This presentation is dedicated to ignition systems for Internal Combustion Engines (ICE). The Ignition System is paramount for every car, motorcycle, truck or bus that runs an ICE based on gasoline, alcohol or Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). It controls the timings when the spark plugs are fired, therefore igniting the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber. The Ignition System is one of the major players in what concerns the performance of the engine in terms of output power, pollutant emissions and fuel consumption.
A brief explanation of both two stroke diesel engine and two stroke petrol engine with appropriate figures. It can also submitted to professor at the time of submission.
A brief explanation of both two stroke diesel engine and two stroke petrol engine with appropriate figures. It can also submitted to professor at the time of submission.
The function of an Electronic ignition system is to produce the spark to ignite the air-fuel mixture in a timely manner for maintaining the effective combustion
The common rail fuel injection system is finding increasing use engines as it has the potential to drastically cut emissions and fuel consumption. This system provides control of many important parameters linked to the injection system. It has a wide range of applications, From small to heavy-duty engines.
This presentation is made as per Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, lonere,Raigadh,Maharashtra. syllabus.
Useful for mechanical,automobile engineering students.
The heart of an automobile is its engine, and the heart requires a constant and ingenuous supply of blood, fuel in this case. There had been carburetors faithfully doing this holy work, but technology never seizes to move up. Therefore, the latest offering is the fuel injector for petrol engin es. Though it all started with a simple objective of supplying a controlled amount of fuel at proper intervals of time, it’s, as of now, not as simple as that. With emission norms getting stricter and changing trends in engine technology – high-speed engines, Variable displacement engines, Hybrid engines, etc – it became more and more of a necessity than a luxury to improve the fuel supply system.
Today’s fuel injection unit not only improves engine performance, but also helps in giving a cleaner exhaust that too with a increased fuel economy. The objectives can be attained using a microprocessor that directs the injector using a number of various input parameters. These parameters include manifold temperatures, throttle position, ignition timing, engine speed, load, and a lot more of other factors. The various strategically placed sensors measures these physical quantities and convey the same to the processor in electronic signals. The paper deals with the brief functionality and basic concept of operation of a modern fuel injector used in petrol engines.
Automotive Systems course (Module 10) - Active and Passive Safety Systems for...Mário Alves
This presentation browses the most relevant safety systems for road vehicles. It is organized according to the traditional classification of safety systems: active safety and passive safety. Active safety systems help preventing accidents, so they they control the dynamics of the vehicle. Passive safety systems help mitigating the consequences of accidents, thus they protect occupants and pedestrians upon a crash.
Automotive Systems course (Module 05) - Preheating Systems for vehicles with ...Mário Alves
This presentation describes some of the most important systems that enable the correct operation of Internal Combustion Engines. More specifically, we browse Diesel preheating systems, involving the control of Glow Plugs that preheat the combustion chamber at engine cranking and warm up, as well as intake air and fuel heating systems.
The function of an Electronic ignition system is to produce the spark to ignite the air-fuel mixture in a timely manner for maintaining the effective combustion
The common rail fuel injection system is finding increasing use engines as it has the potential to drastically cut emissions and fuel consumption. This system provides control of many important parameters linked to the injection system. It has a wide range of applications, From small to heavy-duty engines.
This presentation is made as per Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, lonere,Raigadh,Maharashtra. syllabus.
Useful for mechanical,automobile engineering students.
The heart of an automobile is its engine, and the heart requires a constant and ingenuous supply of blood, fuel in this case. There had been carburetors faithfully doing this holy work, but technology never seizes to move up. Therefore, the latest offering is the fuel injector for petrol engin es. Though it all started with a simple objective of supplying a controlled amount of fuel at proper intervals of time, it’s, as of now, not as simple as that. With emission norms getting stricter and changing trends in engine technology – high-speed engines, Variable displacement engines, Hybrid engines, etc – it became more and more of a necessity than a luxury to improve the fuel supply system.
Today’s fuel injection unit not only improves engine performance, but also helps in giving a cleaner exhaust that too with a increased fuel economy. The objectives can be attained using a microprocessor that directs the injector using a number of various input parameters. These parameters include manifold temperatures, throttle position, ignition timing, engine speed, load, and a lot more of other factors. The various strategically placed sensors measures these physical quantities and convey the same to the processor in electronic signals. The paper deals with the brief functionality and basic concept of operation of a modern fuel injector used in petrol engines.
Automotive Systems course (Module 10) - Active and Passive Safety Systems for...Mário Alves
This presentation browses the most relevant safety systems for road vehicles. It is organized according to the traditional classification of safety systems: active safety and passive safety. Active safety systems help preventing accidents, so they they control the dynamics of the vehicle. Passive safety systems help mitigating the consequences of accidents, thus they protect occupants and pedestrians upon a crash.
Automotive Systems course (Module 05) - Preheating Systems for vehicles with ...Mário Alves
This presentation describes some of the most important systems that enable the correct operation of Internal Combustion Engines. More specifically, we browse Diesel preheating systems, involving the control of Glow Plugs that preheat the combustion chamber at engine cranking and warm up, as well as intake air and fuel heating systems.
How a spark distribute in a vehicle?, Ignition system working, Ignition system diagram, functioning, component, primary circuit, secondary circuit,ignition coil diagram, contact point system etc
Automotive Systems course (Module 00) - automotive systems overviewMário Alves
This presentation provides an overview of the Automotive Systems course of the Master in Electrical and Computer Engineering program at the School of Engineering (ISEP) of Politécnico do Porto (IPP).
Automotive Systems course (Module 08) - Starting Systems for road vehiclesMário Alves
This presentation focuses on starting systems for road vehicles (e.g. cars, motorcycles, buses, trucks) based on Internal Combustion Engines (ICE). The starting system is the one that enables to crank the ICE, i.e. basically an electric motor forces the ICE to spin until it runs autonomously.
Automotive Systems course (Module 02) - Internal Combustion Engine: energy ef...Mário Alves
This presentation browses aspects related to the energy efficiency and input/output flows of Internal Combustion Engines, as well as identifies the main sources of pollutant emissions and ways to mitigate them.
Automotive Systems course (Module 03) - Fuel Systems in Spark Ignition Intern...Mário Alves
This presentation provides an overview of the fuel systems in Spark Ignition (SI) Internal Combustion Engines, browsing its technological evolution along the years. Spark Ignition engines are the one that need an artificial spark (provided by spark plugs) to ignite (inflame) the air-fuel mixture, such as the ones based on gasoline, alcohol or Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Diesel engines belong to another class of engines, called "Compression Ignition" (CI) engines.
Automotive Systems course (Module 04) - Fuel Systems in Compression Ignition ...Mário Alves
This presentation provides an snapshot of the fuel systems in Compression Ignition (CI) Internal Combustion Engines, browsing its technological evolution along the years. Compression Ignition engines are the ones that do not need an artificial spark to ignite (inflame), as the air-fuel mixture ignites "naturally" resulting from the combination of high temperatures and increasing pressures in the combustion chamber. This is the case of Diesel engines. Gasoline, alcohol or Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) engines belong to another class of engines, called "Spark Ignition" engines.
Automotive Systems course (Module 07) - Charging systems for road vehiclesMário Alves
This presentation elaborates on the Charging System in road vehicles (e.g. cars, motorcycles and trucks) with Internal Combustion Engines. The Charging System is the core of the vehicle's electrical system, building on the battery, alternator, cables, fuses/relays and other components. As the heart of the charging system, a special attention is dedicated to the alternator, describing its operation both for electromagnet and permanent magnet inductor types. We also identify future trends, such as the ones related to start-stop systems and the integrated alternator-starter paradigm.
This presentation overviews the most relevant aspects of Internal Combustion Engines (ICE). It starts by describing the ICE operating principle and classifying ICE types according to the combustion method, cylinder configuration, etc.. Then it explains the phases of the combustion cycle (admission, compression, expansion and exhaust) and in 4-stroke and 2-stroke engines. Both indirect and direct injection systems' technologies and trends are overviewed.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Automotive Systems course (Module 09) - Ignition Systems for Internal Combustion Engines
1. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 1
SistemasAutomóveis
Ignition Systems
Mário Alves (mjf@isep.ipp.pt)
2. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 2
SistemasAutomóveis
Outline
• Ignition system: definition, functionality, requirements
• Ignition timing
• Spark generation
• Ignition systems evolution
• Electromechanical ignition systems
• distributor, circuit breaker, condenser, resistor,
vacuum/centrifugal advance, primary/secondary voltage,
dwell, distributor cap, cabling, coils
• ECU-based and distributorless ignition systems
• Capacitive and inductive discharge igniters
• Glossary
• Recommended references
3. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 3
SistemasAutomóveis
Ignition System: definition
• Definition of ignition system
• system that enables to ignite the air-fuel mixture in spark-ignition
(SI) internal combustion engines (e.g. gasoline, LPG, alcohol)
http://www.engihub.com/ignition-systems-of-i-c-engine/
4. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 4
SistemasAutomóveis
Ignition system: functionality
• Functionalities of an ignition system
• detection of crankshaft position/speed
• mechanical switch (circuit breaker) electronic sensor
• determination of ignition timing/duration
• mechanical computer-controlled
• creation of high-voltage
• electric transformer (known as ignition coil)
• timely distribution of high-voltage to each cylinder
• mechanical distributor power electronics
• creation of an electric arc (triggering air-fuel ignition)
• spark plug(s)
…
5. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 5
SistemasAutomóveis
Ignition system: requirements
• Main requirements of an ignition system
• spark must be vigorous (so that all air/fuel mixture is burned)
• requires high-voltage peak (> 15 kV)
• spark/ignition timing must be optimized for all engine conditions
• e.g. RPM, engine load, air/fuel ratio, water temperature,…
• energy-efficient, lightweight, compact, low-cost
• low electrical energy consumption, low heat losses, high-tech
materials and design; these properties may be conflicting
• durable and reliable
• user expectations: the lifetime of the vehicle; these properties
and the former may be conflicting
• minimized generation of electromagnetic interference (EMI)
• EMI impacts electronic/computerized and wired/wireless
communication systems
…
6. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 6
SistemasAutomóveis
Ignition timing: the need for firing the spark before TDC
• Ignition must be triggered before the piston reaches TDC
• air-fuel mixture takes a few miliseconds to ignite – ignition delay
• spark must be fired a few ms before piston reaches TDC
http://suprasport.com/E3-Spark-Plugs_p_1520.html
7. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 7
SistemasAutomóveis
Ignition timing: the need to adapt to engine speed
• Ignition must be triggered in advance to TDC
• this advance timing (t) is reflected in an advance angle ()
• Considering the valve timing diagram in the figure:
• intake valve opens
@ 10° BTDC
• air-fuel mixture is sucked
till intake valve closes
• air-fuel mix is compressed
till spark occurs
@ 12º BTDC
http://4mechtech.blogspot.pt/2014/12/port-timing-diagram-for-two-stroke-petrol-engine.html
8. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 8
SistemasAutomóveis
Ignition timing: the need to adapt to engine speed
• For higher RPM (), same t corresponds to > angle
( = .t)
• thus, the advance angle must be increased with the RPM
http://mechsapiens.com/valve-timing-diagram-mechanical-factor-dynamic-factor-intake-exhaust/
http://www.c5ignitions.com/c5-technology.html
9. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 9
SistemasAutomóveis
Ignition timing: the need to adapt to engine load
• Engine load
• “is the power that the outside world takes away from the engine”
• an engine connected to nothing can have essentially no load,
regardless of throttle opening or RPM
• an engine produces more power and can therefore accommodate
more load when its throttle is open wider, and less power/load
when its throttle is less open
• the amount of power available from the engine at 100% throttle
varies over its operating RPM range; at any given speed, the
maximum power that the engine can output is "full load."
• if the output power of the engine is less than the external
load, the engine will decelerate.
• if the output power of the engine is greater than the external
load, the engine will accelerate.
http://mechsapiens.com/valve-timing-diagram-mechanical-factor-dynamic-factor-intake-exhaust/
http://www.c5ignitions.com/c5-technology.html
10. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 10
SistemasAutomóveis
Ignition timing: the need to adapt to engine load
• The leaner the air/fuel mixture, the longer it takes to burn
• < engine loads > advance angle
• richer mixtures (higher loads) < advance angle
http://www.stealth316.com/2-ignitionsystem.htm
11. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 11
SistemasAutomóveis
Ignition timing: the need to adapt to engine load
• Another example with a 3D map representation
http://www.teglerizer.com/fi/bem/Basics%20of%20engine%20management.htm
12. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 12
SistemasAutomóveis
Ignition timing: influence of other parameters
• Ignition timing may be optimized according to other engine
operating parameters, e.g.
• engine coolant temperature
• intake air density, temperature, pressure, mass flow rate
• throttle position
• exhaust gas oxygen
• transmission gear
• vehicle speed
• system voltage
• engine knocking
• Nowadays, this is possible due to ECU-controlled ignition
• but it was not quite like that at the beginning
http://www.stealth316.com/2-ignitionsystem.htm
13. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 13
SistemasAutomóveis
Basic principle of spark generation
https://www.thinglink.com/scene/616979999844466690
• A spark is an electric arc generated by a spark plug
• when a high-voltage (tens of kV) is applied to its terminals
• This is achieved by an electric transformer
(know as ignition coil)
• primary winding few turns
• secondary winding many turns
• Operation
1. an electric current circulates in the primary winding
2. this current is switched off (mechanical or electronic switch)
3. there is a sudden drop in the magnetic field generated by the
primary winding (a high counter-EMF appears in the primary)
4. this abrupt drop in the magnetic field induces a very high EMF in
the secondary winding
14. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 14
SistemasAutomóveis
Basic principle of spark generation
https://www.picoauto.com/library/automotive-guided-tests/secondary-vs-primary-voltage-and-current1
• Example primary current and voltage waveforms
Primary
ON
Primary
OFF
15. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 15
SistemasAutomóveis
Basic principle of spark generation
https://www.picoauto.com/library/automotive-guided-tests/primary-vs-secondary
• Example primary and secondary voltage waveforms
• …
16. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 16
SistemasAutomóveis
Basic principle of spark generation
https://www.thinglink.com/scene/616979999844466690
• The spark generation is still the basic principle has been
applied over the years
• sparks are still used
• ignition coils are still used
• But ignition-related technology has evolved tremendously
• spark plugs
• ignition coils
• primary circuit breaker/switching
• engine parameters determination
• ignition timing optimization
• high-voltage distribution
17. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 17
SistemasAutomóveis
Ignition System: evolution over time
https://www.eeweb.com/blog/fairchild_semiconductor/introduction-to-automotive-ignition-systems
Igniter
18. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 18
SistemasAutomóveis
Ignition System: evolution over time
https://www.eeweb.com/blog/fairchild_semiconductor/introduction-to-automotive-ignition-systems
• From a power electronics-oriented perspective
• IGBT’s control IC with diagnosis/protection functions into igniter
19. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 19
SistemasAutomóveis
Ignition coil types
http://www.ngkntk.co.uk/index.php/technical-centre/ignition-coils-tec/ignition-coils-types/
• Different types/generations of ignition coils
20. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 20
SistemasAutomóveis
Distributor types
http://www.auto-repair-help.com/automotive_maintenance/distributor_overview.php
• Different types/generations of distributors
http://www.silvesterv8.co.nz/pages.php?pageid=13 http://www.vintagemodelairplane.com/pages/Downloads/Rover_Tasters/Ignition04.html
http://www.aliexpress.com/w/wholesale-ignition-distributor.html
Coil on cap Igniter No advance1st generation
21. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 21
SistemasAutomóveis
Electromechanical ignition
• Distributor does timing advance and high-voltage distribution
• Mechanical switch
(circuit breaker)
• Centrifugal advance
• Vacuum advance
• Mechanical distributor
(distributor cap)
• High-voltage
wiring
• cylindrical coil
• Voltage divider
(primary resistor)
• Protecting condenser
…http://www.carparts.com/classroom/ignition.htm
22. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 22
SistemasAutomóveis
http://www.motorera.com/dictionary/di.htm
http://www.howacarworks.com/illustrations/inside-a-bosch-distributor
Electromechanical ignition: distributor
23. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 23
SistemasAutomóveis
Electromechanical ignition: circuit breaker
• Circuit breaker (AKA breaker points)
• electrical switch, actuated by distributor cam lobes
• platinum contacts, resilient to electric arc created by CEMF
…http://modelabasics.com/Ignition.htm
24. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 24
SistemasAutomóveis
Electromechanical ignition: primary current/voltage
• When primary current (few A) is cut off, a peak of counter
EMF (hundreds of V) shows up at the breaker terminals
• this creates an electric arc between the breaker points, accelerating
their deterioration
http://www.pikit.co.uk/peugeotmt/scope%20primary%20wave.html
Primary current & voltage waveforms
25. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 25
SistemasAutomóveis
Electromechanical ignition: dwell
• Dwell (angle) is the number of degrees the distributor cam
rotates from the time the points close until they open again
• it affects the magnetic buildup of the primary windings: the longer
the points are closed, the greater the magnetic buildup
• too much dwell can result in point arcing and burning
• too small, the points will open and collapse the field before it has
built up enough voltage to produce a satisfactory spark
• it can be mechanically adjusted
• this concept also applies to
electronic ignitions
http://autonewpro.blogspot.pt/p/all-about-ignition-system.html
26. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 26
SistemasAutomóveis
Electromechanical ignition: dwell
• Spark burn and dwell periods (secondary voltage waveform)
http://www.crypton.co.za/Tto%20know/Ignition/burn%20time.html
27. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 27
SistemasAutomóveis
Electromechanical ignition: condenser
• Electric arc between the circuit breaker terminals causes slower
current drop
• so the magnetic field drop will not be as sharp as it should
• leading to
• smaller voltage spike
• weaker spark
• A condenser is connected in parallel with the circuit breaker
• avoids electric arc between breaker points
• enables abrupt drop of current/magnetic field drop
• higher secondary voltage spike
• stronger spark
• condenser charges during the dwell period
• when the breaker opens, the condenser discharges
itself through the primary coil in the opposite
direction to the flow of induced current, reversing
the polarity of the coil and increasing the rate at
which the magnetic field collapses
http://www.uq.edu.au/_School_Science_Lessons/UNPh32.5.html#32.5.5.2
http://www.pikit.co.uk/peugeotmt/scope%20primary%20wave.html
28. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 28
SistemasAutomóveis
Electromechanical ignition: condenser
• The condenser can be mounted inside or outside the
distributor
• typical capacity ≈ 0,2 F
http://www.howacarworks.com/ignition-system/fitting-a-condenser
29. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 29
SistemasAutomóveis
Electromechanical ignition: primary/ballast resistor
• There is a system voltage drop during cranking
• due starter motor peak load (hundreds of A)
• typically around 3-4 V (12 8-9 V)
• This would mean either
• dimensioning the ignition coil for cranking (9 V)
overvoltage at runtime
• dimensioning the ignition coil for runtime (14 V)
undervoltage at engine cranking
• Thus
• the ignition coil is dimensioned for 9 V
• after cranking, a voltage divider
(ballast resistor) is used (1-2 Ω)
http://cny.mgcarclub.com/electrical_systems.htm
30. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 30
SistemasAutomóveis
Electromechanical ignition: centrifugal advance
• As RPM increases, upper part of the distributor shaft twists in
relation to the lower part of the distributor shaft
• centrifugal force of the inertial masses vs springs force
• (it usually works together with the vacuum advance mechanism)
…http://www.carparts.com/classroom/ignition.htm
Low RPM High RPM
31. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 31
SistemasAutomóveis
Electromechanical ignition: centrifugal advance
• Example advance angle versus RPM curve
• note that the distributor speed is half the crankshaft speed
…http://www.sparkingplugs.com/8.html
32. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 32
SistemasAutomóveis
Electromechanical ignition: vacuum advance
• A diaphragm reacts to engine load (intake air pressure)
• < load leaner mix > vacuum > advance (> time to burn)
• > load richer mix < vacuum < advance (< time to burn)
…http://www.carparts.com/classroom/ignition.htm
33. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 33
SistemasAutomóveis
Electromechanical ignition: vacuum advance
• Example advance angle vs. intake vacuum curve
• advance angle grows with vacuum
• adjustable mechanism
…http://www.crankshaftcoalition.com/wiki/Hot_rodding_the_HEI_distributor
34. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 34
SistemasAutomóveis
Electromechanical ignition: centrifugal advance
• Combination of centrifugal and vacuum advance
• these mechanisms work together for controlling the timing advance
…http://www.carparts.com/classroom/ignition.htm
35. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 35
SistemasAutomóveis
Electromechanical ignition: mechanical distributor (cap)
• High-voltage is transmitted from center terminal, to rotor
head, to side terminals (head rotates with distributor shaft)
• precise synchronization between high-voltage peak and rotor position
http://www.counterpersontraining.com/index.cfm?go=lms.module&moduleid=71&mode=train&contentIndex=12&topicId=269
http://newautoaa.blogspot.pt/p/secondary-circuit-of-ignition-system.html
36. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 36
SistemasAutomóveis
Electromechanical ignition: high-voltage cabling
• Requirements
• high dielectric insulation
• high EMI suppression
• high temperature resistance (> 200ºC)
• high mechanical robustness
• robustness to salt water, oil, petrol and acids
• High electrical resistance feature
• ignition cables feature high electrical resistance (several kΩ)
• this minimizes EMI radiation; since electrical current is
minimized, the radiated electromagnetic field is also minimized
• this does not affect the spark plug voltage peak
• ignition cables conduct a high-voltage low-energy signal
https://www.ngk.de/en/technology-in-detail/ignition-cables/principles/
http://www.my-cardictionary.com/zuendung/zuendleitungen-zuendkabel.html
37. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 37
SistemasAutomóveis
Electromechanical ignition: high-voltage cabling
• There are three different types of ignition cables
• copper cables (EMI suppression resistor in the connectors/plug)
• carbon cables (carbon resistance in the cable)
• ignition cables with inductive resistor
• They mainly differ based on
• the material used for the conductor
• the type of resistor used for interference suppression
https://www.ngk.de/en/technology-in-detail/ignition-cables/principles/
http://www.my-cardictionary.com/zuendung/zuendleitungen-zuendkabel.html
38. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 38
SistemasAutomóveis
Electromechanical ignition: high-voltage cabling
• Copper ignition cables
• copper core surrounded by a silicone casing (electrical insulator)
• the interference suppression resistor is integrated in the spark plug
connector, in the coil connector or in the spark plug (1-6 kΩ)
https://www.ngk.de/en/technology-in-detail/ignition-cables/principles/
http://www.ngk-sparkplugs.jp/english/techinfo/qa/q08/index.html
39. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 39
SistemasAutomóveis
Electromechanical ignition: high-voltage cabling
• Carbon ignition cables
• comprised of a fiberglass core with a silicone interior insulation
• interference suppression resistance results from the carbon cable
resistivity:
• 1 m cable ≈ 10 - 20 kΩ
https://www.ngk.de/en/products-technologies/ignition-cables/
40. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 40
SistemasAutomóveis
Electromechanical ignition: high-voltage cabling
• Ignition cables with inductive resistance
• like carbon resistor ignition cables, these ignition cables have a
fiberglass core
• over the fiberglass there is a conductive and magnetic silicone layer,
around which a stainless steel wire is wound
• the cable resistance (reactive inductance)
grows with ignition frequency
(thus, with RPM)
• 1 m cable ≈ 2 - 8 kΩ
https://www.ngk.de/en/products-technologies/ignition-cables/
41. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 41
SistemasAutomóveis
Electromechanical ignition: cylindrical coil
https://www.ngk.de/en/technology-in-detail/ignition-coils/design-of-an-ignition-coil/design-of-a-cylinder-ignition-coil/
• Filled with oil
• …
42. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 42
SistemasAutomóveis
Electromechanical ignition, transistor-assisted
• An igniter alleviates the circuit breaker job
• primary current is several A and inductive!
• switching it off is a hard job (counter EMF peak between
breaker contacts)
• igniter drives the primary winding, reducing the control current (at
the circuit breaker) to tens of mA, non-inductive
• longer circuit breaker lifetime
• no need for condenser in parallel
• accumulation of dirt in the breaker contacts
…http://what-when-how.com/automobile/electronic-ignition-automobile/
Basic
circuit
43. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 43
SistemasAutomóveis
Electromechanical ignition, with igniter and position sensor
• A position sensor substitutes the circuit breaker
• inductive (magnet + pickup coil)
• hall-effect (magnet + hall-effect sensor)
• optical (LED + photodiode or phototransistor)
• Ignition advance is still based on centrifugal and vacuum
mechanisms
• no ECU
…http://www.jetav8r.com/Vision/Ignition/CDI.html
44. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 44
SistemasAutomóveis
ECU + distributor with sensing and high-voltage distribution
• Distributor functionalities are restricted to
• sensing crankshaft position/speed
• distributing high-voltage to sparks
• (no mechanical advance)
• ECU functionalities
• receiving position
& speed
sensor data
• computing ignition
timing/duration
• sending ignition timing
signal to ignition coil
…http://www.teglerizer.com/fi/bem/Basics%20of%20engine%20management.htm
45. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 45
SistemasAutomóveis
ECU + distributor restricted to high-voltage distribution
• Distributor functionality is restricted to
• distributing high-voltage to sparks
• (just the distributor cap)
• Crankshaft position/speed sensor is located in the flywheel
…http://www.teglerizer.com/fi/bem/Basics%20of%20engine%20management.htm
46. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 46
SistemasAutomóveis
Distributorless, 1 coil per 2 cylinders (wasted spark)
• Distributorless = no distributor
• no mechanical parts, no friction, no electric arcs
• Each coil generates two simultaneous sparks
• one is wasted spark at the cylinder ending the exhaust stroke
http://pantera.infopop.cc/eve/forums/a/tpc/f/5650045562/m/1021035995
http://www.teglerizer.com/fi/bem/Basics%20of%20engine%20management.htm
47. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 47
SistemasAutomóveis
Distributorless, 1 coil per 2 cylinders (wasted spark)
• Wasted spark, dual tower ignition coil
http://www.tdotperformance.ca/mallory-140052-firestorm-ignition-coil-dual-tower-waste-spark.html
http://www.teglerizer.com/fi/bem/Basics%20of%20engine%20management.htm
48. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 48
SistemasAutomóveis
Distributorless, 1 coil per 2 cylinders (wasted spark)
• Wasted spark, but with integrated igniter & coil
• in previous example, igniter is in the ECU
http://www.maxxtuning.eu/products/engine-control-and-electronics/ignition/ignition_coils/ignition-coil-4-cyl-ws-with-integrated-amplifier
http://www.teglerizer.com/fi/bem/Basics%20of%20engine%20management.htm
49. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 49
SistemasAutomóveis
Distributorless, 1 coil per cylinder
• Each cylinder/spark has a dedicated coil
• High-voltage wires (from coils to plugs) outside the engine
block
…http://www.teglerizer.com/fi/bem/Basics%20of%20engine%20management.htm
50. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 50
SistemasAutomóveis
Distributorless, coil-on-plug
• One coil per cylinder
• no high-voltage wiring
• but primary coil currents travel
outside engine block
http://www.teglerizer.com/fi/bem/Basics%20of%20engine%20management.htm
https://www.ngk.de/en/technology-in-detail/ignition-coils/design-of-an-ignition-coil/design-of-a-pencil-coil-single-spark-coil-coil-on-plug/
51. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 51
SistemasAutomóveis
Distributorless, coil-on-plug (with integrated igniter)
A – igniter
B – ignition coil
IGt – ignition timing
IGf – ignition fail
1. primary coil
2. secondary coil
3. voltage protection circuit
4. current protection circuit
5. pulse generator
6. locking circuit
7. amplifier
8. control circuit
http://toyota-club.net/files/faq/04-11-20_faq_az_eng.htm
http://dbnst.nii.ac.jp/english/detail/1784
52. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 52
SistemasAutomóveis
Transistorized (inductive discharge) ignition
• TAC – Transistor-Assisted Contacts
• circuit breaker controls T1
• T1 controls T2 (power transistor)
• T2 drives primary current
http://what-when-how.com/automobile/electronic-ignition-automobile/
53. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 53
SistemasAutomóveis
Transistorized (inductive discharge) ignition
• Breakerless ignition
• Inductive pickup replaces circuit breaker
http://what-when-how.com/automobile/electronic-ignition-automobile/
54. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 54
SistemasAutomóveis
Capacitive discharge electronic ignition
• A capacitor charges with a high voltage (300-500 V)
• Switching device (mechanical breaker or thyristor) triggers
the capacitor discharge over the primary winding
http://www.daytona-twintec.com/tech_ignition.html
55. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 55
SistemasAutomóveis
Capacitive discharge electronic ignition
• Capacitor (C) (dis)charge is controlled by a Thyristor (Th)
• Thyristor (Th) ON C discharges on primary winding
http://what-when-how.com/automobile/electronic-ignition-automobile/
56. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 56
SistemasAutomóveis
Capacitive discharge electronic ignition
• Charging voltage is achieved through unstable transistor pair
+ full-wave rectifier
http://what-when-how.com/automobile/electronic-ignition-automobile/
57. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 57
SistemasAutomóveis
Capacitive vs. Transistorized ignition systems
• CDI very short & very high V spike, constant with RPM
http://www.rotaryeng.net/Why-CDI.html
58. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 58
SistemasAutomóveis
Capacitive vs. Transistorized ignition systems
• CDI consumed energy grows linearly with RPM
• XL grows with frequency/RPM
• primary winding XL
• XC decreases with frequency/RPM
• primary winding XL
• charge capacitor XC
http://www.rotaryeng.net/Why-CDI.html
59. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 59
SistemasAutomóveis
Capacitive vs. Transistorized ignition systems
• Bottomline, CDI is preferred
• Higher voltage spike
• W proportional to RPM
• But, due to the very short voltage spike
• it requires extremely precise synchronization
• For distributor-based ignition systems, this was problematic
• it required constant tuning
• it was only used in high-performance/race vehicles
• This problem has been overcome with distributorless ignition
systems
• distribution timing is controlled by ECU
• no mechanical tuning is required
http://www.rotaryeng.net/Why-CDI.html
60. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 60
SistemasAutomóveis
Technology trends
• …
• …
https://www.newswire.com/press-release/car-alternator-market-global-technical-data-and-growth-2020
61. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 61
SistemasAutomóveis
Glossary (English/Portuguese)
• …
62. 4 de novembro de 2016 | 62
SistemasAutomóveis
Recommended references
• http://www.superchevy.com/how-to/additional-tech/1601-everything-you-wanted-to-
know-about-vacuum-advance-and-ignition-timing/
• http://www.worldphaco.net/uploads/CAPACITIVE_DISCHARGE_IGNITION_vs_MA
GNETIC_DISCHARGE_IGNITION..pdf/
