Non verbal communication
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This document discusses the dimensions of nonverbal communication across cultures. It defines nonverbal communication and lists its key components such as facial expressions, tones of voice, spatial relationships, and bodily language. It then examines 8 dimensions along which cultures can vary in their nonverbal communication styles, including context, individualism vs collectivism, power distance, gender roles, uncertainty avoidance, time orientation, and physical proximity. Understanding differences across these dimensions can help improve intercultural communication competence.
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Communication and Culture
Chapter 3
Culture is a learned system of thought and behavior that belongs to and typifies a relatively large group of people; it is the composite of their shared beliefs, values, and practices.
Understanding Culture
Culture is learned through communication
Through these processes, you acquire a set of shared perceptions and develop models for appropriate behavior
Worldview: the framework through which you interpret the world and the people in it
Much of your worldview is not obvious
Culture affects communication
As we learn culture through communication, we also use communication to express our culture
We frequently communicate our worldview when we present ourselves for strategic purposes
Worldview reflected by media
Intercultural Communication Matters
People from different cultures with different worldviews perceive the world quite differently
Intercultural Communication: communication between people from different cultures who have different worldviews
The answer to intercultural misunderstanding is not to hide under a rock or only associate with people like you
A Diverse Society
In order to function competently as a member of such a diverse society, you need to be able to communicate appropriately and effectively with a wide array of individuals
Two key parts: understanding your cultural expectations for communication and respecting those of others
Mobility
Must be ready to address cultural differences
6 in 10 adults have moved to a new community in their lives
More than 1 in 5 say the place they are living now is not “home”
You will, almost without exception, communicate at some time or another with people from outside your culture/hometown both face-to-face and through media
Mediated Interaction
We communicate electronically more and more each year
Internet and other technology allows us to connect with far-off family members and friends, plus individuals from around the country—or around the world.
Even Americans who don’t have access to these technologies, traditional media still makes exposure to different cultures possible
Diverse Organizations
Any job you take will involve some degree of intercultural communication
Being aware of the way that culture impacts communication is especially crucial to business communication across borders
Communication and Cultural Variations
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High and Low context
Collectivist and Individualist orientations
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Masculine and Feminine orientations
Approaches to power distance
Time orientation
Value of emotional expression
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1. Intercultural communication involves interaction between people with distinct cultural perceptions and symbol systems that can alter communication. Culture is shared learned behaviors transmitted between generations to promote survival.
2. There are three approaches to studying culture - the social science, interpretive, and critical approaches. Culture has characteristics such as being learned, transmitted, based on symbols, dynamic, and integrated.
3. Cultural differences exist regarding dimensions like individualism/collectivism, power distance, masculinity/femininity, uncertainty avoidance, and long/short term orientation. Problems can arise from seeking similarities over differences, anxiety, and uncertainty.
Types of communication
This document discusses different types of communication, including verbal and non-verbal communication. Verbal communication includes oral communication through speaking and written communication through writing. Non-verbal communication conveys messages without words through gestures, body language, the use of space, time, touch, and vocal tones. Specific types of non-verbal communication described include sign language, kinesics, proxemics, chronemics, hepatics, and vocalics. Both verbal and non-verbal communication have advantages and limitations depending on the situation.
Chapter 5Understanding CultureUnderstanding Culture
Chapter 5
Understanding Culture
Understanding Culture
Culture: An established, coherent set of beliefs, attitudes, values, and practices shared by a large group of people
Influences: Nationality, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, physical abilities, age
Culture Defined
Culture is:
Learned
Communicated
Layered
Lived
Intercultural communication: Communicating with someone from a different culture
Co-cultures (1 of 2)
In any society, there are groups of people who have more power than others.
Co-cultural Communication Theory: People who have more power within a society determine the dominant culture.
Co-cultures: Members of a society who don’t conform to the dominant culture
Co-cultural communication: Underrepresented groups interact with people from the dominant group.
Co-cultures (2 of 2)
Members of co-cultures develop communication practices for dealing with members of the dominant culture.
Use overly polite language
Suppress reactions to offensive comments
Try to excel to counteract negative stereotypes
Conform to negative stereotypes in an exaggerated way
Try to act, look, and talk like members of the dominant culture
Openly disparage their own co-culture
Express co-cultural identity through appearance, actions, and words
Cultural Identity
Intersectionality: Notion we are the sum total of our overlapping experiences, rather than a singular category
Prejudice (1 of 2)
Prejudice: When stereotypes reflect rigid attitudes toward groups and their members
Stereotype Content Model: Prejudice centers on two judgments about others.
How warm and friendly they are
How competent they are
Prejudice (2 of 2)
Benevolent prejudice: Thinking of a particular group as inferior but also friendly and competent
Hostile prejudice: Having negative attitudes toward a group of individuals we see as unfriendly and incompetent
Cultural Influences on Communication
Seven characteristics shape our intercultural communication.
Individualism versus collectivism
Uncertainty avoidance
Power distance
High and low context
Emotion displays
Masculinity versus femininity
Views of time
Individualism versus Collectivism
Individualistic cultures: Value independence and personal achievement
Collectivistic cultures: Emphasize group identity, interpersonal harmony, and the well-being of ingroups
Uncertainty Avoidance
Uncertainty avoidance: Measure of how different cultures tolerate and accept unpredictability
High-uncertainty-avoidance: People place value on control.
Low-uncertainty-avoidance: People put more emphasis on letting the future happen without trying to control it.
Power Distance (1 of 2)
Power distance: Degree to which people in a particular culture view the unequal distribution of power as expected and acceptable
Power Distance (2 of 2)
High-power-distance: People give privileged treatment and extreme respect to those in high-status positions.
Expect individuals of lesser status t ...
Chapter 4 & 5
This slide corresponds with Wrench, McCroskey, and Richmond's (2008) Human Communication in Everyday Life: Explanations and Applications published by Allyn and Bacon.
COM310-Week 4 Lecture Slides
This document summarizes several theories of mediated communication and culture. It discusses theories related to mass communication vs mediated communication, media richness, uses and gratifications theory, agenda setting theory, and cultivation theory. It also covers theories of culture including Hofstede's cultural dimensions, gender differences in communication, and generational differences. Finally, it explains face negotiation theory and how conflict styles vary across cultures based on concepts of self-face and other-face concern.
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Chapter 9&10
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- 1. The Basis of Cultural Differences in Nonverbal Communication Cultures in Contact
- 14. Dimensions of Intercultural Nonverbal Communication: Dimension One Extreme The Other Extreme Context Low Context High Context Identity Individualism Collectivism Power Low Power Distance High Power Distance Gender Femininity Masculinity Uncertainty Uncertainty Avoidance Uncertainty Tolerance Time Long Term Short Term Immediacy Low Contact High Contact
- 15. 1. Context : The degree to which communication is explicit and verbal or implicit and nonverbal. Dimension 1. Context Low Context High Context Core Values Freedom of Speech, Directness Silence, Indirectness Nonverbal Traits Literal meaning, specific details, and precise time schedules Information in the physical context, or internalized in the person Typical Cultures Switzerland, Germany, North America China, Japan, Korea
- 16. 2. Individualism/Collectivism: The degree to which the society reinforces individual or collective achievements and interpersonal relationships Dimension 2. Individualism/Collectivism Individualism Collectivism Core Value Individual Freedom Group Harmony Nonverbal Traits Proximally distant, different schedules, expressive of emotions Proximally close, coordinated facial expressions and body movements Typical Cultures United States, Australia, Great Britain Venezuela, China, Pakistan
- 17. 3. Power Distance: The degree of equality of inequality between people in the society. Dimension 3. Power Distance Lower Power Distance Higher Power Distance Core Value People’s Equality Respect for status Nonverbal Traits Located at high latitudes, more tactile, relaxing and clear vocalic cues Located near the equator, untouchable, regulated nonverbal displays Typical Cultures Austria, Israel, Denmark Philippines, Mexico, Venezuela
- 18. 4. Gender: The degree of traditional gender roles of achievement, control, and power. Dimension 4.Gender Femininity Masculinity Core Value Caring for others Material Success Nonverbal traits Relaxed and coordinated vocal patterns, nurturing High level of stress, loud, aggressive Typical Cultures Sweden, Norway, the Netherlands Japan, Austria, Venezuela
- 19. 5. Uncertainty: The degree of avoidance or tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity within the society . Dimension 5.Uncertainity Uncertainty Avoidance Uncertainty Tolerance Core Value Certainty; what is different is dangerous Exploration; what is different causes curiosity Nonverbal traits More emotional displays, higher level of anxiety More positive and friendly to strangers Typical Cultures Greece, Portugal, Belgium Singapore, Denmark, Sweden
- 21. 7. Immediacy: The degree of closeness, intimacy and availability for communication. Dimension 6.Immediacy Low Contact High Contact Core Value Certainty; what is different is dangerous Exploration; what is different causes curiosity Nonverbal traits Located in cooler climates, stand apart and touch less, stay "cool” Located in warmer countries nearer the equator, stand closer together and touch more, expressive Typical Cultures Japan, China, Korea North Africa, France, Brazil