This document provides information about total station surveying equipment. It describes how a total station uses an integrated electronic theodolite, EDM, and microprocessor to automatically measure, reduce, display, and store surveying data in digital format. It also discusses accessories like prisms and tripods used with total stations. The document covers topics like robotic total stations, leveling the instrument, distance measurement techniques, and measuring horizontal distance, elevation, and slope distance with a total station.

1. AVINASH KUMAR GUPTA
CCW TRAINING INSTITUTE
15/07/2018
TOTAL STATION

2. TOTAL STATION

3. TOTAL STATION
• Total Station is integrated Electronic
instrument.
• Its basic component are electronic
theodolite ,EDM and a Computer /micro
processor.
• It can measure all parameters used in
reduction of survey data.
• It can measure, reduce, display and
store surveying data automatically in
Digital format,
• Least Count .1 second to 20 second

4. TOTAL STATION

7. TOTAL STATION

8. Accessories of total station

9. Prisms, Prism Poles, Range Pole &
Tripods

10. TRIPLE PRISM

11. ROBOTIC TOTAL STATION

12. ROBOTIC TOTAL STATION
• Operator controls from distance
through remote.
• It contains jog-shuttle mechanism
which actuates an internal servo
motors to rotate telescope about both
horizontal and vertical axes allowing
TS to track and aim its target
automatically.

13. TOTAL STATION KEYS/SCREEN

14. MENU PAGE

15. Leveling the Total Station
• Leveling the Total Station must be
accomplished to sufficient accuracy otherwise
the instrument will not report results
• Leveling the instrument takes 30 to 45
minutes
• Make sure you can see all targets from the
instrument station before going through the
process

16. TRIPOD SETUP
•Tripod legs
should be
equally spaced
•Tripod head
should be
approximately
level
•Head should
be directly
over survey
point

17. Mount Instrument on Tripod
•Place
Instrument
on Tripod
•Secure with
centering screw
while bracing the
instrument with
the other hand
•Insert battery in
instrument before
leveling

18. Focus on Survey Point
•Focus the
optical
plummet on the
survey point

19. Leveling the Instrument
•Adjust the leveling foot screws
to center the
survey point in the optical
plummet reticle
•Center the bubble in the
circular level by
adjusting the tripod legs

20. Leveling …
•Loosen the horizontal clamp and turn
instrument until plate level is parallel to
2 of the leveling foot screws
•Center the bubble using the leveling
screws- thebubble moves toward the
screw that is turned clockwise
•Rotate the instrument 90 degrees and
level using the 3rd leveling screw

21. Leveling …
• Observe the survey point in the optical
plummet and center the point by loosening
the entering screw and sliding the entire
instrument
• After re-tightening the centering screw check
to make sure the plate level bubble is level
in several directions

22. Electronically Verify
Leveling•Turn on the instrument by
pressing and holding the “on”
button (you should hear an
audible beep)
•The opening screen will be
the “MEAS” screen. Select
the
[Tilt] function
•Adjust the foot level screws
to exactly center the elctronic
“bubble
•Rotate the instrument 90
degrees and repeat

23. Adjust Image & Reticle
Focus
•Release the horizontal & vertical clamps
and point telescope to a featureless light
background
•Adjust the reticle (i.e. cross-hair) focus
adjustment until reticle image is sharply
focused
•Point telescope to target and
adjust the focus ring until target is
focused
•Move your head from side-to-side to
test for image shift (i.e. parallax).
Repeat the reticle focus step if parallax
is significant
•NOTE: When the instrument operator
changes the reticle, focus may need to
be adjusted

24. MEASURING The HEIGHT
Level the instrument at a site where the target can be viewed through the
telescope and the mirror target can be setup directly below the target
After powering on the instrument select “REM” from “MEAS” >
“Menu
Ht = h1 + h2
h2 = S (sin θz1) (cot θz2 ) – S (cos θz1)

25. Measurement of Target Height
•Set the Target Height from “MEAS” > “Menu” >
“Coordinate” > “Station Orientation” > “Station
Coordinate”
•Set the target height to the measured height of
the mirror target. You do not have to fill out the
other fields for a REM measurement
•Press “ESC” to return to the “MEAS” menu.
• Select the “MEAS” > “Menu” > “REM”, sight the
mirror target, press [OBS] to measure “S”, then
[STOP]
•Sight the object above the target for height
Measurement
• Select [REM] and then [STOP]

26. REM Screen Results

27. Measuring Horizontal Distance

28. HORIZONTAL DISTAND AND
ELEVATION

29. SLOPE DISTANCE AND ZENITH ANGLE

30. Distance Measurement
• TS measures the slope distance between the
instrument and the target.
• Slope distance gets converted to horizontal and
vertical distance.
• TS makes use of an EDMI for measurement of
distance.
• Thus,TS makes use of principle of EDMI for
measurement of its slope distance

31. EDM
• Require clear line of sight;
• Energy transmitted from one end of the line to
the other and returned back to the starting
point; thus it travels the measurement distance
twice.
• Measurement Techniques
• –PHASE SHIFT
• –Pulsed Laser System.

32. Phase Shift method
• Uses continuous e.m. waves;
• Measures lengths by indirectly determining the number of full and
partial cycles of transmitted e.m.e between the two ends of a line.
• •Modulated e.m. wave is transmitted to the target, placed at the
other end of the line. The target, acting as a reflector, reflects the
light beam back to the receiver, where the incoming light is
converted to an electrical signal. A phase comparison is made
between the projected and reflected signals.
• Then the amount by which the transmitted and received signals are
out of phase get measured electronically and registered in a meter
by getting converted to an equivalent distance

33. Phase Shift Method

34. Phase Shift Method
Thus, the distance(D) between the stations is D=(1/2)
[n+Δφ/360°]Xλ,where n is the integral number of
wavelength,λ in the double path.

35. Pulsed Laser System
• Makes use of pulses derived from an infra-
red or visible laser diode.
Velocity(v) o f pulses gets determined.
•Transit time(t) is measured using electronic signal
processing technique.
•Distance, D=0.5Xv.t
•Large number of pulses(~20,000/sec)get analysed
during measurements.

36. Distance Measurement using
Reflector
• Reflector Measurements Precise, Rapid &
Tracking modes.
• Use Single or Triple prism set as reflector
• Range 2-5km

37. Distance Measurement without
Reflector
• Telescope crosshairs aimed at the point whose
distance is to be measured
• Advantageous, if TS equipped with visible red laser
beam to locate the target.
• Applications:
–In accessible targets
–Targets in dangerous areas
–Construction surveys
–Etc.