

17. • The major criterions considered in the sell fuels are:
Avoidance of gamma in the decay chain
Half life (should be more)
Cost should be less
• However Strontium-90 may also be used in this battery.
• The most powerful source of energy known is Radium-226.
• Any radioisotope in the form of a solid that gives off alpha or beta particles
can be utilized in the nuclear battery.

19. • Life span-minimum of 10 years.
• Reliable electricity.
• Amount of energy obtained is very high.
• Lighter with high energy density.
• Less waste generation.
• Reduces green house and associated effects.
• Fuel used is the nuclear waste from nuclear fission.
• High initial cost of production as it is in the experimental stage,
• Energy conversion methodologies are not much advanced.
• Regional and country-specific laws regarding use and disposal of radioactive fuels.
• To gain social acceptance.

20. Small compact devices of future require small batteries.
Nuclear batteries increase functionality, reliability and longevity.
Until final disposal all Radiation Protection Standards must be met.
Batteries of the near future.
With several features being added to this, nuclear cells are going to be next best thing ever
invented in the human history.
Clearly the current research of nuclear batteries shows promise in future applications for
sure. With implementation of this new technology credibility and feasibility of the device
will be heightened.

21. “Power from Radioisotopes”, USAEC, Division of Technical Information
wikipedia.com/atomic battery