The document discusses nuclear batteries, which generate electricity through radioactive decay rather than a chain reaction. It describes how beta and alpha particle emissions are captured to generate current, with applications including space technology, underwater devices, pacemakers, and electric vehicles. Nuclear batteries have the advantages of very long lifespans from decades to over 10 years compared to other battery types.

1. MD SHADAB
2020-21
4-1, Mech-D
17E21A0322
BY

2. 1.INTRODUCTION
2.WHY NUCLEAR BATTERY?
3.HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
4.UNDERSTANDING TERMS USED.
5.ENERGY PRODUCTION MECHANISM
6.FUEL CONSIDERATIONS
7.APPLICATION
8.ADVANTAGES
9.DISADVANTAGES
10.CONCLUSION

3. The term nuclear battery describes a device
which uses energy from the decay of a radio-
active isotope to generate electricity.
Like nuclear reactors they generate electricity
from atomic energy, but differ in that they do
not use a chain reaction.
Also known as Atomic Battery, Tritium Battery
and Radioisotope Generator.

4. Chemical batteries require frequent replacements
and are bulky.
Fuel and solar cells are expansive and requires
sunlight respectively.
Need for compact, reliable, light weight and long
life power supplies.
Nuclear battery uses emissions from radioisotope
to generate electricity so there is no fear of
hazardous radiations.
Nuclear batteries have lifespan up to decades.

5. Nuclear battery technology began in 1913, when
Henry Moseley first demonstrated beta cell.
The field received considerable in-depth research
attention for applications requiring long-life power
sources for space needs during the 1950s and 1960s.
In 1954 RCA(radio corporation of America) research
a small atomic battery for small receivers and
hearing aids.

6. RADIOISOTOPES
Radioisotopes are artificially produced, unstable
atoms of a chemical element, which have a different
number of neutrons in the nucleus ,but the same
number of protons and the same chemical properties.

7. ALPHA :- These are fast moving helium atoms. They
have high energy, typically in the MeV range. They
also are magnetic in nature.
BETA:- These are fast moving electrons. They
typically have energies in the range of a few
hundred KeV to several MeV.
GAMMA:- These are photons, just like light, expect
of much higher energy.
RADIOSATIONS

8. Betavoltaics is an alternative energy technology that
promises vastly extended battery life and power
density over current technologies.
Uses energy from beta particles.
Beta particles emitted by radioactive gas is captured
in silicon wafer coated with diode material.
It is similar to the mechanics of converting sunlight
into electricity in a solar panel.
Absorbed radiation creates electrons-hole pair which
in turn results in the generation of electric current.
1.BETAVOLTAICS

9. Electrode A(P-region) has a positive potential while
electrode B(N-region) is negative.

10. 2.DIRECT CHARGING GENRERATORS
SUMMARY
The method makes use of kinetic energy as well as
the magnetic property of Alpha particles to generate
current.
It consists of a core composed of radioactive eleme-
nts.
Primary generator consists of a LC tank circuit.
LC circuit produces the oscillations required for
transformer operations.

11. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF AN LC RESONANT CIRCUIT
1-Capacitor
2-Inductor
3-core with radioactive elements
4-Transformer T primary winding
5-Resistance
6-Secondary winding
7-Load

12. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF DIRECT
CHARGING GENERATOTOR

13. The major criterions considered in the selection
of fuels are:
•Avoidance of gamma in the decay chain
•Half life(Should be more)
•Cost should be less.
•Any radioisotope in the form of a solid that gives
off alpha or beta particles can be utilized in the
nuclear battery.
•The most powerful source of energy known is
Radium-226.
•however strontium-90 may also be used in this
Battery.

14. 1.SPACE APPLICATIONS
2.Under-water sea probes and sea sensors
•Unaffected by long period of darkness and radiation
belts like Van-Allen belt.
•Compact and lighter in weight.
•Can avoid refrigeration/heating equipments required
for storage batteries.
•High power for long time independent of atmospheric
conditions.
•NASA is trying to harness this technology in space
applications.

15. 3.MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
•In cardiac pacemakers.
•Batteries should have reliability and longevity to
avoid frequent replacements.
4.MOBILE DEVICES
5.AUTOMOBILES
•Nuclear powered laptop battery Xcell-N has 7000-
8000 times more life than normal laptop batteries.
•No need for frequent recharging as in case of
present electric vehicles.

16. •Life span minimum of 10 years.
•Reliable electricity.
•Amount of energy obtained is very high.
•Lighter with high energy density.
•Less waste generations.
•Reduces green house and associated effects.
•fuel used is the nuclear waste from nuclear fission.

17. •High initial cost of production as its in the experi-
mental stage.
•Regional and country-specific laws regarding use
and disposal of radioactive fuels.
•To gain social acceptance.
•Small compact devices of future required small
batteries.
•Nuclear batteries increase functional, reliability
and longevity.
•Until final disposal all radiation protection
standards must be met.
CONCLUSION

18. •Batteries of the near future.
1.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_battery
2.http://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/renewables
/the-daintiest-dynamos