The document provides an overview of civil engineering, detailing its fundamental aspects such as design, planning, construction, and maintenance of infrastructure including roads, bridges, and buildings. It also covers surveying, which involves measuring the Earth's surface and determining the positions of points, as well as distinguishing between various types of surveying, including plane and geodetic surveys. Additionally, it explores the importance of technology such as GPS in surveying and the various instruments used in the field.

1. B Y :
R A K E S H K U M A R V E R M A
A S S T . P R O F E S S O R C I V I L E N G G . P . I . E . T .
Elements of Civil Engineering
Amer Fort, Rajasthan Agra Fort
TajMahal

2. Civil Engineering
 One of the oldest of the engineering professions
 Includes the designing, planning, construction, and
maintenance of the infrastructure
 Works include roads, bridges, buildings, dams,
canals, water supply
 Concerned with determining the right design for
these structures and looking after the construction
process
 Egyptian pyramids and Roman road systems are
based on civil engineering principles

5. Design
Planning
Construct
Field Surveying Planning and Drawing
Estimation & Implementation
Maintenance

9. Civil Engg.
in Daily
routine
Water Treatment Plant
All have been designed and constructed by civil engineers
Morning
Shower
Water Supply System
Network of Roads
Structural Bridges
Tall Buildings

10. Importance and Applications of Civil Engineering
 building good quality transportation systems like
highways, airports, rail lines, sea ports, etc
 fire control systems and installing quick fire exit
points in the buildings
 minimizing the loss of life during fire accidents
 purify the contaminated air, water and soil

11. Continue……..
 Other principal works in which surveying is
primarily utilised are
1. to fix the national and state boundaries;
2. to chart coastlines, navigable streams and lakes;
3. to establish control points;
4. to execute hydrographic and oceanographic
charting and mapping; and
5. to prepare topographic map of land surface of the
earth.

13. Diamond Crossing Indian Railway
Delhi

14. Palais Royale Mumbai
China’s Dawang Mountain Resort
ITC Maurya Hotel in New Delhi
Signature tower, Abu Dhabi

15. Survey
Opinion Survey

16. Surveying
American Congress on Surveying and Mapping
(ACSM) defines as;
 Surveying is the science and art of making all
essential measurements to determine the relative
position of points or physical and cultural details
above, on, or beneath the surface of the Earth, and to
depict them in a usable form, or to establish the
position of points or details.
 This is being carried out by finding the spatial
location (relative / absolute) of points on or near
the surface of the earth.

17. Land Surveying
 The science of determining the relative positions of
points on the Earth’s surface
Primary Division of Survey( based on accuracy)
 Geodetic Surveys
 Plane Surveys

20. Takes into account the true size, shape, and gravity fields
of the Earth
 The geoid is the
equipotential surface of
the Earth’s gravity field
which best fits global
mean sea level
 Provides significant
precision
 Establishes highly
accurate control
networks
Geodetic Survey

21. Surveying aims
 to measure the Horizontal Distance between
points.
 to measure the Vertical elevation between points.
 to find out the Relative direction of lines by
measuring horizontal angles with reference to any
arbitrary direction and
 to find out Absolute direction by
measuring horizontal angles with reference to a fixed
direction.

22. Plane Survey
 Assumes the Earth’s
surface to be a plane (flat)
 More common than
geodetic surveys
 Precise enough for small-
scale surveys in a limited
area, such as a construction
site
 Used to determine legal
boundaries, construction
surveys, and small-area
topographic or control
surveys

23. Plane Surveying
 When radius of curvature of the earth is not taken
into account.
 Small area and small distances are covered
 Degree of accuracy is comparatively low.
 American survey put 250 km2 for treating survey as
Plane, but controlling factor should be degree of
precision rather than extent of area.

24. Based upon Nature of
field
Based upon Method
Employed
 Land Survey
 Marine Survey
 Astronomical Survey
 Triangulation
 Traversing
Types of Surveying

25. Based upon Object of
Survey
Based upon Instrument
Used
 Geological Survey(Object
is to survey different
strata in the earth crust)
 Mine Survey (Mineral
wealth such as coal, gold)
 Military Survey(Points of
strategic importance)
 Surveying by Total Station
 Chain Survey
 Theodolite Survey
 Compass Survey
 Plane Tabling
 Photographic and Aerial
Surveys
Types of Surveying

26. Topographical Survey Cadastral Survey
 Determine natural
features of a country
such as hills, valleys,
lakes woods etc. and
also arterial features
such as roads,
buildings, canals,
towns etc.
 Details such
boundaries of houses,
town, fields and other
properties pathways
are determined.
1. City Survey
2. Engineering Survey
Land Survey

27. Engineering Survey
 Engineering Survey can be further divided into:
 Reconnaissance (To determine the feasibility and
rough cost of the scheme)
 Preliminary Survey (For collecting more precise
data)
 Location Survey(For setting out the work on the
ground)

28. Geodetic or Trigonometrical Surveying
 When the radius of curvature of earth is taken in to
account.
 Large area and large distances are covered.
 Object of geodetic survey is to determine precise
positions on the surface of earth.
 Refined Instruments and Methods are used.
 Conducted by Government agencies.

29. No. Plain Surveying Geodetic Surveying
1 The earth surface is considered as
plain Surface.
The earth surface is considered as Curved
Surface.
2. The Curvature of the earth is
ignored
The curvature of earth is taken into
account.
3 Line joining any two stations is
considered to be straight
The line joining any two stations is
considered as spherical.
4. The triangle formed by any three
points is considered as plain
The Triangle formed by any three points is
considered as spherical.
5. The angles of triangle are
considered as plain angles.
The angles of the triangle are considered as
spherical angles.
6. Carried out for a small area <
250 km2
Carried out for a small area > 250 km2

30. ‘Earth’
As considered
spherical in
shape
Plumb Line
Geoid, Actual surface of earth
Geodetic survey line,
equal elevation
from center of earth
Horizontal survey line, equal elevationHorizontal plane
Rod
Rod
Geodetic vs. Plane Survey

31. Types of Surveys
 Control Survey
 Topographic Survey
 Property Survey
 Site Survey
 Construction Survey

32. Control Survey
 Establish precise horizontal and vertical positions of
points that serve as a reference for other surveys

43. Topographic Survey
 Gathers data on the
location of natural and
man-made features,
contours, and ground
elevation to create a
topographic map

44. Property Survey
(or Boundary Survey)
 Establishes property
lines for a lot
 Used to create a plat

45. Site Survey
(Plot Survey or Lot Survey)
 Combination of a
property survey and
topographic survey
 May be required to
receive a construction
permit

46. Construction Survey
 Locates points and
elevations that can be
used to establish correct
locations and elevations
for engineering and
architectural projects

47. National Spatial Reference System (NSRS)
 Common set of reference
points for all surveys
 Horizontal Datum =
Collection of points of
known latitude and
longitude
 Vertical Datum =
Collection of points of
known elevation
 Benchmark (BM) =
Permanent mark that
establishes a point of
known elevation

48. Optical Equipment
A theodolite measures
vertical and horizontal
angles
A total station is an
electronic/optical
surveying instrument

49. Optical Equipment
 Automatic (Auto) Level
 Commonly used on
building sites
 Internal compensator
can automatically level
the instrument
 Measures difference in
elevation between the
line of sight and a point

50. Auto Level
Bulls Eye
Level
Telescope
Leveling
Screws
Horizontal
Angle
Rotation Ring
Eyepiece
Horizontal
Tangent
Knob
Sight
Diopter
Adjustment
Ring
Mirror
Kennedy

51. Professional Tape Measure
Field Book
Other Equipment
Tripod Leveling Rod

52. Reading the
Rod
Stadia hairs
Horizontal
crosshair
Vertical
crosshair
View through the telescope

53. Reading the
Rod
Upper Stadia Reading =
5.30 m
Rod Reading = 5.25 m
Lower Stadia Reading =
5.20 m

54. Stadia Readings
• Estimate distance between rod and instrument
• Rod intercept is the difference between stadia
readings
• Estimated distance
• Stadia multiplier typically = 100
– Indicated on inside of instrument case or in
Instructional Manual

55. Example
 Upper Stadia Reading = 5.30 ft
 Lower Stadia Reading = 5.20 ft
 Rod Intercept = 0.10 ft

56. Differential Leveling
 The establishment of differences in elevation
between two or more points with respect to a datum
Earth Surface
Datum line or plane
BM
BS FS
Staff
Staff
Instrument
Point of
unknown
elevation

57. GPS Technology
 Global Positioning System
 A global navigation satellite
system
 Developed by the U.S.
Department of Defense
 A constellation of satellites
that broadcast radio signals
 Receivers intercept several
satellite signals in order to
determine precise location

58. GPS