This presentation elaborates on the Charging System in road vehicles (e.g. cars, motorcycles and trucks) with Internal Combustion Engines. The Charging System is the core of the vehicle's electrical system, building on the battery, alternator, cables, fuses/relays and other components. As the heart of the charging system, a special attention is dedicated to the alternator, describing its operation both for electromagnet and permanent magnet inductor types. We also identify future trends, such as the ones related to start-stop systems and the integrated alternator-starter paradigm.
Automotive Systems course (Module 08) - Starting Systems for road vehiclesMário Alves
This presentation focuses on starting systems for road vehicles (e.g. cars, motorcycles, buses, trucks) based on Internal Combustion Engines (ICE). The starting system is the one that enables to crank the ICE, i.e. basically an electric motor forces the ICE to spin until it runs autonomously.
Engine service and overhauling involves regularly maintaining a vehicle's engine through procedures like replacing parts. Overhauling specifically involves completely disassembling the engine, testing and replacing components as needed, and reassembling it to improve performance and longevity. The process requires various tools and involves carefully removing, inspecting, cleaning, measuring, and reinstalling all engine parts to factory specifications. Proper service and overhauling helps prevent sudden engine failures and keeps it functioning optimally for longer.
Automotive Systems course (Module 06) - Power Transmission Systems in road ve...Mário Alves
The document describes the main components of a vehicle drivetrain system. It discusses the different configurations including rear-wheel drive, front-wheel drive, and all-wheel drive. It then focuses on the clutch assembly and transmission, explaining manual and automatic transmissions. For automatic transmissions, it describes the planetary gear set and how gear ratios are calculated by locking different elements in an automatic transmission.
This presentation will introduce the reader about the automobile HVAC system which will very effectively further lay down foundation for his/her further understanding on this topic.Things are explained in logical way so that it is easy to understand and memorise also.
The document discusses the key components of an automobile, including the basic structure, power unit, transmission system, auxiliaries, controls, and superstructure. It describes the frame, suspension system, axles, wheels, and tires that make up the basic structure. It then explains the different systems that transmit power from the engine to the wheels, including the transmission, drivetrain, clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft, and differential. Finally, it briefly touches on the different body styles of automobiles like sedans, hatchbacks, coupes, convertibles, and station wagons.
This document provides an overview of internal combustion engines. It begins with an introduction that defines internal combustion engines as heat engines that convert the chemical energy in fuel into mechanical energy. It then covers classifications of engines including by ignition type (spark ignition or compression ignition), engine cycle (four-stroke or two-stroke), valve location, design, cylinder positioning and number, air intake process, fuel input, fuel used, application, and cooling type. The document also discusses important engine components like the cylinder block, cylinders, cylinder head, valve train, pistons, connecting rod, and crankshaft. It concludes with sections on engine cycles, thermochemistry and fuels, emissions and air pollution.
Headlights and tail lights are the main lights used on vehicles. Headlights illuminate the road ahead for safe driving at night and usually have high and low beams. Tail lights make the rear of the vehicle visible to other drivers and often incorporate brake lights. Vehicles also have many interior lights, turn signals, parking lights, and other auxiliary lights to increase visibility and safety. Modern lighting systems are electric and carefully designed and positioned around the vehicle.
Automotive Systems course (Module 08) - Starting Systems for road vehiclesMário Alves
This presentation focuses on starting systems for road vehicles (e.g. cars, motorcycles, buses, trucks) based on Internal Combustion Engines (ICE). The starting system is the one that enables to crank the ICE, i.e. basically an electric motor forces the ICE to spin until it runs autonomously.
Engine service and overhauling involves regularly maintaining a vehicle's engine through procedures like replacing parts. Overhauling specifically involves completely disassembling the engine, testing and replacing components as needed, and reassembling it to improve performance and longevity. The process requires various tools and involves carefully removing, inspecting, cleaning, measuring, and reinstalling all engine parts to factory specifications. Proper service and overhauling helps prevent sudden engine failures and keeps it functioning optimally for longer.
Automotive Systems course (Module 06) - Power Transmission Systems in road ve...Mário Alves
The document describes the main components of a vehicle drivetrain system. It discusses the different configurations including rear-wheel drive, front-wheel drive, and all-wheel drive. It then focuses on the clutch assembly and transmission, explaining manual and automatic transmissions. For automatic transmissions, it describes the planetary gear set and how gear ratios are calculated by locking different elements in an automatic transmission.
This presentation will introduce the reader about the automobile HVAC system which will very effectively further lay down foundation for his/her further understanding on this topic.Things are explained in logical way so that it is easy to understand and memorise also.
The document discusses the key components of an automobile, including the basic structure, power unit, transmission system, auxiliaries, controls, and superstructure. It describes the frame, suspension system, axles, wheels, and tires that make up the basic structure. It then explains the different systems that transmit power from the engine to the wheels, including the transmission, drivetrain, clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft, and differential. Finally, it briefly touches on the different body styles of automobiles like sedans, hatchbacks, coupes, convertibles, and station wagons.
This document provides an overview of internal combustion engines. It begins with an introduction that defines internal combustion engines as heat engines that convert the chemical energy in fuel into mechanical energy. It then covers classifications of engines including by ignition type (spark ignition or compression ignition), engine cycle (four-stroke or two-stroke), valve location, design, cylinder positioning and number, air intake process, fuel input, fuel used, application, and cooling type. The document also discusses important engine components like the cylinder block, cylinders, cylinder head, valve train, pistons, connecting rod, and crankshaft. It concludes with sections on engine cycles, thermochemistry and fuels, emissions and air pollution.
Headlights and tail lights are the main lights used on vehicles. Headlights illuminate the road ahead for safe driving at night and usually have high and low beams. Tail lights make the rear of the vehicle visible to other drivers and often incorporate brake lights. Vehicles also have many interior lights, turn signals, parking lights, and other auxiliary lights to increase visibility and safety. Modern lighting systems are electric and carefully designed and positioned around the vehicle.
The document provides information about diagnosing and repairing horn circuits, windshield wiper circuits, and windshield washer systems. It describes how horns operate using a relay or switch, and the components of a basic wiper circuit including the motor, linkage, and switch. Failure modes and testing procedures are outlined for each system. The document also explains how variable-speed wiper motors and pulse wiper systems function at different speeds.
The document discusses automotive braking systems. It describes how braking systems work by converting the kinetic energy of a moving vehicle into heat energy through friction between braking components. The main types of braking systems are disc brakes and drum brakes. Key components of braking systems include calipers, rotors, pads, master cylinders, lines, and wheel cylinders. The hydraulic system pressurizes brake fluid to activate the brakes when the pedal is depressed.
it is a ppt on koenigsegg camless valves which are new inventions in ic engine here its principle and working have been explaned.and also working of conventional engine habe been explained.
The document summarizes common problems with internal combustion engines and their solutions. It discusses issues that can prevent an engine from starting such as problems with the fuel system, ignition system, starting system, or lubrication system. Specific issues mentioned include empty fuel tanks, faulty wiring, non-working fuel pumps, weak batteries, and defective spark plugs. The document also covers problems that cause engines to run poorly such as compression leaks, worn piston rings, or ignition coil defects. Common causes of engine knocking and smoking are also listed along with recommended solutions.
ECU ... Engine Control Unit .. Inputs & Outputs _ ExplainedKamel Elsayed
ECU ... Engine Control Unit .. Inputs & Outputs _ ExplainedEngine sensors and its functions and pictures.
In internal combustion engines, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is a nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions reduction technique used in petrol/gasoline and diesel engines. EGR works by recirculating a portion of an engine's exhaust gas back to the engine cylinders. This dilutes the O2 in the incoming air stream and provides gases inert to combustion to act as absorbents of combustion heat to reduce peak in-cylinder temperatures. NOx is produced in a narrow band of high cylinder temperatures and pressures.
Electronic fuel injection systems use an electric fuel pump and pressure, rather than engine vacuum, to spray fuel into the engine intake manifold or combustion chambers. This allows for more precise fuel delivery and improved engine performance compared to carbureted systems. Modern systems are computer-controlled and use various sensors to monitor engine operating conditions and adjust fuel delivery accordingly through fuel injectors.
The ignition system provides a high voltage spark to each spark plug in the correct sequence, igniting the air-fuel mixture. It uses an ignition coil to convert a low voltage current from the battery into a high voltage spark. The components must work together to distribute the spark precisely at the end of the compression stroke for each cylinder. The ignition system turns the engine on and off and ensures reliable sparking over the engine's operating range.
The document provides instructions for inspecting and repairing a starter system. It describes removing and disassembling a conventional starter and a reduction starter. It includes checking components like the armature, commutator, brushes, springs, and gears for faults. Tests are outlined to check the magnetic switch and starter performance. Reassembly and installation procedures are also provided.
This slides are about inline injection pump and calibration of the pumps .The working of the pump is described in simple words and with examples of daily usable devices.
The starting system includes the battery, starter motor, solenoid, ignition switch, and neutral safety switch. The battery stores electrical energy to power the starter motor, a small electric motor that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy to spin the crankshaft. The solenoid connects the battery to the starter motor when activated. The ignition switch controls power to the starting system, while the neutral safety switch prevents starting in gear. Together, these components allow the engine to be started electrically.
The document discusses different types of ignition systems used in vehicles, including points and condenser systems, electronic ignition, distributorless ignition systems (DIS), and coil on plug (COP) systems. It explains the basic components and functioning of these systems, such as the primary and secondary ignition circuits, ignition coils, distributor caps and wires, and spark plugs. The document also covers ignition timing, how it is adjusted using a timing light, and the effects of having timing set too advanced or too retarded.
The automobile cooling system uses coolant, a water pump, radiator, and fan to maintain the engine's temperature. It circulates coolant through passages in the engine and radiator to absorb heat from the engine. The thermostat regulates coolant flow to help the engine reach optimal temperature quickly and maintain temperature under different operating conditions. The radiator, located in the vehicle's airflow, cools the coolant and the pressurized cooling system increases the coolant's boiling point to protect against overheating.
The document discusses electronic fuel injection systems used in modern vehicles. It lists group members and contents, then provides an introduction to electronic fuel injection. It describes the main components of the system, including air induction sensors that provide inputs to the electronic control unit (ECU). The ECU then controls various output actuators like fuel injectors. The document outlines different fuel injection types and discusses each component in more detail. It concludes by listing some advantages of electronic fuel injection over conventional carbureted systems.
The document discusses different fuel feed systems for petrol engines, including gravity, pressure, vacuum, and pump systems. It describes key components like the fuel tank, fuel pump, fuel filter, carburetor, and inlet manifold. Carburetion is the process that atomizes, vaporizes, and mixes fuel with air to maintain the proper air-fuel ratio for combustion. Precise fuel injection systems provide benefits like increased efficiency and power compared to carbureted systems.
1) The document discusses steering and suspension systems, covering rack-and-pinion steering, conventional steering, MacPherson strut suspension, and short/long arm suspension.
2) It describes the key components of each system, such as the pinion, rack, tie rods and linkages for rack-and-pinion steering, and the pitman arm, idler arm and center link for conventional steering.
3) The document provides an overview of suspension types including MacPherson strut and short/long arm, and discusses their different control arm configurations.
The document discusses automotive batteries, specifically focusing on lead-acid batteries commonly used in vehicles. It describes the components and chemistry of lead-acid batteries, including the lead and lead oxide plates, sulfuric acid electrolyte, and charging/discharging reactions. It also covers characteristics such as voltage, cranking amps, maintenance needs, and factors that can cause batteries to fail. Electric vehicle batteries using different chemistries are also briefly mentioned.
This document discusses different classifications and components of braking systems. It describes drum brakes, disc brakes, hydraulic braking systems, and their main components like the master cylinder, wheel cylinder, and tandem master cylinder. Drum brakes use shoes that contact a rotating drum to brake, while disc brakes use pads that squeeze a disc mounted to the wheel. Hydraulic systems use fluid pressure transferred through lines from the master cylinder to wheel cylinders to force brake shoes or pads against the drums or discs.
An automatic transmission uses a torque converter, gear train, and hydraulic system to shift gears automatically based on engine load and vehicle speed. The torque converter connects the engine to the transmission and transfers power through fluid. It multiplies torque for better acceleration. The gear train includes planetary gear sets that provide multiple gear ratios. Hydraulic pressure acts through the transmission fluid to engage clutches and bands, producing gear shifts without driver input as the vehicle speed increases.
The document describes an engine exhaust brake that is used as an auxiliary brake for slowing down vehicles travelling on long downhill gradients or in heavy traffic. The brake works by using compressed air and linkages to close a butterfly valve in the exhaust manifold, which cuts off the fuel supply when the foot control valve is pressed. This harness the engine's compression power to help slow the vehicle. The exhaust brake is effective at speeds below 40 kph and helps reduce fuel consumption.
This document provides safety information and instructions for working with vehicle batteries and electrical systems. It discusses proper safety equipment, handling procedures, types of batteries including lead-acid, gel, and NiMH, maintenance, inspections, jump starting, circuit protection devices, starters, and charging systems. Key components and functions are identified for batteries, starters, and alternators, along with maintenance tips and potential failure causes.
Automotive Systems course (Module 05) - Preheating Systems for vehicles with ...Mário Alves
This presentation describes some of the most important systems that enable the correct operation of Internal Combustion Engines. More specifically, we browse Diesel preheating systems, involving the control of Glow Plugs that preheat the combustion chamber at engine cranking and warm up, as well as intake air and fuel heating systems.
Electrical engineering deals with applications of electricity, electronics, and magnetism. It covers subfields like power electronics, control systems, signal processing, and telecommunications. Electrical engineers work in areas like power generation and distribution, electronics and microelectronics design, signal analysis and manipulation, and telecommunications transmission. Electrical engineering education typically requires a four to five year bachelor's degree program. Salaries range from $51k to $80k per year depending on experience and education, with employment expected to grow at an average rate.
The document provides information about diagnosing and repairing horn circuits, windshield wiper circuits, and windshield washer systems. It describes how horns operate using a relay or switch, and the components of a basic wiper circuit including the motor, linkage, and switch. Failure modes and testing procedures are outlined for each system. The document also explains how variable-speed wiper motors and pulse wiper systems function at different speeds.
The document discusses automotive braking systems. It describes how braking systems work by converting the kinetic energy of a moving vehicle into heat energy through friction between braking components. The main types of braking systems are disc brakes and drum brakes. Key components of braking systems include calipers, rotors, pads, master cylinders, lines, and wheel cylinders. The hydraulic system pressurizes brake fluid to activate the brakes when the pedal is depressed.
it is a ppt on koenigsegg camless valves which are new inventions in ic engine here its principle and working have been explaned.and also working of conventional engine habe been explained.
The document summarizes common problems with internal combustion engines and their solutions. It discusses issues that can prevent an engine from starting such as problems with the fuel system, ignition system, starting system, or lubrication system. Specific issues mentioned include empty fuel tanks, faulty wiring, non-working fuel pumps, weak batteries, and defective spark plugs. The document also covers problems that cause engines to run poorly such as compression leaks, worn piston rings, or ignition coil defects. Common causes of engine knocking and smoking are also listed along with recommended solutions.
ECU ... Engine Control Unit .. Inputs & Outputs _ ExplainedKamel Elsayed
ECU ... Engine Control Unit .. Inputs & Outputs _ ExplainedEngine sensors and its functions and pictures.
In internal combustion engines, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is a nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions reduction technique used in petrol/gasoline and diesel engines. EGR works by recirculating a portion of an engine's exhaust gas back to the engine cylinders. This dilutes the O2 in the incoming air stream and provides gases inert to combustion to act as absorbents of combustion heat to reduce peak in-cylinder temperatures. NOx is produced in a narrow band of high cylinder temperatures and pressures.
Electronic fuel injection systems use an electric fuel pump and pressure, rather than engine vacuum, to spray fuel into the engine intake manifold or combustion chambers. This allows for more precise fuel delivery and improved engine performance compared to carbureted systems. Modern systems are computer-controlled and use various sensors to monitor engine operating conditions and adjust fuel delivery accordingly through fuel injectors.
The ignition system provides a high voltage spark to each spark plug in the correct sequence, igniting the air-fuel mixture. It uses an ignition coil to convert a low voltage current from the battery into a high voltage spark. The components must work together to distribute the spark precisely at the end of the compression stroke for each cylinder. The ignition system turns the engine on and off and ensures reliable sparking over the engine's operating range.
The document provides instructions for inspecting and repairing a starter system. It describes removing and disassembling a conventional starter and a reduction starter. It includes checking components like the armature, commutator, brushes, springs, and gears for faults. Tests are outlined to check the magnetic switch and starter performance. Reassembly and installation procedures are also provided.
This slides are about inline injection pump and calibration of the pumps .The working of the pump is described in simple words and with examples of daily usable devices.
The starting system includes the battery, starter motor, solenoid, ignition switch, and neutral safety switch. The battery stores electrical energy to power the starter motor, a small electric motor that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy to spin the crankshaft. The solenoid connects the battery to the starter motor when activated. The ignition switch controls power to the starting system, while the neutral safety switch prevents starting in gear. Together, these components allow the engine to be started electrically.
The document discusses different types of ignition systems used in vehicles, including points and condenser systems, electronic ignition, distributorless ignition systems (DIS), and coil on plug (COP) systems. It explains the basic components and functioning of these systems, such as the primary and secondary ignition circuits, ignition coils, distributor caps and wires, and spark plugs. The document also covers ignition timing, how it is adjusted using a timing light, and the effects of having timing set too advanced or too retarded.
The automobile cooling system uses coolant, a water pump, radiator, and fan to maintain the engine's temperature. It circulates coolant through passages in the engine and radiator to absorb heat from the engine. The thermostat regulates coolant flow to help the engine reach optimal temperature quickly and maintain temperature under different operating conditions. The radiator, located in the vehicle's airflow, cools the coolant and the pressurized cooling system increases the coolant's boiling point to protect against overheating.
The document discusses electronic fuel injection systems used in modern vehicles. It lists group members and contents, then provides an introduction to electronic fuel injection. It describes the main components of the system, including air induction sensors that provide inputs to the electronic control unit (ECU). The ECU then controls various output actuators like fuel injectors. The document outlines different fuel injection types and discusses each component in more detail. It concludes by listing some advantages of electronic fuel injection over conventional carbureted systems.
The document discusses different fuel feed systems for petrol engines, including gravity, pressure, vacuum, and pump systems. It describes key components like the fuel tank, fuel pump, fuel filter, carburetor, and inlet manifold. Carburetion is the process that atomizes, vaporizes, and mixes fuel with air to maintain the proper air-fuel ratio for combustion. Precise fuel injection systems provide benefits like increased efficiency and power compared to carbureted systems.
1) The document discusses steering and suspension systems, covering rack-and-pinion steering, conventional steering, MacPherson strut suspension, and short/long arm suspension.
2) It describes the key components of each system, such as the pinion, rack, tie rods and linkages for rack-and-pinion steering, and the pitman arm, idler arm and center link for conventional steering.
3) The document provides an overview of suspension types including MacPherson strut and short/long arm, and discusses their different control arm configurations.
The document discusses automotive batteries, specifically focusing on lead-acid batteries commonly used in vehicles. It describes the components and chemistry of lead-acid batteries, including the lead and lead oxide plates, sulfuric acid electrolyte, and charging/discharging reactions. It also covers characteristics such as voltage, cranking amps, maintenance needs, and factors that can cause batteries to fail. Electric vehicle batteries using different chemistries are also briefly mentioned.
This document discusses different classifications and components of braking systems. It describes drum brakes, disc brakes, hydraulic braking systems, and their main components like the master cylinder, wheel cylinder, and tandem master cylinder. Drum brakes use shoes that contact a rotating drum to brake, while disc brakes use pads that squeeze a disc mounted to the wheel. Hydraulic systems use fluid pressure transferred through lines from the master cylinder to wheel cylinders to force brake shoes or pads against the drums or discs.
An automatic transmission uses a torque converter, gear train, and hydraulic system to shift gears automatically based on engine load and vehicle speed. The torque converter connects the engine to the transmission and transfers power through fluid. It multiplies torque for better acceleration. The gear train includes planetary gear sets that provide multiple gear ratios. Hydraulic pressure acts through the transmission fluid to engage clutches and bands, producing gear shifts without driver input as the vehicle speed increases.
The document describes an engine exhaust brake that is used as an auxiliary brake for slowing down vehicles travelling on long downhill gradients or in heavy traffic. The brake works by using compressed air and linkages to close a butterfly valve in the exhaust manifold, which cuts off the fuel supply when the foot control valve is pressed. This harness the engine's compression power to help slow the vehicle. The exhaust brake is effective at speeds below 40 kph and helps reduce fuel consumption.
This document provides safety information and instructions for working with vehicle batteries and electrical systems. It discusses proper safety equipment, handling procedures, types of batteries including lead-acid, gel, and NiMH, maintenance, inspections, jump starting, circuit protection devices, starters, and charging systems. Key components and functions are identified for batteries, starters, and alternators, along with maintenance tips and potential failure causes.
Automotive Systems course (Module 05) - Preheating Systems for vehicles with ...Mário Alves
This presentation describes some of the most important systems that enable the correct operation of Internal Combustion Engines. More specifically, we browse Diesel preheating systems, involving the control of Glow Plugs that preheat the combustion chamber at engine cranking and warm up, as well as intake air and fuel heating systems.
Electrical engineering deals with applications of electricity, electronics, and magnetism. It covers subfields like power electronics, control systems, signal processing, and telecommunications. Electrical engineers work in areas like power generation and distribution, electronics and microelectronics design, signal analysis and manipulation, and telecommunications transmission. Electrical engineering education typically requires a four to five year bachelor's degree program. Salaries range from $51k to $80k per year depending on experience and education, with employment expected to grow at an average rate.
This document provides a 3D model of a modern motorcycle. In just a few words, it conveys there is a 3D model available for viewing without going into unnecessary details. The summary focuses on the key information that a 3D motorcycle model is being presented.
This document provides 7 tips for motorcycle maintenance: 1) Check cables regularly for kinks and replace worn ends immediately to avoid hazards; 2) Keep the carburetor clean and get parts cleaned every 1,500 km; 3) Check spokes are tight and replace any that are bent. Also check engine oil level and quality, clean spark plugs regularly, ensure correct tire pressure and chain tension, replace burned-out bulbs, and keep insurance policy valid and in the bike.
Effects on motorcycles of structural flexibility and rider dynamics using mul...Raoul POPESCU-GHIMIS
This document discusses using multibody system methods to model the effects of structural flexibility and rider dynamics on motorcycles. It presents four ADAMS motorcycle models of varying complexity: a rigid model, a flexible model including a flexible frame and swingarm, one also including fork torsional stiffness, and one that further adds rider dynamics. Simulations are run to analyze weave and wobble modes at different speeds, steering ratio, and wheelies/stoppies. The conclusions found the flexible models demanded more of the motorcycle and that the rider acts as a dynamic absorber, helping stabilize various modes.
This document contains details about Dr. K. Ganesan including his personal information, academic qualifications, work experience, international conferences attended, publications, patents, books, and consultancy projects. It lists that he has a Ph.D from Bharathidasan University, works as a director and professor, has attended numerous international conferences, published many research papers, authored books, and led several consultancy projects.
The document discusses the operation of alternators and charging systems. It describes how alternators use electromagnetic induction to generate current from mechanical rotation of the rotor. Alternators produce alternating current that is converted to direct current by diodes for battery charging. A voltage regulator controls the field current to maintain the proper charging voltage. Modern computer-controlled systems can vary the alternator output to match electrical demands.
Understanding the Risk Management Framework & (ISC)2 CAP Module 11: MonitorDonald E. Hester
The document discusses the Risk Management Framework (RMF) process for authorizing information systems and maintaining ongoing security authorization. It outlines the six steps of the RMF process - Categorize, Select, Implement, Assess, Authorize, Monitor. The ultimate goal is to achieve ongoing authorization where the authorizing official has sufficient knowledge of the system's security state to determine if continued operation is acceptable based on ongoing risk assessments. Any changes to the system may change the risk, and the RMF process includes tasks for evaluating changes and their impact on risk.
Automotive Systems course (Module 00) - automotive systems overviewMário Alves
The document outlines the main systems of automobiles. It begins with an overview and outline of the systems. It then provides more detailed descriptions of 11 key systems: body and chassis, engine, fuel system, exhaust system, lubrication system, cooling system, drivetrain, steering system, braking system, suspension system, and wheels and tires. It also briefly outlines 15 additional supporting and auxiliary systems. The document aims to provide information on the objectives, components and functions of major automobile systems.
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The document defines basic electrical concepts including electricity, units of measurement, and how electrons move through conductors. It explains that electricity is the movement of electrons from one atom to another. The key units of measurement are defined as amps (current), volts (pressure), and ohms (resistance). Conductors, insulators, and semiconductors are also described based on their ability to conduct electrons.
The document discusses several different types of generators and energy sources:
1. An electromagnet produces a magnetic field through the flow of electric current and is used in motors, generators, and other electrical devices.
2. A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current using a commutator and was originally another name for generators, with some regional usage still referring to generators as dynamos.
3. A hydroelectric dam harnesses the potential energy of dammed water driving a turbine connected to a dynamo to generate electricity. The amount of energy depends on the water volume and head difference between the source and outflow.
This document summarizes different types of excitation systems for alternators. It discusses the function of excitation systems to supply direct current to the field winding and control the voltage and reactive power of alternators. The three main types covered are DC excitation systems, AC excitation systems, and static excitation systems. DC excitation systems use two small DC generators as exciters but are not commonly used for large alternators now. AC excitation systems include brushless and rotating thyristor types and have advantages like eliminating brushes. Static excitation systems have no rotating parts, are suitable for medium and high capacity alternators, and have benefits like smaller size and no windage losses. The document concludes that the selection of an excitation system depends on factors like the altern
Trends in Electrical Engineering vol 6 issue 3STM Journals
Trends in Electrical Engineering (TEE) is focused towards the rapid publication of fundamental research papers on all areas of Electrical Engineering.
Focus and Scope Covers
Power Generation
Transmission & Conversion
Electrical Machinery
Control Theory & Industrial Controls
Robotics
Electrical Transportation Equipments
Insulation, Solar Energy, High-power Semiconductors
Economic & Environmental Aspects of Energy Production and Distribution
Automotive Systems course (Module 02) - Internal Combustion Engine: energy ef...Mário Alves
This document discusses internal combustion engines (ICEs) and their energy efficiency, input/output flows, emissions control, and methods for optimizing engine control. It covers topics like typical energy losses in ICE vehicles, the energy content of common fuels, exhaust gas composition and pollutant emissions, European emission standards, ways to mitigate pollutants like optimizing the air/fuel ratio and catalytic converter operation, and guidelines for optimal engine control through sensors and actuators. Tables and diagrams are provided to illustrate concepts like energy distribution, air/fuel ratios, and catalytic converter function.
Automotive Systems course (Module 03) - Fuel Systems in Spark Ignition Intern...Mário Alves
This presentation provides an overview of the fuel systems in Spark Ignition (SI) Internal Combustion Engines, browsing its technological evolution along the years. Spark Ignition engines are the one that need an artificial spark (provided by spark plugs) to ignite (inflame) the air-fuel mixture, such as the ones based on gasoline, alcohol or Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Diesel engines belong to another class of engines, called "Compression Ignition" (CI) engines.
Engineering fundamentals of_the_internal_combustion_engine Erdi Karaçal Mecha...Erdi Karaçal
This document provides an overview and table of contents for a textbook on internal combustion engines. The textbook is intended for use in a college-level engineering course on the subject. It covers topics such as engine cycles, fuels, air and fuel induction, combustion, exhaust, emissions, heat transfer, and friction. Each chapter includes example problems, design problems, and unsolved review problems. The goal is to provide students with an understanding of fundamental engine operation and the material needed for further study.
The document discusses the evolution of automobiles and their major components. It describes how vehicles have evolved from horse-drawn carriages with attached engines to fully enclosed steel bodies. The major components of a vehicle include the frame/chassis, suspension, braking, steering, powertrain, and electrical systems. It also outlines the evolution of engine designs from flathead to overhead camshaft configurations and lists common areas of automotive service.
alternators its types and its functions….What you've just experienced is an example of an alternator breathing its last breath.
Your first thought might have been the battery is dying. In a sense, you would be right because the battery and the alternator are related, but the battery tends to get all the press.
This presentation aims to explain the mechanics of alternators, how you can diagnose problems and what you can do if you have a bad alternator.
You will come to now to some background information about alternators and the war of the currents.
Automotive Systems course (Module 09) - Ignition Systems for Internal Combus...Mário Alves
This presentation is dedicated to ignition systems for Internal Combustion Engines (ICE). The Ignition System is paramount for every car, motorcycle, truck or bus that runs an ICE based on gasoline, alcohol or Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). It controls the timings when the spark plugs are fired, therefore igniting the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber. The Ignition System is one of the major players in what concerns the performance of the engine in terms of output power, pollutant emissions and fuel consumption.
This document provides an overview of electric motors used in industry. It begins with an introduction that defines electric motors and notes they account for 70% of industrial electrical load. It then outlines the training agenda which will cover motor types, assessment, and efficiency opportunities. The document proceeds to describe the different types of electric motors including alternating current motors like induction and synchronous, as well as direct current motors. It provides details on motor components, operation, and classifications. Finally, it discusses factors that influence motor efficiency and how motors lose energy while serving a load.
The document provides information on electric motors and improving their energy efficiency. It discusses the types of electric motors including direct current motors, synchronous motors, and induction motors. It also covers assessing motor load and efficiency, and identifies opportunities for improving energy efficiency such as using energy efficient motors, reducing under-loading, properly sizing motors for variable loads, improving power quality, and speed control of induction motors. The training agenda aims to introduce electric motors and how to evaluate their performance and identify efficiency upgrade opportunities.
Practical Motor Protection, Control and Maintenance TechnologiesLiving Online
It is estimated that electrical drives and other rotating equipment consume about 50% of the total electrical energy consumed in the world today (and this figure increases to 70% if you only consider industry). The cost of maintaining electrical motors can be a significant amount in the budget item of manufacturing and mining industries. This workshop gives you a thorough understanding of electrical motor’s protection, control and maintenance and gives you the tools to maintain and troubleshoot electrical motors.
You will gain a fundamental understanding of the protection, control and maintenance of electric motors and drives. Typical applications of electric motors in mining, manufacturing, materials handling and process control are covered in detail. The concluding section of the workshop gives you the fundamental tools in troubleshooting motors confidently and effectively.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/practical-motor-protection-control-and-maintenance-technologies-49
This document provides an overview of ETAP software and how to build an AC power system model within it. It describes how to add elements like buses, transformers, loads to a one-line diagram, connect the elements, insert protective devices, and move elements between the diagram and dumpster. The document uses an example power system with a power grid, transformer, lumped load and motor load to demonstrate entering input ratings for new elements added to the one-line diagram.
Overview of solutions for machine monitoringIvan Zgela
Presentation showing condition monitoring solutions for rotating machines from KONČAR Institute. The solutions are divided in two big groups:
1. Compact stationary monitoring solutions
2. Portable monitoring and diagnostic instruments
Overall 13 solutions are presented with description of market, applications, value propositions, etc.
Motors convert electrical energy to mechanical energy while engines convert chemical energy. The document discusses various types of motors including their parts, operating principles, advantages, disadvantages and applications. It covers induction motors, synchronous motors, single phase motors like split phase, capacitor run, capacitor start and universal motors. The document provides examples to calculate motor input power, efficiency and overload conditions.
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In the context of low oil prices and an increasing demand for cost reduction of the electrical installations, optimizing the starting solution of high power electrical motors could be highly contributive. Direct on-line start is the most common solution today, being also the simplest and most cost-effective but it may generate voltage dip during start and stresses mechanically the machine and load. Progressive starting solutions, as auto-transformer, soft-starter or variable speed drive, solve the electrical and mechanical constraints in variable levels, related to their complexity. Today, in addition to the progressive starting solutions, motor manufacturers propose to design the motors as to reduce their inrush current, in some cases down to 300% of the rated current.
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The Best Motor for Hybrid Electric Vehicle PowertrainsDesign World
This webinar examined the differences between permanent magnet AC (PMAC) motors and induction motors for use in hybrid electric vehicle powertrains and their impact on energy consumption and battery costs. It discussed the physical, performance, and efficiency characteristics of each motor type. It also analyzed the energy losses of both motors over various usage cycles representative of city, rural, and highway driving. The presentation concluded that PMAC motors are more efficient, especially over dynamic usage cycles, and can reduce energy storage costs by $350 to $10,500 per vehicle.
This document provides an overview of three-phase asynchronous motors, including their structure, uses, starting methods, and protection requirements. It discusses the main components of asynchronous motors, such as the stator, rotor, and bearings. Common starting methods include direct-on-line, star-delta, and auto-transformer starting. The document also outlines relevant standards for motor protection and coordination, and definitions for terms like direct-on-line starters, reduced voltage starters, and star-delta starters. Finally, it provides information on ABB equipment and solutions for motor coordination.
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Automotive Systems course (Module 07) - Charging systems for road vehicles
1. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 1
SistemasAutomóveis
Charging Systems
Mário Alves (mjf@isep.ipp.pt)
2. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 2
SistemasAutomóveis
Outline
• Charging System
• definition, components, trends, requirements
• Alternator
• operational characteristics, evolution, manufacturers, types
• Electromagnet inductor alternator
• main components + assembly, rotor, stator, brushes, slip rings,
rectifier, voltage regulation
• Permanent magnet inductor alternator
• main differences, inner/outer inductor types, voltage regulation
• Cooling
• Future trends
• Glossary
• Recommended references
3. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 3
SistemasAutomóveis
Charging System: definition
• Electric components and circuits that act as electrical power
source in a vehicle
• the term “charging system” is preferred in the mechanical/automotive
domain, against “power source” (used in the electrical engineering
domain), to distinguish from “engine/mechanical power”
• Combines two primary energy sources
• chemical energy (from the battery)
• supplies electrical energy when engine is off, cranking and
whenever the alternator does not cope with the load
• mechanical energy (from the engine and from the vehicle’s
kinetic energy, in electric/hybrid vehicles)
• enables to generate electrical energy when the engine is
running, through a generator (dynamo or alternator)
4. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 4
SistemasAutomóveis
Charging System: basic block diagram
https://autoelectricalsystems.wordpress.com/2015/09/19/electric-power-system-of-a-vehicle/
5. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 5
SistemasAutomóveis
Charging System: main components
• Main components (typical charging system)
• battery assembly (may feature more than one battery)
• alternator assembly (alternator, voltage regulator, rectifier)
• electrical wiring, switches, relays, connectors/connection boxes
• fuses and circuit breakers
• alternator belt and indicator light
http://www.autozone.com/
https://www.2carpros.com/questions/buick-regal-1999-buick-regal-serpentine-belt-replacement
6. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 6
SistemasAutomóveis
Charging System: technology and market trends
• All figures are growing!
• > market (5.4% growth/year)
• > power demand (100 W/year)
• > cost weight % (of car cost)
http://ecomodder.com/forum/showthread.php/list-typical-electrical-loads-modern-car-7196.html
http://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/automotive-starter-motor-alternator-market-120529968.html
http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id
=1272772&page_number=2
7. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 7
SistemasAutomóveis
Charging System: requirements
• Main requirements
• cope with the electrical power demand from all electrical/electronic
systems in the vehicle, in all operating conditions (RPM,
temperature, different number of electrical loads)
• mind the different types of electrical loads:
• guarantee a stabilized voltage, in all operating conditions
• reliable, light-weight, silent, low-cost
• energy-efficient (SOTA 80%)
• malfunction indicator
http://www.nairaland.com/2215208/photos-how-understand-dashboard-warning
8. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 8
SistemasAutomóveis
Charging System: requirements
• Interplay between the two power sources
http://www.nairaland.com/2215208/photos-how-understand-dashboard-warning
9. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 9
SistemasAutomóveis
Charging System: requirements
• Load types according to duty-cycle
• Continuous-operation electric loads
• always on
• e.g. fuel pump, fuel injectors, ignition, ECUs
• Prolonged-operation electric loads
• turned on for long periods
• e.g. head/tail lights, Multimedia, HVAC, radiator fan
• Sporadic-operation electric loads
• Turned on for short periods
• e.g. starter motor, power windows/roof/locks, wipers/washers, horn,
windows/mirrors defoggers, ABS/TCS/ESP, pre-heating systems
• These statistical properties must be accounted for
• dimensioning the battery/alternator (based on average power)
http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1272772
http://ecomodder.com/forum/showthread.php/list-typical-electrical-loads-modern-car-7196.html
10. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 10
SistemasAutomóveis
Charging System: requirements
• Electric loads
• total power for mid-size car 3.5 kW
• different duty-cycle properties
(continuous, prolonged and sporadic)
http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1272772
http://ecomodder.com/forum/showthread.php/list-typical-electrical-loads-modern-car-7196.html
11. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 11
SistemasAutomóveis
Charging System: battery
• Typical battery internal resistance characteristic:
https://autoelectricalsystems.wordpress.com/page/6/
Engine
cranking
Ri = U/ I = 4/220 ≈ 18 mΩ
12. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 12
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: operational characteristics
• Typical current vs RPM output of a car alternator
• current/power grows with RPM (overdamped behavior)
• typically, alternator rotates 2-4 faster than engine
• current/power drops with alternator temperature increase
http://www.pirate4x4.com/tech/billavista/Wiring/Part2/
http://www.agcoauto.com/content/news/p2_articleid/348
13. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 13
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: operational characteristics
• Typical voltage vs current output of a car alternator
• voltage drops with current increase (abruptly above nominal current)
http://www.aturnofthenut.com/2016/02/11/alternators-with-multiple-battery-banks/
14. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 14
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: operational characteristics
• Typical power efficiency vs RPM
• efficiency decreases with RPM increase
http://www.intechopen.com/books/new-advances-in-vehicular-technology-and-automotive-
engineering/power-electronic-solutions-to-improve-the-performance-of-lundell-automotive-alternators
15. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 15
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: operational characteristics
• Power efficiency is affected by
• Mechanical losses
• brush and bearing friction
• claw pole rotor and cooling fan
• Electrical losses
• stator and rotor wirings
• regulator and rectifier
• Magnetic losses
• stator and rotor windings
http://www.intechopen.com/books/new-advances-in-vehicular-technology-and-automotive-
engineering/power-electronic-solutions-to-improve-the-performance-of-lundell-automotive-alternators
RPM 1800 6000
Mechanical losses 2% 6%
Excitation losses (rotor) 7% 3%
Magnetic losses (stator) 21% 20%
Copper losses (stator) 49% 57%
power rectifier losses 21% 14%
16. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 16
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: evolution
• From the dynamo to SOTA alternators
• more power, efficiency and reliability
• less noise and vibration
http://www.autoserviceprofessional.com/article/94748/alternator-decouplers-servicing-these-vibration-
reducing-pulleys
17. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 17
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: manufacturers
• Car alternator manufacturers
• Denso
• Bosch
• Valeo
• Remy
• Hella
• ISKRA
• Mando
• Mitsubishi
• Hitachi
• Magneti Marelli
• …
https://www.newswire.com/press-release/car-alternator-market-global-technical-data-and-growth-2020
18. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 18
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: types
• Alternators can be mainly classified according to the type of
magnetic excitation/inductor (in the rotor)
• permanent magnets (brushless alternator) – left
• electromagnets (field coil) – right
http://www.windbluepower.com/Permanent_Magnet_Alternator_Rotor_Fits_Delco_10SI_p/pma-rot.htm
http://mechanics.stackexchange.com/questions/25635/what-are-slip-rings-with-respect-to-a-cars-alternator
19. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 19
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: electromagnet inductor type
• Main components and assembly
http://de.bosch-
automotive.com/en/parts_and_accessories/motor_and_sytems/starters_alternators_1/alternators_for_cars_1/starters_alternators_alternators
20. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 20
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: electromagnet inductor type
• Components and assembly
1. Drive pulley
2. Rotor
3. Slip ring
4. Rotor windings
5. Stator + windings
6. Rectifier
7. Output connector
8. Field diodes
9. Voltage regulator
10. Brush assembly
11. Fan
http://www.pirate4x4.com/tech/billavista/Wiring/Part2/
11
21. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 21
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: electromagnet inductor type
• Basic circuit (Y stator, 9 diodes, integrated regulator)
https://www.alternatorparts.com/understanding-alternators.html
This block
does not exist
in brushless
alternators
22. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 22
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: electromagnet inductor type
• Rotor (inductor)
• regulator feeds DC current to field coil through
brushes-slip rings contact
• typically 6 or 8 N/S pole pairs (12 or 16 poles)
http://www.pirate4x4.com/tech/billavista/Wiring/Part2/
6 pole pairs
8 pole pairs
23. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 23
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: electromagnet inductor type
• Rotor (inductor)
• alternating N/S poles in polar “fingers/claws”
• induce EMF in the stator windings
http://autosystempro.com/tag/generators/
24. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 24
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: electromagnet inductor type
• Rotor (inductor)
• Slip rings in more compact alternators (e.g. motorcycles) can
also be perpendicular to the alternator shaft
http://www.ebay.com/bhp/cb650-rotor
25. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 25
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: electromagnet inductor type
• Stator + rotor layout
• EMF must be additive, in all coils of a phase winding
http://www.pangolin.co.nz/node/16
…
26. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 26
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: electromagnet inductor type
• Stator wiring configurations
• always 3-phase, Y (wye) or (delta) wiring
• usually 6 or 12 coils per phase (18 or 36 coils total)
http://www.instructables.com/id/How-To-Rewind-an-Alternator/step3/Star-or-Delta-windings/
http://autosystempro.com/tag/generators/
27. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 27
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: electromagnet inductor type
• Brushes + slip rings
• each brush connects to one slip ring
• one brush is + and the other is –
• the slip rings are electrically connected to the field coil terminals
• regulator controls excitation through ON/OFF control
http://forums.pelicanparts.com/porsche-924-944-968-technical-forum/753046-alternator-question.html
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/experiments/chpt-4/automotive-alternator/
28. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 28
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: electromagnet inductor type
• Rectifier (diode) bridge
• 3-phase bridge based on passive elements (diodes)
• brushless alternator has a different rectifier principle!
• Typical rectifier assembly designs and mounting
http://www.pirate4x4.com/tech/billavista/Wiring/Part2/
http://www.asia.ru/ru/ProductInfo/891739.html
29. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 29
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: electromagnet inductor type
• Diode types
• “Phase” diodes – full wave rectification of the 3 phases
• 6 power diodes (minimum configuration)
• 3 + and 3 – power diodes (2 diodes per phase)
• for electrical power-hungry vehicles, each phase has 4 diodes
• “Neutral” diodes – full-wave rectification of the neutral
• 2 diodes connected to the neutral point (only for Y wiring)
• induced third harmonic voltage increases output current/power
at high RPMs (> 2000-3000) 5-10% extra output power
• can be used for B+ or to feed the regulator/field coil
• “Field” diodes (AKA as excitation diodes or diode trio)
• 3 diodes (connected to the phases) feed the field coil
• half-wave rectification (it is sufficient for the field coil)
Bosch Automotive Electrics and Automotive Electronics: Systems and Components, Networking and Hybrid Drive, Edition 5, 2013
http://youronlinemechanic.com/alternator-with-neutral-point-voltage/
30. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 30
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: electromagnet inductor type
• Bridge configurations (combinations of the previous)
• 6 power diodes (minimum configuration)
• 3 + and 3 – power diodes (2 per phase)
• 8 power diodes
• 6 power diodes
• 2 diodes for the neutral
• 9 diodes
• 6 power diodes
• 3 field diodes
• 11 diodes
• 8 power diodes
• 3 field diodes
• 17 diodes
• 12 power diodes (4 per phase)
• 2 diodes for neutral
• 3 field diodes
…
http://youronlinemechanic.com/alternator-with-neutral-point-voltage/
31. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 31
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: electromagnet inductor type
• 6-diodes bridge
http://forums.off-road.com/jeep-short-wheelbase/276087-alternator-based-board-welders-set-me-straight.html
…
32. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 32
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: electromagnet inductor type
• 8-diodes bridge
http://www.wiringdiagrams21.com/2013/03/04/suzuki-4x4-sj413-alternator-and-charging-system-circuit/
http://www.google.com/patents/US6828703
33. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 33
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: electromagnet inductor type
• 9-diodes bridge
https://www.alternatorparts.com/understanding-alternators.html
34. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 34
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: electromagnet inductor type
• 11-diodes bridge
http://xwebforums.org/showthread.php?t=16065&page=2
35. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 35
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: electromagnet inductor type
• 17-diodes bridge (for high power requirements)
Bosch Automotive Electrics and Automotive Electronics: Systems and Components,
Networking and Hybrid Drive, 5th Edition, 2013
36. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 36
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: electromagnet inductor type
• Voltage Regulator
• Guarantees a steady DC voltage output regardless of the RPM
• “senses” output voltage
• should be around 14.5 V
• controls the excitation of the alternator
• field coil current (ON/OFF)
• ON EMF induction
• OFF no induction
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_regulator
…
Regulator acts as
an on/off switch
Switching
duty-cycle
influences
output voltage
37. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 37
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: electromagnet inductor type
• Voltage Regulator
• switching can be on the positive or negative side of the field coil
http://www.pangolin.co.nz/node/16
38. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 38
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: electromagnet inductor type
• Voltage Regulator operating principle
• Electromechanical (until the 60s)
• based on electromechanical relays
• Electronic (60s to 90s)
• based on discrete or integrated electronic circuits
• ECU-controlled (90s to date)
• sensing, computation, actuation
• optimizes alternator (regulator) output voltage and
alternator torque, depending on several operating conditions
• protects battery and optimizes fuel consumption/exhaust
gas emissions
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_regulator
…
39. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 39
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: electromagnet inductor type
• Mechanical Regulator
• basic operating principle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_regulator
…
40. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 40
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: electromagnet inductor type
• Electronic Regulator (MOSFET-based)
http://chemelec.com/Projects/Alternator/Alternator-Reg.htm
…
41. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 41
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: electromagnet inductor type
• Electronic Regulator (bipolar transistor-based)
http://chemelec.com/Projects/Alternator/Alternator-Reg.htm
…
42. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 42
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: electromagnet inductor type
• Electronic Regulator (IC-based)
• control section, power stage, fault
diagnosis (controls warning lamp) and
protection against short circuits.
http://img.radiokot.ru/files/104594/medium/pr2p35jk0.JPG
http://circuitswiring.com/l9407f-car-alternator-voltage-regulator-datasheet/
43. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 43
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: electromagnet inductor type
https://autoelectricalsystems.wordpress.com/page/6/
http://autosystempro.com/tag/generators/
• ECU-controlled regulator (aka smart charging)
• controls changing rate based on electrical requirements,
battery/ambient temperature, and several other inputs
• reduces fuel consumption (reducing alternator load on ICE)
• optimizes & protects the battery
Powertrain Control
Module (engine ECU)
44. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 44
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: electromagnet inductor type
http://www.embedded.com/design/real-time-and-performance/4006472/Designing-
a-microcontroller-driven-alternator-voltage-regulator
• ECU-controlled regulator (thermal compensation)
• warm batteries are more efficiently charged with low voltage
and cold batteries with higher voltage
• ECU adapts charge voltage depending on battery temperature
• battery temperature estimated by intake air + water temperatures
• battery charging is optimized through real-time adjustment of
the alternator output voltage
45. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 45
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: electromagnet inductor type
http://www.hella.com/startersalternators/assets/media/g06_ti_en_electronics_ford_smart_charge_system.pdf
• ECU-controlled regulator (alternator switch-off and ISC)
• Alternator switch-off when cranking the engine
• when the engine is started, the alternator is deactivated by
the PCM to reduce the engine drag torque
• the alternator is only switched on to the required value by
the PCM after the engine has been started up
• Engine idle speed control (ISC), depending on electrical load
demand and system voltage
• the PCM can increase the charge current by changing the
pulse-width modulated signal to the alternator
• when the electrical load (in idling) is very high
• when the vehicle electric system voltage is very low
(e.g. low battery charge)
46. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 46
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: electromagnet inductor type
http://www.hella.com/startersalternators/assets/media/g06_ti_en_electronics_ford_smart_charge_system.pdf
• ECU-controlled regulator (consumers switch on/off)
• consumers are activated or deactivated in the event of
overvoltage or undervoltage (depending on electrical system
voltage variations), e.g. :
• air conditioning system
• heated windscreen
• heated rear window
47. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 47
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: electromagnet inductor type
http://www.automotive-eetimes.com/content/reduce-vehicle-power-consumption-and-
increase-efficiency-start-charging-system/page/0/1
• ECU-controlled regulator (Freescale)
• charging system ↔ ECU comm via LIN (control & diagnostic)
• Mechanical, Electrical, Thermal, Comm. Fault detection
48. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 48
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: electromagnet inductor type
http://www.automotive-eetimes.com/content/reduce-vehicle-power-consumption-and-
increase-efficiency-start-charging-system/page/0/1
• ECU-controlled Regulator (EXAMPLE 2)
• …
49. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 49
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: permanent magnet inductor type
• Differences to electromagnet inductor alternators
• inductor (rotor) is made of permanent magnets
• does not have a field coil, brushes nor slip rings
• thus, voltage regulation cannot be performed in the same way
• because there is no control over the inductor magnetic field
• voltage regulation is performed by controlling the power output
• via a silicon controlled rectifier (SCR)
• Types
• Inner inductor/rotor
• outer inductor/rotor
http://www.five-gallon-bucket-hydroelectric.org/the-new-toyota-alternator-pma-for-the-generator/
…
50. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 50
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: permanent magnet inductor type
• Inner inductor permanent magnet alternator
• rotor rotates inside the stator
https://www.comsol.com/blogs/simulating-permanent-
magnet-generators/
51. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 51
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: permanent magnet inductor type
• Inner inductor permanent magnet alternator
• stator, rotor and regulator (left) and full assembly (right)
http://roadandrace.com.au/alternator_conversions.htm
http://cybermotorcycle.com/archives/willyg/index.html
52. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 52
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: permanent magnet inductor type
• Inner inductor permanent magnet alternator
• alternator mounted in a motorcycle
http://ebw.co.in/tag/adventure/
53. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 53
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: permanent magnet inductor type
• Outer inductor permanent magnet alternator
• rotor outside the stator, incorporated in the flywheel
• magnets are located radially in the flywheel (made of steel)
• Advantages:
• the magnetic properties of the steel enhance the magnetic
field and increase coil current;
• magnetic attraction to the steel and centrifugal force help to
keep the magnets in position
• the weight of the magnets increase the flywheel weight
(inertial mass)
http://ebw.co.in/tag/adventure/
54. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 54
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: permanent magnet inductor type
• Outer inductor permanent magnet alternator
• rotor outside the stator, incorporated in the flywheel
• magnets are located radially in the flywheel (made of steel)
http://www.bikesandtravels.com/biker.aspx?ride=730
Flywheel Stator
55. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 55
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: permanent magnet inductor type
• Outer inductor permanent magnet alternator
• Advantages:
• the magnetic properties of the steel enhance the magnetic
field and increase coil current;
• magnetic attraction to the steel and centrifugal force help to
keep the magnets in position
• the weight of the magnets increase the flywheel weight
(inertial mass)
http://ebw.co.in/tag/adventure/
56. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 56
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: permanent magnet inductor type
• Outer inductor permanent magnet alternator
• Rotor mounted with flywheel gear (left)
• Stator mounted in engine case (right)
http://www.homemodelenginemachinist.com/showthread.php?t=14129
57. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 57
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: permanent magnet inductor type
• Voltage Regulation
• shunt-type: short-circuits output current to ground
• series-type: output current is switched ON/OFF
http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/power-management/linear-power-supply-psu/series-voltage-regulator-theory-circuit.php
Shunt-type Series-type
http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/power-management/linear-power-supply-psu/shunt-voltage-regulator-theory-circuit.php
58. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 58
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: permanent magnet inductor type
• Voltage Regulation – shunt-type
• short-circuits output current to ground, to regulate voltage
Single phase
Three phase
http://racetechelectric.com/ft-751-voltage-regulators.html
59. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 59
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: permanent magnet inductor type
• Voltage Regulation – shunt-type
• shunts performed by thyristors (gate controlled by a Zener)
http://www.microchip.com/forums/m350762.aspx
60. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 60
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: permanent magnet inductor type
• Voltage Regulation – shunt-type
• another configuration
http://mastercircuits.blogspot.pt/2010/05/motorcycle-voltage-regulator.html
61. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 61
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: permanent magnet inductor type
• Voltage Regulation – shunt-type
• shunts performed by thyristors (gate controlled by IC)
http://www.eevblog.com/forum/projects/car-alternators-vs-motorcycle-alternators/
62. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 62
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: permanent magnet inductor type
• Voltage Regulation – shunt-type
• for a single phase alternator
http://mastercircuits.blogspot.pt/2010/11/single-phase-voltage-regulator.html
63. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 63
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: permanent magnet inductor type
• Voltage Regulation – series-type
• output current is switched ON/OFF
• basic design:
http://www.circuitstoday.com/voltage-regulators
64. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 64
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: permanent magnet inductor type
• Voltage Regulation – series-type
• real implementation:
http://mastercircuits.blogspot.pt/2013/09/3-phase-voltage-regulator-series-type.html
Generator
+ rectifier
Electronic
relay
Voltage sensing and
relay controller
65. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 65
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: permanent magnet inductor type
• Voltage Regulation – fully-controlled rectification
• não encontrei nada aplicado à rectificação/regulação de
alternadores de ímanes permanentes com pontes rectificadoras
controladas (transistores, MOSFETs, tiristores)
http://i444.photobucket.com/albums/qq167/rjdoles/regulatorschematicdiagram.jpg
http://www.electrosport.com/technical-resources/technical-articles/how-motorcycle-charging-system-works
66. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 66
SistemasAutomóveis
Alternator: cooling
• Cooling
• air-cooled
• water-cooled
• oil-cooled
http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2002/05/thermal-design-challenges-in-automotive-alternator-power-electronics/
http://www.delcoremy.com/alternators/find-by-model-family/50dn-plus/
http://www.4-wheeling-in-western-australia.com/toyota-70-series.html
Oil-cooled
(450 A brushless)
Air-cooled
Water-cooled
67. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 67
SistemasAutomóveis
Technology trends
• Overrunning Alternator Decoupler (OADs) pulley
• helps "synchronize" the belt drive system for improved engine
efficiency, reduced noise and vibration and increased lifetime
• when RPM increases, the alternator's inertia creates resistance
against the belt (alternator typically rotates 3x faster than engine)
• these factors often cause "rope-tow effect" in which belt and
alternator speeds are out of phase; belt tensioners can absorb some
of the resulting vibration, but the belt is affected by these forces
• an OAD pulley has an internal spring and clutch system that absorbs
the force associated with belt accelerations and tension
reversals and permits the alternator to "free-wheel"
or "overrun" when the belt suddenly decelerates.
http://www.decouplerpulley.com/
https://youtu.be/jKMf-_Yl-AI
68. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 68
SistemasAutomóveis
Technology trends
• Intelligent Alternator Control with regenerative braking
• generates electric power during
• overrun (drive phases in which the engine is not required to deliver
drive power)
• Braking (while the driver is applying the brakes)
• battery is charged to only about 80% of its capacity as long as the engine is
propelling the car
• battery charge exceeding the 80% threshold is generated only in overrun and
braking
• Advantages
• less fuel consumption (≈ 3%)
• more available (engine) power during acceleration (alternator is
disconnected whenever the engine is propelling the car)
http://www.greencarcongress.com/2006/09/bmw_introduces_.html
69. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 69
SistemasAutomóveis
Glossary (English/Portuguese)
• …
70. 25 de novembro de 2016 | 70
SistemasAutomóveis
Recommended references
• http://www.circuitstoday.com/voltage-regulators