The prototype is an idea which uses the property of an electromagnet by virtue of which it changes the polarity of its poles whenever the direction of current is changed. This variation in polarity is utilized to attract or repel the permanent magnet attached to the piston. The usage of relay and timer will limit the output of the engine. By using an ECU in the engine instead, power can be obtained on each stroke which will result in an increased output.
Since conversion of the fuel to energy takes place via an electrochemical process, not combustion.
It is a clean, quiet and highly efficient process- two to three times more efficient than fuel burning.
ALCOHOL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL IN IC ENGINEraj kumar
As vehicles are increase their is demand of fuel and using of fossil fuels,which emits CFS gases which damages ozone layer and harmful for human. I'm going to explain how we can Use of alternative fuel to reduce pollution and also to save the fossil fuels.Alcohol on combustion emits carbondoixiode and water which is again absorbed by the plants.
The prototype is an idea which uses the property of an electromagnet by virtue of which it changes the polarity of its poles whenever the direction of current is changed. This variation in polarity is utilized to attract or repel the permanent magnet attached to the piston. The usage of relay and timer will limit the output of the engine. By using an ECU in the engine instead, power can be obtained on each stroke which will result in an increased output.
Since conversion of the fuel to energy takes place via an electrochemical process, not combustion.
It is a clean, quiet and highly efficient process- two to three times more efficient than fuel burning.
ALCOHOL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL IN IC ENGINEraj kumar
As vehicles are increase their is demand of fuel and using of fossil fuels,which emits CFS gases which damages ozone layer and harmful for human. I'm going to explain how we can Use of alternative fuel to reduce pollution and also to save the fossil fuels.Alcohol on combustion emits carbondoixiode and water which is again absorbed by the plants.
1839 - Sir William Grove, first electrochemical H2/O2
reaction to generate energy
• 1950s - GE developed the solid-ion exchange H2 fuel cell
used by NASA
• 1960s- GE produced the fuel cell-based electrical power
system for NASA Gemini and Apollo space capsules
• 1960s other fuel cells discovered – phosphoric acid, SOFC,
molten carbonate
• 1970s – Vehicle manufacturers began to experiment FCEV.
• 1990 – The California Air Resource Board introduced the
Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Mandate.
• 2000 – Fuel cell buses were deployed as part of the
HyFleet/CUTE project
• 2007 – fuel cell started to be sold commercially as APU
• 2008 – Honda begins leasing the FCX fuel cell electric
vehicle.
• 2009 – Large scale of residential CHP programme in Japan.
A brief introduction to the benefits of electric vehicles and how they are now becoming part of particular industries. GLH is a leading London Private Car Hire company. www.glh.co.uk
An opto-electric nuclear battery is a device that converts nuclear energy into light, which it then uses to generate electrical energy. A beta-emitter such as technetium-99 or strontium-90 is suspended in a gas or liquid containing luminescent gas molecules of the excimer type, constituting a "dust plasma." This permits a nearly lossless emission of beta electrons from the emitting dust particles
The increase in fuel prices and their over usage has become a major problem in the life of internal combustion engines. This has led to a desperate need in the creation of engines that can run without the use of these fuels and thus preventing their future shortage. The main idea of this project was to build an Electro-Magnetic Engine efficiently in a learning atmosphere. This engine basically works with the use of electric current and magnetic properties and has no connection to fuel energy. The attraction and repulsion of the magnets producing motion is the basic working principle of the design.
The project is a scaled down prototype design of the original Engine that replicates it’s working in an effective way. The general systems of Electricity, Magnetism and Mechanical principles were used in the construction. The purpose of this system is to show how an electro-magnetic engine can be more useful than an internal combustion engine in its usage and working.
MRPE works on the principle of magnetic repulsion and it's a fuel less engine so there is no combustion of fossil fuels. MRP engine is a modified version of reciprocating engine.
1839 - Sir William Grove, first electrochemical H2/O2
reaction to generate energy
• 1950s - GE developed the solid-ion exchange H2 fuel cell
used by NASA
• 1960s- GE produced the fuel cell-based electrical power
system for NASA Gemini and Apollo space capsules
• 1960s other fuel cells discovered – phosphoric acid, SOFC,
molten carbonate
• 1970s – Vehicle manufacturers began to experiment FCEV.
• 1990 – The California Air Resource Board introduced the
Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Mandate.
• 2000 – Fuel cell buses were deployed as part of the
HyFleet/CUTE project
• 2007 – fuel cell started to be sold commercially as APU
• 2008 – Honda begins leasing the FCX fuel cell electric
vehicle.
• 2009 – Large scale of residential CHP programme in Japan.
A brief introduction to the benefits of electric vehicles and how they are now becoming part of particular industries. GLH is a leading London Private Car Hire company. www.glh.co.uk
An opto-electric nuclear battery is a device that converts nuclear energy into light, which it then uses to generate electrical energy. A beta-emitter such as technetium-99 or strontium-90 is suspended in a gas or liquid containing luminescent gas molecules of the excimer type, constituting a "dust plasma." This permits a nearly lossless emission of beta electrons from the emitting dust particles
The increase in fuel prices and their over usage has become a major problem in the life of internal combustion engines. This has led to a desperate need in the creation of engines that can run without the use of these fuels and thus preventing their future shortage. The main idea of this project was to build an Electro-Magnetic Engine efficiently in a learning atmosphere. This engine basically works with the use of electric current and magnetic properties and has no connection to fuel energy. The attraction and repulsion of the magnets producing motion is the basic working principle of the design.
The project is a scaled down prototype design of the original Engine that replicates it’s working in an effective way. The general systems of Electricity, Magnetism and Mechanical principles were used in the construction. The purpose of this system is to show how an electro-magnetic engine can be more useful than an internal combustion engine in its usage and working.
MRPE works on the principle of magnetic repulsion and it's a fuel less engine so there is no combustion of fossil fuels. MRP engine is a modified version of reciprocating engine.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Stealth aircrafts are aircraft that use stealth technology to avoid detection by employing a combination of
features to interfere with radar as well as reduce visibility in the infrared visual, audio, and radio frequency (RF)
spectrum. While no aircraft is totally invisible to radar, stealth aircraft prevent conventional radar from detecting
or tracking the aircraft effectively, reducing the odds of a successful attack. Stealth is the combination of passive
low observable (LO) features and active emitters such as Low Probability of Intercept Radars, radios and laser
designators. These are usually combined with active defenses such as chaff, flares, and ECM. Stealth refers to
the act of trying to hide or evade detection, For airplanes, stealth first meant hiding from radar. It is not so much
a technology as a concept that incorporates a broad series of technologies and design features. This paper shows
the development of stealthy airplanes which teaches several important lessons about technology. The first is that
often many different technologies like Nano-Technology with Aerodynamics must be combined to achieve a
desired outcome. An advance in one field, such as materials or aerodynamics, must be accompanied by advances
in other fields, such as computing, constructing or electromagnetic theory. The second lesson is that sometimes
trial and error techniques are insufficient and advances in mathematical theory are necessary in order to achieve
significant advances. Finally, stealth teaches the lesson that technology is never static - a "stealth breakthrough"
may only last for a few years before an adversary finds a means of countering it. So this paper deals with how to
handle the Stealth. This paper also shows how and where to use Nano-Technology.
A NANOTECHNOLOGY AIRCRAFT WITH STEALTH TECHNOLOGYIJRISE Journal
The success of the Aviation Industry (Defense) depends on various factors ranging from less visibility, reduction
of weight, availability of materials with multifunctional properties, carrying more payload, eco-friendly fuels, less fuel
consumption, faster and highly responsive communication systems, less or no repairs, extended and safe life, reduced time
frame of development cycle from concept to implementation and many more. Nanotechnology is recognized as a very strong
innovation driver and is therefore seen as a strategic technology for the world’s future economy. Nano-materials with their
exceptional multifunctional properties may transform the functioning of aviation (Defense) industry dramatically. Stealth
properties give it the unique ability to penetrate an enemy's most sophisticated defenses and threaten its most valued and
heavily defended targets. Stealth refers to the act of trying to hide or evade detection. It is not so much a technology as
a concept that incorporates a broad series of technologies and design features. Stealth does not always refer to radar.
Reducing an aircraft's heat signature is also important. This is usually done by channeling the engine exhaust through long
tubes and mixing it with cooler outside air. This paper shows the modern aviation design requirements like faster, miniature,
highly maneuverable, self-healing, intelligence guided, smart, eco-friendly, light weight warrant for materials with
extraordinary mechanical and multifunctional properties with stealth technology. Stealth technology is the use of special
radar absorbent materials, flat angular surface design and other techniques to minimize the amount of radiation r eflected to
a radar installation, causing an aircraft to appear as a much smaller signal or not at all. Stealth means 'low observable'.
Generation Electrical Energy Using the Excess Heat of an Internal Combustion ...Mahfuj Sharod
The “energy crisis” has become the major challenge for the present humanity and mankind .According to the law of conservation of energy it is known that energy can only be transformed or be transmitted ,neither be created nor destroyed .So far while transforming energy there is nothing but a little or huge loss ,so called waste of energy .The main purpose of this presentation is to utilize the waste heat energy of an IC engine into Electrical energy.
Fabrication of Hybrid Petroelectric VehicleIJERA Editor
In automobile sector, the need for alternative fuel as a replacement of conventional fossil fuel, due to its depletion and amount of emission has given way for new technologies like Fuel cells vehicles, Electric vehicles. Still a lot of advancement has to take place in these technologies for commercialization. The gap between the current fossil fuel technology and zero emission vehicles can be bridged by hybrid technology. Hybrid vehicles are those which can run on two or more powering sources/fuels. Feasibility of this technology is been proved in four wheelers and automobile giants like Toyota, Honda, and Hyundai have launched successful vehicles like Toyota prius, Honda insight etc. This technology maximizes the advantages of the two fuels and minimizes the disadvantages of the same. The best preferred hybrid pair is electric and fossil fuel. This increases the mileage of the vehicle twice the existing and also reduces the emission to half. At present, we like to explore the hybrid technology in the two wheeler sector and its feasibility on road. This paper deals with an attempt to make a hybrid with electric start and petrol run. Further a design of basic hybrid elements like motor, battery, and engine. As on today, hybrid products are one of the best solutions for all pollution hazards at a fairly nominal price. An investment within the means of a common man that guarantees a better environment to live in.
Zhang 1
Yixiang Zhang
Tamara Kuzmenkov
English 101
June 2, 2020
Comparing Gas-Powered Cars and Electric Cars
Electric cars have become increasingly popular in the past century. These cars use
electric motors instead of conventional gasoline engines. Electric cars pollute less and utilize
energy more efficiently than gas-powered vehicles; therefore, modern research is focusing on
improving electric vehicles, such as increasing the storage capacity of the batteries. This essay
seeks to identify the differences and similarities between the two types of cars focusing on their
performance, price, and convenience.
An electric car is a car that is primarily powered by electricity. The conventional gas-
powered cars require diesel or gasoline to power the engines. These cars have gas tanks that store
fuel and the engine converts the gas to the energy that powers the motor. Similarly, electric cars
have batteries, or fuel cells that store and convert electricity to energy used to propel electric
motors (What Are Electric Cars?). Four components present in electric cars distinguish it from
the gas-powered cars (Alternative Fuels Data Center: How Do All-Electric Cars Work?). The
first is the charge port. Since electricity powers an electric car, there has to be a port to connect
to an external power source when charging the battery. The second is an electric traction motor
that propels the vehicle. The third is a traction battery pack. This battery serves the same purpose
as the gas tank; thus, it stocks electric power to propel the motor. The forth is a direct current
converter. This component converts the current to low voltage power that is needed to power the
electric engine.
Tamara Kuzmenkov
90000001730094
You need to watch the panapto session for this paper assignment and FOLLOW the instructions I give there. Your topic sentence must follow the patterns set forth by your thesis. So, this first paragraph must have a topic sentence about GAS POWERED cars and PRICE. That is what you have set forth in your thesis. Watch the panapto session. And ask me questions if you do not understand what I mean.
Tamara Kuzmenkov
90000001730094
No, you cannot 'announce' what your essay will do. And this is NOT the thesis I approved. What I approved:"Both gas-powered cars and electric cars are now in use, but their price, performance and convenience may vary, which may influence people's decisions about which type to use."
Zhang 2
Differences between gas-powered cars and electric cars
The initial purchase price of an electric car is much higher than that of a gas-powered car.
Consumers intending to own a vehicle have the option of buying or leasing. The initial cost of a
car depends on an individual's disposable income and savings. Knez et al. noted that "When it
comes to financial features, the most important thing seems to be the total price of the vehicle"
(55). The difference in price between electr.
A 'gasoline-electric hybrid Vehicle’ or 'hybrid electric vehicle' is a vehicle which relies not only on batteries but also on an internal combustion engine which drives a generator to provide the electricity and may also drive a wheel. It has great advantages over the previously used gasoline engine that drives the power from gasoline only. It also is a major source of air pollution.
Combined Transmission System for hybrid vehicle is the concept of meshing the dual power source - Electrical and Fuel Engine Power. This system based on the chain drives, simple mechanism makes the good operation and it has less maintenance. Normally hybrid vehicle have dual power but alignment of the sources are one in the front another one in the rear respectively. This system fully differ from that, here dual power will act the same side drive.
regenerative breaking is energy conversion method .by using conventional braking more energy is lossed in the form of heat by using this we can convert this energy into usefull forms
What Does the Active Steering Malfunction Warning Mean for Your BMWTanner Motors
Discover the reasons why your BMW’s Active Steering malfunction warning might come on. From electrical glitches to mechanical failures and software anomalies, addressing these promptly with professional inspection and maintenance ensures continued safety and performance on the road, maintaining the integrity of your driving experience.
"Trans Failsafe Prog" on your BMW X5 indicates potential transmission issues requiring immediate action. This safety feature activates in response to abnormalities like low fluid levels, leaks, faulty sensors, electrical or mechanical failures, and overheating.
What Does the PARKTRONIC Inoperative, See Owner's Manual Message Mean for You...Autohaus Service and Sales
Learn what "PARKTRONIC Inoperative, See Owner's Manual" means for your Mercedes-Benz. This message indicates a malfunction in the parking assistance system, potentially due to sensor issues or electrical faults. Prompt attention is crucial to ensure safety and functionality. Follow steps outlined for diagnosis and repair in the owner's manual.
5 Warning Signs Your BMW's Intelligent Battery Sensor Needs AttentionBertini's German Motors
IBS monitors and manages your BMW’s battery performance. If it malfunctions, you will have to deal with an array of electrical issues in your vehicle. Recognize warning signs like dimming headlights, frequent battery replacements, and electrical malfunctions to address potential IBS issues promptly.
In this presentation, we have discussed a very important feature of BMW X5 cars… the Comfort Access. Things that can significantly limit its functionality. And things that you can try to restore the functionality of such a convenient feature of your vehicle.
Symptoms like intermittent starting and key recognition errors signal potential problems with your Mercedes’ EIS. Use diagnostic steps like error code checks and spare key tests. Professional diagnosis and solutions like EIS replacement ensure safe driving. Consult a qualified technician for accurate diagnosis and repair.
Why Is Your BMW X3 Hood Not Responding To Release CommandsDart Auto
Experiencing difficulty opening your BMW X3's hood? This guide explores potential issues like mechanical obstruction, hood release mechanism failure, electrical problems, and emergency release malfunctions. Troubleshooting tips include basic checks, clearing obstructions, applying pressure, and using the emergency release.
Comprehensive program for Agricultural Finance, the Automotive Sector, and Empowerment . We will define the full scope and provide a detailed two-week plan for identifying strategic partners in each area within Limpopo, including target areas.:
1. Agricultural : Supporting Primary and Secondary Agriculture
• Scope: Provide support solutions to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Tzaneen, Thohoyandou, Makhado, and Giyani.
2. Automotive Sector: Partnerships with Mechanics and Panel Beater Shops
• Scope: Develop collaborations with automotive service providers to improve service quality and business operations.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Lephalale, Mokopane, Phalaborwa, and Bela-Bela.
3. Empowerment : Focusing on Women Empowerment
• Scope: Provide business support support and training to women-owned businesses, promoting economic inclusion.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Thohoyandou, Musina, Burgersfort, and Louis Trichardt.
We will also prioritize Industrial Economic Zone areas and their priorities.
Sign up on https://profilesmes.online/welcome/
To be eligible:
1. You must have a registered business and operate in Limpopo
2. Generate revenue
3. Sectors : Agriculture ( primary and secondary) and Automative
Women and Youth are encouraged to apply even if you don't fall in those sectors.
Core technology of Hyundai Motor Group's EV platform 'E-GMP'Hyundai Motor Group
What’s the force behind Hyundai Motor Group's EV performance and quality?
Maximized driving performance and quick charging time through high-density battery pack and fast charging technology and applicable to various vehicle types!
Discover more about Hyundai Motor Group’s EV platform ‘E-GMP’!
Things to remember while upgrading the brakes of your carjennifermiller8137
Upgrading the brakes of your car? Keep these things in mind before doing so. Additionally, start using an OBD 2 GPS tracker so that you never miss a vehicle maintenance appointment. On top of this, a car GPS tracker will also let you master good driving habits that will let you increase the operational life of your car’s brakes.
What Exactly Is The Common Rail Direct Injection System & How Does It WorkMotor Cars International
Learn about Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDi) - the revolutionary technology that has made diesel engines more efficient. Explore its workings, advantages like enhanced fuel efficiency and increased power output, along with drawbacks such as complexity and higher initial cost. Compare CRDi with traditional diesel engines and discover why it's the preferred choice for modern engines.
𝘼𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙦𝙪𝙚 𝙋𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙏𝙧𝙖𝙙𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙞𝙨 𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙮 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙛𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙞𝙧 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙩𝙨. 𝙒𝙚 𝙝𝙖𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙪𝙨𝙚𝙙 𝙞𝙣 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤𝙢𝙤𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤 𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙥𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙚𝙨 𝙗𝙪𝙮 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙛𝙧𝙤𝙢 𝙪𝙨.
Over the 10 years, we have gained a strong foothold in the market due to our range's high quality, competitive prices, and time-lined delivery schedules.
2. CONTENTS
Abstract
Role of Alternate Fuels
Inflation of fuel costs
Hybrid Vehicles
Electric Vehicles
Comparison of Conventional and Electric vehicles
Gasoline consumption and fuel costs
Flips & Flops of gasoline and electric vehicles
3. Overview of an Electromagnetic Piston
Principle and Circuit
Construction
Working
Recommendations
Merits
Conclusions
References
4. ABSTRACT
Engine- The main power source of automobiles. IC engines
are used in automobiles and aircrafts.
The incomplete combustion is the main cause for air
pollution. In Alternative fuels like CNGs , LPGs, and bio-fuels
emissions are lower comparing to petrol and diesel.
According to stats 70% of diesel, 99.6% of petrol, 3509 barrels
of crude oil are consumed per day in India.
To overcome the declining fuel reserves engine with no or
lesser fuel consumption is required. However modern technology
brings e-vehicles, it haven’t favors in the aspect of cost.
The main aim of the paper is the zero fuel consumption by the
employment of electromagnetic piston engine.
5. ROLE OF ALTERNATE FUELS
Nowadays conventional fuels
like petrol and diesel are used.
Their percentage of usage
increases every year which in-
turn increases pollution.
In order to reduce the pollution
alternate fuels like CNG, LPG,
and bio-fuels are introduced.
Even after introducing this,
pollutions are not controlled
completely.
6. INFLATION OF FUEL COSTS
The increasing consumption of crude oil in The increase in prices of petrol and
Our country is shown in terms of barrels per diesel are shown.
Day. It reaches 3500 at the end of 2010.
7. HYBRID VEHICLES
It works on twin powered engine (IC
engine and electric motor) that cuts fuel
consumption and saves energy.
It`s suitable for only city driving .
Comparatively expensive.
8. ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Electric vehicles completely runs on the
power produced from the battery.
If you`re on a long trip and ran out of
charge you may be stuck where you are.
These cars take about 4-6 hours to get
fully charged.
12. OVERVIEW OF AN ELECTROMAGNETIC PISTON
Conventional IC Engine Electromagnetic piston engine
The conventional IC engine The electromagnetic piston doesn’t
Produces Power through combus requires fuel also the power will be
-tion of fuels like petrol and diesel produced by electromagnet.
13. PRINCIPLE & CIRCUIT
Based on the principle of
magnetism
When like poles of a magnet is
brought together they repel away
from each other and vice versa.
This is same for the case of an
electromagnet and a permanent
magnet too.
So the idea is to modify the piston
head and cylinder head into magnets
so that the force can be generated
between them
14. CONSTRUCTION
It has a permanent magnet,
electromagnet, piston, cylinder and
connecting rod
Usually neodymium iron boron is
used the permanent magnet and is
mounted at the top of the piston by
welding or using super glue
The electromagnet is placed in the
position of the spark plug. also it is
capable of changing its polarity
when the direction of current is
changed
The permanent magnet responds
to the pull or push of the
electromagnet, which gives
reciprocatory motion to the piston
15. Initially (before ignition is
on) the piston is in
downward i.e., BDC.
The electromagnet (copper
coil windings) energized
piston moves upward i.e.,
TDC
And when electromagnet
de-energized piston moves
downwards
This repeated reciprocatory
motion of piston causes the
flywheel to rotate
WORKING
16. RECOMMENDATIONS
To generate more power the number of windings must be increased
and effective cooling technique should be adopted.
All the parts of this Piston Engine must be casted with non-magnetic
material.
Neo-magnets on the piston cylinder should be designed for heavy
flux density and their strength should be shielded by avoiding its
contact with magnetic materials.
Controller circuit should be cooled effectively by using alloy heat
sinks as large currents are drawn during excitation of the cylinder
coil
17. MERITS
There is no hazard to the surroundings because electromagnetic
engines cause no atmospheric pollution.
Serves as a promising alternative to the fossil fuels.
Better efficiency for operations requiring lesser torque.
Less maintenance is only required.
Lighter than an IC engine.
It is emission free compared to conventional IC Engines
18. CONCLUSIONS
Conventional IC engines are introduced first which uses
petrol and diesel to produce power in which oil is depleting
gradually and also causes “Pollution”.
As a result hybrid vehicles came which is comparatively
costlier, not suitable for a long drive.
Next E-vehicles came and it had a major drawback of
charging.
Therefore we need an alternative mechanism which should
avoid pollution, emission also zero consumption of fuel which
are the main features of an “electromagnetic piston
engine”.
19. REFERENCES
I. Togare,Radhakrishna Shesha Iyengar “Magnetic piston engine”, US
Patent, US 7,667,356 B2.
www.google.com/patents/US7667356
II. Takara “Electromagnet piston engine” ,US Patent, US 6,049,146
III. Vishal Abasaheb Misal1, Umesh Dattatray Hajare2 & Arshad Ashak
Atar3 , ISSN : 2319 – 3182, Volume-2, Issue-4,
2013.http://www.irdindia.in/Journal_IJTARME/PDF/Vol2_Iss4/7.pdf
IV. Manoj Gattani, International Journal of Advances in Engineering &
Technology, May 2012. http://www.e-ijaet.org/media/0001/87I8-
IJAET0805863-DESIGN-AND-DEVELOPMENT.pdf
V. Mathur and Sharma, Internal Combustion Engine, Tata McGraw Hill
Publications
VI. IJDR journal (Studies on Electromagnetic Engine).
www.journalijdr.com/studies-electromagnetic-engine
VII. http://www.ijettjournal.org.
