This document provides an overview of internal combustion engines. It begins with an introduction that defines internal combustion engines as heat engines that convert the chemical energy in fuel into mechanical energy. It then covers classifications of engines including by ignition type (spark ignition or compression ignition), engine cycle (four-stroke or two-stroke), valve location, design, cylinder positioning and number, air intake process, fuel input, fuel used, application, and cooling type. The document also discusses important engine components like the cylinder block, cylinders, cylinder head, valve train, pistons, connecting rod, and crankshaft. It concludes with sections on engine cycles, thermochemistry and fuels, emissions and air pollution.
A car engine mount holds the engine in certain position with less noise and vibration, and stabilizes the engine in the engine bay. It may be a small part of your vehicle, but its importance is very high. Once it wears out or malfunctions means, several problems will arise which will turn your journey unsafe from the start to end. Go through the slides to know what these problems are and how it affects the engine.
A car engine mount holds the engine in certain position with less noise and vibration, and stabilizes the engine in the engine bay. It may be a small part of your vehicle, but its importance is very high. Once it wears out or malfunctions means, several problems will arise which will turn your journey unsafe from the start to end. Go through the slides to know what these problems are and how it affects the engine.
The gas turbine is an internal combustion engine that uses air as the working fluid. The engine extracts chemical energy from fuel and converts it to mechanical energy using the gaseous energy of the working fluid (air) to drive the engine and propeller, which, in turn, propel the aeroplane.
In these we discuss about what is Turbo Charger, why we use it. What is the technology behind it. Parts of TC. Design and operation. Response time. What is Boost Control in TC and who it works. Failures in TC and its maintenance. Advantages and Disadvantages.
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
Internal Combustion Engine | Ic engine
The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the burning of a fuel occurs in a confined space called a combustion chamber. This exothermic reaction of a fuel with an oxidizer creates gases of high temperature and pressure, which are permitted to expand.
The gas turbine is an internal combustion engine that uses air as the working fluid. The engine extracts chemical energy from fuel and converts it to mechanical energy using the gaseous energy of the working fluid (air) to drive the engine and propeller, which, in turn, propel the aeroplane.
In these we discuss about what is Turbo Charger, why we use it. What is the technology behind it. Parts of TC. Design and operation. Response time. What is Boost Control in TC and who it works. Failures in TC and its maintenance. Advantages and Disadvantages.
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
Internal Combustion Engine | Ic engine
The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the burning of a fuel occurs in a confined space called a combustion chamber. This exothermic reaction of a fuel with an oxidizer creates gases of high temperature and pressure, which are permitted to expand.
This presentation covers about 'Heat Engine' precisely.Two Stroke Engine, Four Stroke Engine-Comparison, working Principle, Description of Engine Components, Cooling system, Lubricating system, Timing Diagram etc. It will be helpful for Mechanical Engineering students, so will for Electrical Engineering Students and obviously for those who want to learn about 'Engine' to meet personal thirst. Enjoy.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
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The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
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It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
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Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
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Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
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In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdf
Automotive System
1. Automotive System
Internal Combustion Engine
Prof.S.Sathishkumar
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Vel Tech Engineering College
Avadi-Chennai-62
Prof.S.Sathishkumar
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Vel Tech Engineering College
Avadi-Chennai-62
1
2. Internal Combustion Engine
Contents
1-Introduction (History, Engine classification, Engine component
and Engine emissions)
2-Operating Characteristics (Engine parameters, Torque, Power,
pressure, Efficiency, Volumetric efficiency)
3-Engine cycles (Otto cycle, SI cycle, Diesel cycle, Dual cycle, CI
cycle)
4-Thermochemistry and Fuels (Hydrocarbon Fuels-Gasoline, Self-
Ignition and Octane Number, Diesel Fuel)
5-Air and Fuel induction (Fuel Injectors, Carburetors, Supercharging
and Turbocharging)
6-Emission and air pollutions (Co2 , Co, Nox and solid particles)
2
3. Internal Combustion Engine
The internal combustion engine is a heat engine that converts Chemical energy in a
fuel into Mechanical energy
INTRODUCTION
Heat
Mechanical
Chemical
This thermal energy raises the temperature and pressure of the gases within the engine, and
the high-pressure gas then expands against the mechanical mechanisms of the engine. This
expansion is converted by the mechanical linkages of the engine to a rotating crankshaft,
which is the output of the engine.
3
4. Internal Combustion Engine
Internal combustion engines are reciprocating engines having pistons that reciprocate
back and forth in cylinders internally within the engine.
Engine types not covered by this course include steam engines and gas turbine engines,
which are better classified as External combustion engines (i.e., combustion takes place
outside the mechanical engine system)
4
5. Internal Combustion Engine
Historical Development of the I.C.
Engine
• 1862 -- Rochas described the basic principles essential
for efficient engine operation.
• 1878 – Otto built the first successful 4-stroke cycle
engine.
• 1891 – Day built an improved 2-stroke cycle engine.
• 1892 – Diesel patented the compression-ignition (diesel)
engine.
• To present – emphasis on improved engine efficiency,
through refinement.
• You
5
6. Internal Combustion Engine
ENGINE CLASSIFICATIONS
Internal combustion engines can be classified in a number of different ways:
1. Types of Ignition
(a) Spark Ignition (SI). An SI engine starts the combustion process in each cycle by use of
a spark plug. The spark plug gives a high-voltage electrical discharge between two
electrodes which ignites the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber surrounding the
plug.
(b) Compression Ignition (CI). The combustion process in a CI engine starts when the
air-fuel mixture self-ignites due to high temperature in the combustion chamber caused
by high compression.
2. Engine Cycle
(a) Four-Stroke Cycle. A four-stroke cycle experiences four piston movements over two
engine revolutions for each cycle.
(b) Two-Stroke Cycle. A two-stroke cycle has two piston movements over one revolution
for each cycle.
6
10. Internal Combustion Engine
3. Valve Location
(a) Valves in head (overhead valve), also called I Head engine.
(b) Valves in block (flat head), also called L Head engine. Some historic engines with
valves in block had the intake valve on one side of the cylinder and the exhaust valve on
the other side. These were called T Head engines.
I Head engine T Head engineL Head engine F Head engine
10
11. Internal Combustion Engine
4. Basic Design
(a) Reciprocating. Engine has one or more cylinders in which pistons reciprocate back
and forth. The combustion chamber is located in the closed end of each cylinder. Power is
delivered to a rotating output crankshaft by mechanical linkage with the pistons.
(b) Rotary. Engine is made of a block (stator) built around a large non-concentric rotor and
crankshaft. The combustion chambers are built into the non-rotating block.
5. Position and Number of Cylinders
(a) Single Cylinder.
(b) In-Line.
(c) V Engine.
(d) Opposed Cylinder Engine.
(e) W Engine.
(f) Opposed Piston Engine.
(g) Radial Engine.
11
13. Internal Combustion Engine
6. Air Intake Process
(a) Naturally Aspirated. No intake air pressure boost system.
(b) Supercharged. Intake air pressure increased with the compressor driven
off of the engine crankshaft (Fig. 1-8).
(c) Turbocharged. Intake air pressure increased with the turbine-compressor
driven by the engine exhaust gases (Fig. 1-9).
(d) Crankcase Compressed. Two-stroke cycle engine which uses the crankcase as the
intake air compressor. Limited development work has also been done on design and
construction of four-stroke cycle engines with crankcase compression.
7. Method of Fuel Input for SI Engines
(a) Carbureted.
(b) Multipoint Port Fuel Injection. One or more injectors at each cylinder intake.
(c) Throttle Body Fuel Injection. Injectors upstream in intake manifold.
13
14. Internal Combustion Engine
8. Fuel Used
(a) Gasoline.
(b) Diesel Oil or Fuel Oil.
(c) Gas, Natural Gas, Methane.
(d) LPG.
(e) Alcohol-Ethyl, Methyl.
(f) Dual Fuel. There are a number of engines that use a combination of two or more
fuels. Some, usually large, CI engines use a combination of methane and diesel fuel.
These are attractive in developing third-world countries because of the high cost of
diesel fuel. Combined gasoline-alcohol fuels are becoming more common as an
alternative to straight gasoline automobile engine fuel.
(g) Gasohol. Common fuel consisting of 90% gasoline and 10% alcohol.
9. Application
(a) Automobile, Truck, Bus.
(b) Locomotive.
(c) Stationary.
(d) Marine.
(e) Aircraft.
(f) Small Portable, Chain Saw, Model Airplane. 14
16. Internal Combustion Engine
Name of Engine Parts
Valve cover
Valve spring
Valve
Connecting rod
Engine block
Rocker arm
Push rod
Valve tappet
Camshaft
Connecting rod
Main journal
Connecting rod cap
Piston pin
Oil pan
Piston
ENGINE COMPONENTS
16
17. Internal Combustion Engine
ENGINE COMPONENTS
Cylinder Block
“Backbone” of the engine.
Supports / aligns most
other components.
Part of basic tractor
frame.
Contains:
Cylinders
Coolant passages
Oil passages
Bearings
One-piece, gray cast iron
17
18. Internal Combustion Engine
Cylinders
• Cylindrical holes in
which the pistons
reciprocate.
• May be:
– Enblock
– Liners
• Wet liners
• Dry liners
• Cylinder bore –
diameter of cylinder
18
19. Internal Combustion Engine
Cylinder Head
Seals the “top-end” of the
combustion chamber.
Contains the valves and the
intake and exhaust “ports”.
Head bolts and head gasket
ensure air-tight seal of the
combustion chamber.
Contains oil and coolant
passages.
One-piece castings of iron alloy.
19
20. Internal Combustion Engine
Valve Train
• Controls flow into and out of
the combustion chamber.
– Time and Duration
• Tractor engines use “Overhead
Valve (OHV)” configuration.
• Components
– Camshaft
– Valve tappets
– Push rods
– Rocker arm
– Valves
– Valve springs
– Valve rotators
– Valve seats
20
21. Internal Combustion Engine
Internal Combustion Engine
Camshaft
L ift
B a s e c ir c le
N o s e
C a m P r o file
Open the intake and exhaust valves at correct time and for correct duration.
Driven by gear (or chain) from the crankshaft.
2:1 crankshaft to camshaft gear ratio.
21
22. Internal Combustion Engine
Piston and Rings
• Piston
– Forms the “moveable
bottom’ of the
combustion chamber.
• Iron alloy or aluminum
• Rings
– Compression
– Oil-control
• Cast iron
• Piston pin
22
23. Internal Combustion Engine
Internal Combustion Engine
Connecting rod
Connects the piston to the
crankshaft
Converts reciprocating
piston motion to rotary
motion at the crankshaft.
Nomenclature
Drop-forged steel
23
24. Internal Combustion Engine
Crankshaft
Works with connecting rod to change reciprocating to rotary motion.
Transmits mechanical energy from the engine.
Made of heat-treated steel alloys.
24
25. Internal Combustion Engine
TERMINOLOGY AND ABBREVIATIONS
The following terms and abbreviations are commonly used in engine technology
Internal Combustion (IC)
Spark Ignition (SI) An engine in which the combustion process in each cycle is
started by use of a spark plug.
Compression Ignition (CI) An engine in which the combustion process starts when the
air-fuel mixture self-ignites due to high temperature in the combustion chamber caused by
high compression.
Top-Dead-Center (TDC) Position of the piston when it stops at the furthest point away
from the crankshaft.
Bottom-Dead-Center (BDC) Position of the piston when it stops at the point closest to
the crankshaft.
Direct Injection (DI) Fuel injection into the main combustion chamber of an engine.
Indirect Injection (IDI) Fuel injection into the secondary chamber of an engine with
a divided combustion chamber.
Bore Diameter of the cylinder or diameter of the piston face, which is the same
minus a very small clearance.
25
26. Internal Combustion Engine
Stroke Movement distance of the piston from one extreme position to the other:
TDC to BDC or BDC to TDC.
Clearance Volume Minimum volume in the combustion chamber with piston at TDC.
Displacement or Displacement Volume Volume displaced by the piston as it travels
through one stroke.
Smart Engine Engine with computer controls that regulate operating characteristics
such as air-fuel ratio, ignition timing, valve timing, exhaust control, intake tuning, etc.
Air-Fuel Ratio (AF) Ratio of mass of air to mass of fuel input into engine.
Fuel-Air Ratio (FA) Ratio of mass of fuel to mass of air input into engine.
Ignition Delay (ID) Time interval between ignition initiation and the actual start of
Combustion
26
27. Internal Combustion Engine
BASIC ENGINE CYCLES
Most internal combustion engines, both spark ignition and compression ignition, operate on
either a four-stroke cycle or a two-stroke cycle.
A- Four-Stroke SI Engine Cycle
1. First Stroke: Intake Stroke or Induction The piston travels from TDC to BDC with the
intake valve open and exhaust valve closed. This creates an increasing volume in the
combustion chamber, which in turn creates a vacuum.
2. Second Stroke: Compression Stroke When the piston reaches BDC, the intake valve
closes and the piston travels back to TDC with all valves closed. This compresses the air-fuel
mixture, raising both the pressure and temperature in the cylinder.
3. Combustion: Combustion of the air-fuel mixture occurs in a very short but finite length
of time with the piston near TDC (i.e., nearly constant-volume combustion).
4. Third Stroke: Expansion Stroke or Power Stroke With all valves closed, the high pressure
created by the combustion process pushes the piston away from TDC. This is the stroke which
produces the work output of the engine cycle.
5. Exhaust Blowdown Late in the power stroke, the exhaust valve is opened and exhaust blow
down occurs.
6. Fourth Stroke: Exhaust Stroke By the time the piston reaches BDC, exhaust blow down is
complete, but the cylinder is still full of exhaust gases at approximately atmospheric pressure.27
29. Internal Combustion Engine
B- Four-Stroke CI Engine Cycle
1. First Stroke: Intake Stroke The same as the intake stroke in an SI engine with one
major difference: no fuel is added to the incoming air.
2. Second Stroke: Compression Stroke The same as in an SI engine except that only air is
compressed and compression is to higher pressures and temperature.
3. Combustion Combustion is fully developed by TDC and continues at about constant
pressure until fuel injection is complete and the piston has started towards BDC.
4. Third Stroke: Power Stroke The power stroke continues as combustion ends and the
piston travels towards BDC.
5. Exhaust Blowdown Same as with an SI engine.
6. Fourth Stroke: Exhaust Stroke Same as with an SI engine.
29
30. Internal Combustion Engine
C- Two-Stroke SI Engine Cycle
1. Combustion With the piston at TDC combustion occurs very quickly, raising the temperature
and pressure to peak values, almost at constant volume.
2. First Stroke: Expansion Stroke or Power Stroke Very high pressure created by the
combustion process forces the piston down in the power stroke. The expanding volume of the
combustion chamber causes pressure and temperature to decrease as the piston travels
towards BDC.3. Exhaust Blowdown At about 75° bBDC, the exhaust valve opens and blowdown occurs. The
exhaust valve may be a poppet valve in the cylinder head, or it may be a slot in the side of the
cylinder which is uncovered as the piston approaches BDC. After blowdown the cylinder
remains filled with exhaust gas at
lower pressure.
4. Intake and Scavenging When blowdown is nearly complete, at about 50° bBDC, the
intake slot on the side of the cylinder is uncovered and intake air-fuel enters under pressure.
5. Second Stroke: Compression Stroke With all valves (or ports) closed, the piston travels
towards TDC and compresses the air-fuel mixture to a higher pressure and temperature. Near the
end of the compression stroke, the spark plug is fired; by the time the piston gets to IDC,
combustion occurs and the next engine cycle begins.
30
32. Internal Combustion Engine
D- Two-Stroke CI Engine Cycle
The two-stroke cycle for a CI engine is similar to that of the SI engine, except for two changes.
1- No fuel is added to the incoming air, so that compression is done on air only.
2- Instead of a spark plug, a fuel injector is located in the cylinder. Near the end of the
compression stroke, fuel is injected into the hot compressed air and combustion is initiated by
self-ignition.
32
33. Internal Combustion Engine
ENGINE EMISSIONS AND AIR POLLUTION
The exhaust of automobiles is one of the major contributors to the world's air pollution
problem. Recent research and development has made major reductions in engine emissions,
but a growing population and a greater number of automobiles means that the problem will
exist for many years to come.
Four major emissions produced by internal combustion engines are hydrocarbons (He),
carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and solid particulates.
1- Hydrocarbons are fuel molecules which did not get burned and smaller non-equilibrium
particles of partially burned fuel.
2- Carbon monoxide occurs when not enough oxygen is present to fully react all carbon to
CO2 or when incomplete air-fuel mixing occurs due to the very short engine cycle time.
3- Oxides of nitrogen are created in an engine when high combustion temperatures cause
some normally stable N2 to dissociate into monatomic nitrogen N, which then combines with
reacting oxygen.
4- Solid particulates are formed in compression ignition engines and are seen as black smoke
in the exhaust of these engines. Other emissions found in the exhaust of engines include
aldehydes, sulfur, lead, and phosphorus.
33